1
|
Rehman AF, Lazo-Vasquez AF, Bhatt PK, Quiroz T, Joseph JA, Gultekin S, Montreuil N, Sternberg CA, Ayoade F. Neurocysticercosis mimicking craniopharyngioma: A case report. Clin Case Rep 2023; 11:e8166. [PMID: 38046801 PMCID: PMC10689293 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.8166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Key Clinical Message In patients with appropriate epidemiological risk factors, neurocysticecosis should be considered as part of the differential diagnosis of suprasellar or parasellar mass lesions. As neuroimaging findings can be nonspecific, serology may be helpful, but when still in doubt, brain biopsy, and histopathology may be necessary to make the correct diagnosis. Abstract Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is a well-documented central nervous system helminth infection that is, frequently observed in developing countries. Known sites of NCC infection include the highly vascular gray-white matter junction, basal cistern, brain parenchyma, subarachnoid space, ventricular system, and spinal cord. This case highlights an uncommon yet intriguing site of NCC infection within the suprasellar area, which presented with similar clinical and imaging characteristics as suprasellar masses or lesions. The 44-year-old female initially complained of headaches and nausea that persisted for 5 years and progressed to vision problems and short-term memory loss. A craniopharyngioma was initially suspected, based on imaging findings of a partially calcified suprasellar tumor. However, cysticercosis was confirmed by histopathology and serological testing positive for Cysticercus IgG antibodies. The patient was successfully treated with albendazole and tapering doses of steroids, which improved her presenting symptoms and resolved prior imaging findings. This case serves as a reminder to consider NCC in the differential diagnosis of sellar and suprasellar masses or lesions, particularly when an epidemiologic risk factor is present.
Collapse
|
2
|
Burgos-Sosa E, Bergna-Vazquez P, Mendizabal-Guerra R, Ayala-Arcipreste A. Microsurgical and endoscopic-assisted supraorbital keyhole approach for intra-suprasellar cysticercosis. Surg Neurol Int 2023; 14:328. [PMID: 37810297 PMCID: PMC10559371 DOI: 10.25259/sni_484_2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Treatment for intra/suprasellar cysticercosis can be challenging and may result in visual disturbances if not managed properly. Despite its limited knowledge, an effective surgical option exists to treat this condition. This article presents three cases of sellar cysticercosis, comprising one female and two male patients, managed with microsurgical supraorbital keyhole approach (mSKA) and endoscopic-assisted supraorbital keyhole approach (eaSKA). Case Description The first patient is a 35-year-old man with no prior medical history who suffered from memory deficits and visual disturbances due to a sellar cyst pushing the orbitofrontal gyrus treated with mSKA. The second case involved a 52-year-old man who experienced visual deficits caused by a rostral sellar cyst with posterior displacement of the pituitary gland treated with eaSKA. The third case was a 46-year-old woman who experienced decreased visual acuity and memory loss due to multifocal neurocysticercosis (NCC) with sellarsuprasellar cyst extension treated with mSKA. All case diagnoses were confirmed by neuropathology department. Conclusion The authors confidently suggest that the SKA is an effective surgical option and could be considered for removing sellar cystic lesions with suprasellar extension. With endoscopic assistance, it improves adequate neurovascular structure visualization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Burgos-Sosa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Juárez de México, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Das L, Dutta P. Approach to a case with an unusual cause of hypopituitarism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 108:1488-1504. [PMID: 36573291 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hypopituitarism refers to insufficiency of one or more hormones of the pituitary and can be due to myriad causes. The clinical and radiological spectrum of the condition is heterogeneous, based on the age, gender, clinical setting and/or other past medical history. Hypopituitarism includes central hypocortisolism, hypothyroidism, hypogonadism and growth hormone deficiency. Both hypo- and hyperprolactinemia can be associated with hypopituitarism, with low prolactin signifying more extensive pituitary damage. Posterior pituitary insufficiency (arginine vasopressin deficiency), occurs either in isolation or with anterior pituitary hormone deficiency. Clinical symptomatology of hypopituitarism is usually non-specific and insidious in onset and progression. Overall, the most common cause of hypopituitarism is a pituitary adenoma and/or its management (surgery, radiotherapy, pharmacotherapy or a combination of these). However, it is this subset of patients which is more likely to be identified and managed timely, possibly alleviating the premature mortality associated with hypopituitarism. What is more challenging is the recognition of hypopituitarism in less common settings, which may be either due to direct involvement of the pituitary (infection, traumatic brain injury, or infiltrative causes) or indirectly as a consequence of the primary process (thalassemia, vasculotoxic snakebite, subarachnoid hemorrhage). These entities are often under-recognised, and increased awareness can help in greater recognition of the problem burden. Further, pituitary insufficiency in most of these settings is dynamic, which may progress, or rarely, show recovery of function. This renders complexity to the problem, but makes it even more imperative to suspect, screen and appropriately manage patients with less common causes of hypopituitarism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liza Das
- Department of Endocrinology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Human Neurocysticercosis: An Overview. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11101212. [PMID: 36297269 PMCID: PMC9607454 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cysticercosis is caused by ingestion of T. solium eggs from taenia carriers. Neurocysticercosis (NCC), defined as the infection of the CNS and the meninges by the larval stage of Taenia solium, is the most common helminthic infection of the CNS worldwide. Parasites may lodge in brain parenchyma, subarachnoid space, ventricular system, or spinal cord, causing pathological changes that account for the pleomorphism of this disease. Seizures/epilepsy are the most common clinical manifestation, but other patients present with headache, focal deficits, intracranial hypertension, or cognitive decline. Accurate diagnosis of NCC is possible after interpretation of clinical data together with findings of neuroimaging studies and results of immunological tests. However, neuroimaging studies are fundamental for diagnosis because immunological test and clinical manifestations only provide circumstantial evidence of NCC. The introduction of cysticidal drugs changed the prognosis of most NCC patients. These drugs have been shown to reduce the burden of infection and to improve the clinical course of the disease in many patients. Efforts should be directed to eradicate the disease through the implementation of control programs against all the steps in the life cycle of T. solium, including carriers of the adult tapeworm, infected pigs, and eggs in the environment.
Collapse
|
5
|
Neurocysticercosis in the Tropics (and Beyond). CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40475-022-00269-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
6
|
Goulart LC, Vieira Netto LA, Dias CRG, Moraes LFM, Marques RAS, Leão STSL, Alencar HS, Godoy CSM, Cavalcante RAC. Endoscopic endonasal approach for isolated subarachnoid neurocysticercosis in basal cisterns and its complications: illustrative case. JOURNAL OF NEUROSURGERY: CASE LESSONS 2022; 3:CASE2229. [PMCID: PMC9379711 DOI: 10.3171/case2229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is an infectious parasitic disease in which humans are the middle host in the life cycle of Taenia solium. It is currently considered to be a neglected tropical disease. According to their location, cysts can cause epilepsy, hydrocephalus, arachnoiditis, and intracranial hypertension. The subarachnoid is the rarest and most morbid form among all forms of NCC presentation.
OBSERVATIONS
The authors report an odd case of subarachnoid NCC (SUBNCC). It was treated with expanded endoscopic endonasal surgery. Unfortunately, the patient developed a high-output nasal leak and meningitis after cyst removal, which demanded additional surgical procedures. Nonetheless, the patient showed a good clinical outcome after surgical interventions.
LESSONS
Endoscopic endonasal approach of SUBNCC can be safe and curative. Neverthless, the presented report shows that severe complications can arise from the procedure. The authors hypothesized that placing an early cerebrospinal shunt would reduce the patient’s morbidity before difficulties arose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lissa C. Goulart
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Clinics Hospital of the Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | - Caio R. G. Dias
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Luiza F. M. Moraes
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil; and
| | - Romulo A. S. Marques
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Clinics Hospital of the Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Simon T. S. L. Leão
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Clinics Hospital of the Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Helioenai S. Alencar
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Clinics Hospital of the Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Cássia S. M. Godoy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Araújo Jorge Hospital, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A. C. Cavalcante
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Clinics Hospital of the Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shakya S, Gurung P, Shrestha D, Rajbhandhari P, Pant B. A Case of Sellar/Suprasellar Neurocysticercosis Mimicking a Craniopharyngioma. Asian J Neurosurg 2021; 16:204-207. [PMID: 34211896 PMCID: PMC8202357 DOI: 10.4103/ajns.ajns_423_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurocysticercosis (NCC) commonly presents with seizures in developing countries such as Nepal. It may also present with raised intracranial pressure due to obstructive hydrocephalus when cyst is located in the fourth ventricle or foramen of Monro. There are four main stages of NCC (1) Vesicular, (2) Colloidal vesicular, (3) Granular nodular, and (4) Nodular calcified. The colloidal vesicular stages can cause arachnoiditis and thus can cause hydrocephalus whereas obstructive hydrocephalus is usually caused by racemose type of NCC. This case was a suprasellar cyst mimicking craniopharyngioma, supported with clinical history of poor visual acuity, endocrine abnormality, suggested radiological findings by computed tomography scan, and magnetic resonance imaging. Suprasellar NCC was confirmed only by intraoperative findings and histopathology report.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sasa Shakya
- Department of Neurosurgery, Annapurna Neurological Institute and Allied Sciences, Maitighar, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Pritam Gurung
- Department of Neurosurgery, Annapurna Neurological Institute and Allied Sciences, Maitighar, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Dinuj Shrestha
- Department of Neurosurgery, Annapurna Neurological Institute and Allied Sciences, Maitighar, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Pravesh Rajbhandhari
- Department of Neurosurgery, Annapurna Neurological Institute and Allied Sciences, Maitighar, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Basant Pant
- Department of Neurosurgery, Annapurna Neurological Institute and Allied Sciences, Maitighar, Kathmandu, Nepal
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cuellar-Hernandez JJ, Valadez-Rodriguez A, Olivas-Campos R, Tabera-Tarello P, Juan-Orta DS, Segura-López R, Fleury A. Intrasellar cysticercosis cyst treated with a transciliary supraorbital keyhole approach - A case report. Surg Neurol Int 2020; 11:436. [PMID: 33365198 PMCID: PMC7749933 DOI: 10.25259/sni_755_2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Neurocysticercosis is the most common parasitic disease affecting the central nervous system. Isolated sellar cysticercosis cysts are rare and can mimic other sellar lesion as cystic pituitary adenoma, arachnoid cyst, Rathke cleft cyst, or craniopharyngioma. The surgical resection is mandatory because the cysticidal drugs are ineffective, however, new microsurgical approaches are emerging to reduce complications and need to test in this condition. We present a patient with a sellar cysticercosis cyst treated by transciliar supraorbital keyhole approach. Case Description: A 45-year-old female with presented with chronic severe headaches, progressive deterioration of 6 months in visual acuity and bitemporal hemianopia. The pituitary hormonal levels were normal. Magnetic resonance findings showed a sellar and suprasellar cyst and underwent a microsurgical supraorbital transciliar keyhole approach for lesion resection. Pathologically, the lesion demonstrated a parasitic wall characterized by wavy, dense cuticle, and focal globular structure, surrounding inflammatory reaction with plasma cells. Postoperatively, the patient recovery fully neurologically. Conclusion: Intrasellar cysticercosis cyst causes significant neurological deficits due to its proximity to the chiasm, optic nerves, pituitary stalk, and the pituitary gland. Surgical section is an effective treatment. The supraorbital keyhole craniotomy offers satisfactory exposure, possibility of total resection with dissection of the supra and parasellar structures, short operative time, less blood loss, short hospital stay, and good overall surgical outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan Valadez-Rodriguez
- Department of Neurosurgery, Northeast National Medical Center, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Ramon Olivas-Campos
- Department of Neurosurgery, Northeast National Medical Center, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Paulo Tabera-Tarello
- Department of Neurosurgery, Northeast National Medical Center, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Daniel San Juan-Orta
- Department of Epilepsy, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Roberto Segura-López
- Department of Neurosurgery, Northeast National Medical Center, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Agnès Fleury
- Department of Neurocysticercosis, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Garcia HH, Gonzalez AE, Gilman RH. Taenia solium Cysticercosis and Its Impact in Neurological Disease. Clin Microbiol Rev 2020; 33:e00085-19. [PMID: 32461308 PMCID: PMC7254859 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00085-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Taenia solium neurocysticercosis (NCC) is endemic in most of the world and contributes significantly to the burden of epilepsy and other neurological morbidity. Also present in developed countries because of immigration and travel, NCC is one of few diseases targeted for eradication. This paper reviews all aspects of its life cycle (taeniasis, porcine cysticercosis, human cysticercosis), with a focus on recent advances in its diagnosis, management, and control. Diagnosis of taeniasis is limited by poor availability of immunological or molecular assays. Diagnosis of NCC rests on neuroimaging findings, supported by serological assays. The treatment of NCC should be approached in the context of the particular type of infection (intra- or extraparenchymal; number, location, and stage of lesions) and has evolved toward combined symptomatic and antiparasitic management, with particular attention to modulating inflammation. Research on NCC and particularly the use of recently available genome data and animal models of infection should help to elucidate mechanisms of brain inflammation, damage, and epileptogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hector H Garcia
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru
| | - Armando E Gonzalez
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Robert H Gilman
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Snyder MH, Marino AC, Shepard MJ, Amoakohene P, Berry DM, Mukherjee S, Mattos JL, Jane JA. Neurocysticercosis Presenting as an Isolated Suprasellar Lesion. World Neurosurg 2020; 141:352-356. [PMID: 32522639 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.05.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although extraparenchymal neurocysticercosis (NCC) is well established, presentation in the suprasellar space is rare. When presenting in the suprasellar space, the imaging characteristics may mimic more common lesions including craniopharyngioma and Rathke cleft cyst depending on the life cycle of the parasite. Although antiparasitic medical therapy may be effective for viable NCC, it is not routinely employed for calcified NCC. CASE DESCRIPTION This report presents a 39-year-old male patient who presented with profound visual decline secondary to a partially calcified suprasellar NCC. Suprasellar NCC was presumed based on specific radiologic findings, which are discussed. Medical therapy was not offered because of the proximity to the optic chiasm and the partial calcification of the lesion leading to the presumption that the mass was nonviable. The patient underwent successful endoscopic endonasal resection of the suprasellar NCC and experienced significant improvement in vision. Despite the calcification, pathological evaluation revealed that a portion remained viable. CONCLUSIONS Regardless of the life cycle stage, endonasal resection offers a minimally invasive approach for suprasellar NCC; treatment can be tailored to the patient's presentation and stage of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Harrison Snyder
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Alexandria C Marino
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Matthew J Shepard
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Peggy Amoakohene
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Debra M Berry
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Sugoto Mukherjee
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Jose L Mattos
- Division of Rhinology and Endoscopic Sinus Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - John A Jane
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Antigenic fractions from Taenia crassiceps metacestodes obtained by hydrophobicity for the immunodiagnosis of active and inactive forms of neurocysticercosis in human cerebrospinal fluid samples. Parasitol Int 2016; 66:134-138. [PMID: 28012796 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the total extract of Taenia crassiceps metacestodes (TC) and its antigenic fractions obtained by Triton X-114 fractionation techniques, such as detergent (DC) and aqueous (AC), in the immunodiagnosis of human neurocysticercosis (NCC). Cerebrospinal fluid samples were divided into two groups: Group 1 (n=40), which was further divided into active (n=20) and inactive (n=20) NCC, and Group 2 (control group), which comprised 39 CSF samples from patients who had another neurological disorder, were suffering from other infectious diseases of the brain or had other parasitic infections. The total extracts and antigenic fractions were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect human IgG anti-Taenia solium. T. crassiceps fractions (DC and AC) showed the same value of sensitivity (Se), 100%, for active and inactive NCC and a specificity (Sp) of 97.4%. The DS fraction obtained from T. solium showed 100% Se for active NCC, 95% Se for inactive NCC and a 92.3% Sp. The AS fraction obtained from T. solium showed 100% Se for both active and inactive NCC and a 94.9% Sp. There was a positive correlation between the total saline extract of T. crassiceps (TC) and T. solium (TS) and their fractions (DC, AC, DS and AS). Positive predictive value, negative predictive value, diagnostic efficiency and Youden index were calculated. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that detergent and aqueous fractions obtained from T. crassiceps metacestodes are important sources of specific antigens and are efficient for immunodiagnosis of active and inactive NCC.
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Neurocysticercosis, the most common helminthic infection of the nervous system, is a major cause of acquired epilepsy worldwide. The disease occurs when humans become intermediate hosts of the tapeworm Taenia solium after ingesting its eggs by contagion from an asymptomatic Taenia carrier. Within the nervous system, parasites may locate in brain parenchyma, subarachnoid space, ventricular system, or spinal cord, causing several pathological changes that are responsible for the clinical pleomorphism of the disease. Seizures are the most common clinical manifestation, but a sizable proportion of patients develop focal deficits, intracranial hypertension, or cognitive decline. Preoperative diagnosis of neurocysticercosis is possible after proper integration of data from neuroimaging studies and immunological tests. Cysticidal drugs (albendazole and praziquantel) have changed the prognosis of most patients with neurocysticercosis. The use of these drugs has shown to reduce the parasite load within the central nervous system and to improve the clinical prognosis of the disease in many cases. Future studies should focus on disease eradication through the implementation of control programs against all the interrelated steps in the life cycle of T solium, including human carriers of the adult tapeworm, infected pigs, and eggs in the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar H. Del Brutto
- Department of Neurological Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidad Espíritu Santo–Ecuador, Hospital-Clínica Kennedy, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Cysticercosis in one of the most common parasitic infections in the central nervous system. The complex and unpredictable nature of the host immune reaction against cysticercosis as well as the pleomorphism of your injuries make the disease neurocysticercosis interesting and fascinating to study. Imaging studies play an important role in the diagnosis of this disease. Advanced imaging techniques have improved detection and visualization of scolex cysts extraparenchymal spaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Delia Delgado Hernández
- From the *Radiology Department, Manuel Velasco Suarez National Institute of Neurology Neurosurgery, National Institute of Medical Science Nutrition Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City; †Mexican Academy of Surgery, Mérida, Yucatán; and ‡Neuroradiology Department and Teaching Division, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suarez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | |
Collapse
|