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Dönmez Türkmen A, Ünlü G, Musayeva G, Akkuş E, Özen AG, Önal P, Kuşkucu M, Midilli K, Kılınç AA, Çokuğraş H, Çokuğraş FÇ, Beşer ÖF. Can the Prognosis of COVID-19 Disease Be Determined by Fecal Markers and Cytokines? J Interferon Cytokine Res 2022; 42:542-549. [PMID: 36179036 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2022.0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected the entire world, and has a variety of clinical presentations. The aim of this study is to determine the relationships of fecal cytokines and markers with the symptoms and prognosis of children with COVID-19 infection, and to identify noninvasive markers during follow-up. In a cohort of 40 COVID-19-positive children and 40 healthy controls, fecal cytokines and markers were examined in stool samples. A binary logistic model was used to assess the potential of cytokines as risk factors for hospitalization. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were reported. A P-value <0.05 was accepted as statistically significant. Levels of fecal lysozyme, myeloperoxidase, hemoglobin, and interleukin-5 (IL-5) (P < 0.05) were significantly higher among the patients than controls. In a logistic regression analysis, fecal IL-2 (OR = 3.83; 95% CI: 1.44-15.92), IL-4 (OR = 2.96; 95% CI: 1.09-12.93), IL-5 (OR = 4.56; 95% CI: 1.18-27.88), IL-10 (OR = 2.71 95% CI: 1.19-7.94), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) (OR = 4.03; 95% CI: 1.44-15.73), IFN-α (OR = 3.02; 95% CI: 1.08-11.65), calcium-binding protein B S100 (S100 B) (OR = 4.78; 95% CI: 1.31-27.82), neutrophil elastase (NE) 2 (OR = 4.07; 95% CI: 1.17-19.69), and matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1) (OR = 3.67; 95% CI: 1.1-18.82) levels were significantly higher in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 infection than outpatients. We demonstrated that various fecal cytokines and markers were increased in patients who had COVID-19. Fecal IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IFN-γ, IFN-α, S100 B, NE, and MMP-1 levels were significantly elevated in hospitalized patients. We suggest that the fecal and serum levels of cytokines could be used to predict the prognosis of COVID-19 disease, although more studies are needed to confirm this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahsen Dönmez Türkmen
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cerrahpasa Medicine of Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gülçin Ünlü
- Department of Pediatric Health and Diseases, Cerrahpasa Medicine of Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gulustan Musayeva
- Department of Pediatric Health and Diseases, Cerrahpasa Medicine of Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Erkan Akkuş
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cerrahpasa Medicine of Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aybüke Gurup Özen
- Department of Pediatric Health and Diseases, Cerrahpasa Medicine of Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pınar Önal
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cerrahpasa Medicine of Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mert Kuşkucu
- Department of Microbiology, Cerrahpasa Medicine of Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kenan Midilli
- Department of Microbiology, Cerrahpasa Medicine of Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayse Ayzıt Kılınç
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Cerrahpasa Medicine of Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Haluk Çokuğraş
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cerrahpasa Medicine of Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fügen Çullu Çokuğraş
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cerrahpasa Medicine of Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ömer Faruk Beşer
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cerrahpasa Medicine of Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
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The Concept of Intrauterine Programming and the Development of the Neonatal Microbiome in the Prevention of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091702. [PMID: 35565670 PMCID: PMC9104449 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The process of intrauterine programming is related to the quality of the microbiome formed in the fetus and the newborn. The implementation of probiotics, prebiotics, and psychobiotics shows immunomodulatory potential towards the organism, especially the microbiome of the pregnant woman and her child. Nutrigenomics, based on the observation of pregnant women and the developing fetus, makes it possible to estimate the biological effects of active dietary components on gene expression or silencing. Nutritional intervention for pregnant women should consider the nutritional status of the patient, biological markers, and the potential impact of dietary intervention on fetal physiology. The use of a holistic model of nutrition allows for appropriately targeted and effective dietary prophylaxis that can impact the physical and mental health of both the mother and the newborn. This model targets the regulation of the immune response of the pregnant woman and the newborn, considering the clinical state of the microbiota and the pathomechanism of the nervous system. Current scientific reports indicate the protective properties of immunobiotics (probiotics) about the reduction of the frequency of infections and the severity of the course of COVID-19 disease. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that intrauterine programming influences the development of the microbiome for the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection based on a review of research studies.
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