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McElhinney DB, Cabalka AK, Aboulhosn JA, Eicken A, Boudjemline Y, Schubert S, Himbert D, Asnes JD, Salizzoni S, Bocks ML, Cheatham JP, Momenah TS, Kim DW, Schranz D, Meadows J, Thomson JD, Goldstein BH, Crittendon I, Fagan TE, Webb JG, Horlick E, Delaney JW, Jones TK, Shahanavaz S, Moretti C, Hainstock MR, Kenny DP, Berger F, Rihal CS, Dvir D. Transcatheter Tricuspid Valve-in-Valve Implantation for the Treatment of Dysfunctional Surgical Bioprosthetic Valves. Circulation 2016; 133:1582-93. [DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.115.019353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background—
Off-label use of transcatheter aortic and pulmonary valve prostheses for tricuspid valve-in-valve implantation (TVIV) within dysfunctional surgical tricuspid valve (TV) bioprostheses has been described in small reports.
Methods and Results—
An international, multicenter registry was developed to collect data on TVIV cases. Patient-related factors, procedural details and outcomes, and follow-up data were analyzed. Valve-in-ring or heterotopic TV implantation procedures were not included. Data were collected on 156 patients with bioprosthetic TV dysfunction who underwent catheterization with planned TVIV. The median age was 40 years, and 71% of patients were in New York Heart Association class III or IV. Among 152 patients in whom TVIV was attempted with a Melody (n=94) or Sapien (n=58) valve, implantation was successful in 150, with few serious complications. After TVIV, both the TV inflow gradient and tricuspid regurgitation grade improved significantly. During follow-up (median, 13.3 months), 22 patients died, 5 within 30 days; all 22 patients were in New York Heart Association class III or IV, and 9 were hospitalized before TVIV. There were 10 TV reinterventions, and 3 other patients had significant recurrent TV dysfunction. At follow-up, 77% of patients were in New York Heart Association class I or II (
P
<0.001 versus before TVIV). Outcomes did not differ according to surgical valve size or TVIV valve type.
Conclusions—
TVIV with commercially available transcatheter prostheses is technically and clinically successful in patients of various ages across a wide range of valve size. Although preimplantation clinical status was associated with outcome, many patients in New York Heart Association class III or IV at baseline improved. TVIV should be considered a viable option for treatment of failing TV bioprostheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doff B. McElhinney
- From Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (D.B.M.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.K.C., C.J.R.); University of California Los Angeles (J.A.A.); German Heart Centre, Munich, Germany (A.E.); Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France (Y.B.); Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany (S. Schubert, B.G.); Bichat Hospital, Paris, France (D.H.); Yale University, New Haven, CT (J.D.A.); Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette, Torino, Italy (S. Salizzoni); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.L.B.)
| | - Allison K. Cabalka
- From Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (D.B.M.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.K.C., C.J.R.); University of California Los Angeles (J.A.A.); German Heart Centre, Munich, Germany (A.E.); Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France (Y.B.); Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany (S. Schubert, B.G.); Bichat Hospital, Paris, France (D.H.); Yale University, New Haven, CT (J.D.A.); Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette, Torino, Italy (S. Salizzoni); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.L.B.)
| | - Jamil A. Aboulhosn
- From Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (D.B.M.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.K.C., C.J.R.); University of California Los Angeles (J.A.A.); German Heart Centre, Munich, Germany (A.E.); Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France (Y.B.); Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany (S. Schubert, B.G.); Bichat Hospital, Paris, France (D.H.); Yale University, New Haven, CT (J.D.A.); Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette, Torino, Italy (S. Salizzoni); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.L.B.)
| | - Andreas Eicken
- From Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (D.B.M.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.K.C., C.J.R.); University of California Los Angeles (J.A.A.); German Heart Centre, Munich, Germany (A.E.); Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France (Y.B.); Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany (S. Schubert, B.G.); Bichat Hospital, Paris, France (D.H.); Yale University, New Haven, CT (J.D.A.); Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette, Torino, Italy (S. Salizzoni); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.L.B.)
| | - Younes Boudjemline
- From Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (D.B.M.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.K.C., C.J.R.); University of California Los Angeles (J.A.A.); German Heart Centre, Munich, Germany (A.E.); Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France (Y.B.); Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany (S. Schubert, B.G.); Bichat Hospital, Paris, France (D.H.); Yale University, New Haven, CT (J.D.A.); Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette, Torino, Italy (S. Salizzoni); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.L.B.)
| | - Stephan Schubert
- From Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (D.B.M.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.K.C., C.J.R.); University of California Los Angeles (J.A.A.); German Heart Centre, Munich, Germany (A.E.); Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France (Y.B.); Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany (S. Schubert, B.G.); Bichat Hospital, Paris, France (D.H.); Yale University, New Haven, CT (J.D.A.); Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette, Torino, Italy (S. Salizzoni); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.L.B.)
| | - Dominique Himbert
- From Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (D.B.M.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.K.C., C.J.R.); University of California Los Angeles (J.A.A.); German Heart Centre, Munich, Germany (A.E.); Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France (Y.B.); Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany (S. Schubert, B.G.); Bichat Hospital, Paris, France (D.H.); Yale University, New Haven, CT (J.D.A.); Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette, Torino, Italy (S. Salizzoni); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.L.B.)
| | - Jeremy D. Asnes
- From Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (D.B.M.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.K.C., C.J.R.); University of California Los Angeles (J.A.A.); German Heart Centre, Munich, Germany (A.E.); Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France (Y.B.); Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany (S. Schubert, B.G.); Bichat Hospital, Paris, France (D.H.); Yale University, New Haven, CT (J.D.A.); Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette, Torino, Italy (S. Salizzoni); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.L.B.)
| | - Stefano Salizzoni
- From Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (D.B.M.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.K.C., C.J.R.); University of California Los Angeles (J.A.A.); German Heart Centre, Munich, Germany (A.E.); Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France (Y.B.); Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany (S. Schubert, B.G.); Bichat Hospital, Paris, France (D.H.); Yale University, New Haven, CT (J.D.A.); Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette, Torino, Italy (S. Salizzoni); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.L.B.)
| | - Martin L. Bocks
- From Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (D.B.M.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.K.C., C.J.R.); University of California Los Angeles (J.A.A.); German Heart Centre, Munich, Germany (A.E.); Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France (Y.B.); Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany (S. Schubert, B.G.); Bichat Hospital, Paris, France (D.H.); Yale University, New Haven, CT (J.D.A.); Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette, Torino, Italy (S. Salizzoni); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.L.B.)
| | - John P. Cheatham
- From Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (D.B.M.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.K.C., C.J.R.); University of California Los Angeles (J.A.A.); German Heart Centre, Munich, Germany (A.E.); Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France (Y.B.); Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany (S. Schubert, B.G.); Bichat Hospital, Paris, France (D.H.); Yale University, New Haven, CT (J.D.A.); Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette, Torino, Italy (S. Salizzoni); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.L.B.)
| | - Tarek S. Momenah
- From Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (D.B.M.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.K.C., C.J.R.); University of California Los Angeles (J.A.A.); German Heart Centre, Munich, Germany (A.E.); Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France (Y.B.); Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany (S. Schubert, B.G.); Bichat Hospital, Paris, France (D.H.); Yale University, New Haven, CT (J.D.A.); Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette, Torino, Italy (S. Salizzoni); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.L.B.)
| | - Dennis W. Kim
- From Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (D.B.M.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.K.C., C.J.R.); University of California Los Angeles (J.A.A.); German Heart Centre, Munich, Germany (A.E.); Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France (Y.B.); Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany (S. Schubert, B.G.); Bichat Hospital, Paris, France (D.H.); Yale University, New Haven, CT (J.D.A.); Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette, Torino, Italy (S. Salizzoni); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.L.B.)
| | - Dietmar Schranz
- From Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (D.B.M.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.K.C., C.J.R.); University of California Los Angeles (J.A.A.); German Heart Centre, Munich, Germany (A.E.); Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France (Y.B.); Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany (S. Schubert, B.G.); Bichat Hospital, Paris, France (D.H.); Yale University, New Haven, CT (J.D.A.); Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette, Torino, Italy (S. Salizzoni); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.L.B.)
| | - Jeffery Meadows
- From Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (D.B.M.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.K.C., C.J.R.); University of California Los Angeles (J.A.A.); German Heart Centre, Munich, Germany (A.E.); Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France (Y.B.); Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany (S. Schubert, B.G.); Bichat Hospital, Paris, France (D.H.); Yale University, New Haven, CT (J.D.A.); Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette, Torino, Italy (S. Salizzoni); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.L.B.)
| | - John D.R. Thomson
- From Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (D.B.M.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.K.C., C.J.R.); University of California Los Angeles (J.A.A.); German Heart Centre, Munich, Germany (A.E.); Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France (Y.B.); Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany (S. Schubert, B.G.); Bichat Hospital, Paris, France (D.H.); Yale University, New Haven, CT (J.D.A.); Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette, Torino, Italy (S. Salizzoni); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.L.B.)
| | - Bryan H. Goldstein
- From Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (D.B.M.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.K.C., C.J.R.); University of California Los Angeles (J.A.A.); German Heart Centre, Munich, Germany (A.E.); Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France (Y.B.); Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany (S. Schubert, B.G.); Bichat Hospital, Paris, France (D.H.); Yale University, New Haven, CT (J.D.A.); Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette, Torino, Italy (S. Salizzoni); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.L.B.)
| | - Ivory Crittendon
- From Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (D.B.M.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.K.C., C.J.R.); University of California Los Angeles (J.A.A.); German Heart Centre, Munich, Germany (A.E.); Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France (Y.B.); Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany (S. Schubert, B.G.); Bichat Hospital, Paris, France (D.H.); Yale University, New Haven, CT (J.D.A.); Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette, Torino, Italy (S. Salizzoni); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.L.B.)
| | - Thomas E. Fagan
- From Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (D.B.M.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.K.C., C.J.R.); University of California Los Angeles (J.A.A.); German Heart Centre, Munich, Germany (A.E.); Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France (Y.B.); Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany (S. Schubert, B.G.); Bichat Hospital, Paris, France (D.H.); Yale University, New Haven, CT (J.D.A.); Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette, Torino, Italy (S. Salizzoni); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.L.B.)
| | - John G. Webb
- From Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (D.B.M.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.K.C., C.J.R.); University of California Los Angeles (J.A.A.); German Heart Centre, Munich, Germany (A.E.); Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France (Y.B.); Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany (S. Schubert, B.G.); Bichat Hospital, Paris, France (D.H.); Yale University, New Haven, CT (J.D.A.); Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette, Torino, Italy (S. Salizzoni); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.L.B.)
| | - Eric Horlick
- From Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (D.B.M.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.K.C., C.J.R.); University of California Los Angeles (J.A.A.); German Heart Centre, Munich, Germany (A.E.); Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France (Y.B.); Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany (S. Schubert, B.G.); Bichat Hospital, Paris, France (D.H.); Yale University, New Haven, CT (J.D.A.); Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette, Torino, Italy (S. Salizzoni); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.L.B.)
| | - Jeffrey W. Delaney
- From Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (D.B.M.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.K.C., C.J.R.); University of California Los Angeles (J.A.A.); German Heart Centre, Munich, Germany (A.E.); Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France (Y.B.); Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany (S. Schubert, B.G.); Bichat Hospital, Paris, France (D.H.); Yale University, New Haven, CT (J.D.A.); Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette, Torino, Italy (S. Salizzoni); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.L.B.)
| | - Thomas K. Jones
- From Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (D.B.M.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.K.C., C.J.R.); University of California Los Angeles (J.A.A.); German Heart Centre, Munich, Germany (A.E.); Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France (Y.B.); Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany (S. Schubert, B.G.); Bichat Hospital, Paris, France (D.H.); Yale University, New Haven, CT (J.D.A.); Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette, Torino, Italy (S. Salizzoni); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.L.B.)
| | - Shabana Shahanavaz
- From Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (D.B.M.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.K.C., C.J.R.); University of California Los Angeles (J.A.A.); German Heart Centre, Munich, Germany (A.E.); Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France (Y.B.); Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany (S. Schubert, B.G.); Bichat Hospital, Paris, France (D.H.); Yale University, New Haven, CT (J.D.A.); Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette, Torino, Italy (S. Salizzoni); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.L.B.)
| | - Carolina Moretti
- From Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (D.B.M.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.K.C., C.J.R.); University of California Los Angeles (J.A.A.); German Heart Centre, Munich, Germany (A.E.); Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France (Y.B.); Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany (S. Schubert, B.G.); Bichat Hospital, Paris, France (D.H.); Yale University, New Haven, CT (J.D.A.); Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette, Torino, Italy (S. Salizzoni); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.L.B.)
| | - Michael R. Hainstock
- From Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (D.B.M.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.K.C., C.J.R.); University of California Los Angeles (J.A.A.); German Heart Centre, Munich, Germany (A.E.); Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France (Y.B.); Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany (S. Schubert, B.G.); Bichat Hospital, Paris, France (D.H.); Yale University, New Haven, CT (J.D.A.); Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette, Torino, Italy (S. Salizzoni); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.L.B.)
| | - Damien P. Kenny
- From Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (D.B.M.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.K.C., C.J.R.); University of California Los Angeles (J.A.A.); German Heart Centre, Munich, Germany (A.E.); Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France (Y.B.); Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany (S. Schubert, B.G.); Bichat Hospital, Paris, France (D.H.); Yale University, New Haven, CT (J.D.A.); Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette, Torino, Italy (S. Salizzoni); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.L.B.)
| | - Felix Berger
- From Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (D.B.M.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.K.C., C.J.R.); University of California Los Angeles (J.A.A.); German Heart Centre, Munich, Germany (A.E.); Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France (Y.B.); Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany (S. Schubert, B.G.); Bichat Hospital, Paris, France (D.H.); Yale University, New Haven, CT (J.D.A.); Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette, Torino, Italy (S. Salizzoni); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.L.B.)
| | - Charanjit S. Rihal
- From Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (D.B.M.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.K.C., C.J.R.); University of California Los Angeles (J.A.A.); German Heart Centre, Munich, Germany (A.E.); Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France (Y.B.); Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany (S. Schubert, B.G.); Bichat Hospital, Paris, France (D.H.); Yale University, New Haven, CT (J.D.A.); Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette, Torino, Italy (S. Salizzoni); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.L.B.)
| | - Danny Dvir
- From Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (D.B.M.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.K.C., C.J.R.); University of California Los Angeles (J.A.A.); German Heart Centre, Munich, Germany (A.E.); Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France (Y.B.); Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany (S. Schubert, B.G.); Bichat Hospital, Paris, France (D.H.); Yale University, New Haven, CT (J.D.A.); Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette, Torino, Italy (S. Salizzoni); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.L.B.)
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6
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Meadows JJ, Moore PM, Berman DP, Cheatham JP, Cheatham SL, Porras D, Gillespie MJ, Rome JJ, Zahn EM, McElhinney DB. Use and Performance of the Melody Transcatheter Pulmonary Valve in Native and Postsurgical, Nonconduit Right Ventricular Outflow Tracts. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2014; 7:374-80. [DOI: 10.1161/circinterventions.114.001225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery J. Meadows
- From the Division of Cardiology, UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (J.J.M., P.M.M.); Division of Cardiology, Miami Children’s Hospital, FL (D.P.B.); Division of Cardiology, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus (J.P.C., S.L.C.); Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital Boston, MA (D.P.); Division of Cardiology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (M.J.G., J.J.R.); Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai
| | - Phillip M. Moore
- From the Division of Cardiology, UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (J.J.M., P.M.M.); Division of Cardiology, Miami Children’s Hospital, FL (D.P.B.); Division of Cardiology, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus (J.P.C., S.L.C.); Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital Boston, MA (D.P.); Division of Cardiology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (M.J.G., J.J.R.); Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai
| | - Darren P. Berman
- From the Division of Cardiology, UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (J.J.M., P.M.M.); Division of Cardiology, Miami Children’s Hospital, FL (D.P.B.); Division of Cardiology, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus (J.P.C., S.L.C.); Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital Boston, MA (D.P.); Division of Cardiology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (M.J.G., J.J.R.); Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai
| | - John P. Cheatham
- From the Division of Cardiology, UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (J.J.M., P.M.M.); Division of Cardiology, Miami Children’s Hospital, FL (D.P.B.); Division of Cardiology, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus (J.P.C., S.L.C.); Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital Boston, MA (D.P.); Division of Cardiology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (M.J.G., J.J.R.); Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai
| | - Sharon L. Cheatham
- From the Division of Cardiology, UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (J.J.M., P.M.M.); Division of Cardiology, Miami Children’s Hospital, FL (D.P.B.); Division of Cardiology, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus (J.P.C., S.L.C.); Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital Boston, MA (D.P.); Division of Cardiology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (M.J.G., J.J.R.); Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai
| | - Diego Porras
- From the Division of Cardiology, UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (J.J.M., P.M.M.); Division of Cardiology, Miami Children’s Hospital, FL (D.P.B.); Division of Cardiology, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus (J.P.C., S.L.C.); Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital Boston, MA (D.P.); Division of Cardiology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (M.J.G., J.J.R.); Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai
| | - Matthew J. Gillespie
- From the Division of Cardiology, UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (J.J.M., P.M.M.); Division of Cardiology, Miami Children’s Hospital, FL (D.P.B.); Division of Cardiology, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus (J.P.C., S.L.C.); Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital Boston, MA (D.P.); Division of Cardiology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (M.J.G., J.J.R.); Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai
| | - Jonathan J. Rome
- From the Division of Cardiology, UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (J.J.M., P.M.M.); Division of Cardiology, Miami Children’s Hospital, FL (D.P.B.); Division of Cardiology, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus (J.P.C., S.L.C.); Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital Boston, MA (D.P.); Division of Cardiology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (M.J.G., J.J.R.); Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai
| | - Evan M. Zahn
- From the Division of Cardiology, UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (J.J.M., P.M.M.); Division of Cardiology, Miami Children’s Hospital, FL (D.P.B.); Division of Cardiology, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus (J.P.C., S.L.C.); Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital Boston, MA (D.P.); Division of Cardiology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (M.J.G., J.J.R.); Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai
| | - Doff B. McElhinney
- From the Division of Cardiology, UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital, University of California, San Francisco (J.J.M., P.M.M.); Division of Cardiology, Miami Children’s Hospital, FL (D.P.B.); Division of Cardiology, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus (J.P.C., S.L.C.); Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital Boston, MA (D.P.); Division of Cardiology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (M.J.G., J.J.R.); Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai
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