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Doghish AS, Shehabeldine AM, El-Mahdy HA, Hassanin MMH, Al-Askar AA, Marey SA, AbdElgawad H, Hashem AH. Thymus Vulgaris Oil Nanoemulsion: Synthesis, Characterization, Antimicrobial and Anticancer Activities. Molecules 2023; 28:6910. [PMID: 37836753 PMCID: PMC10574288 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential oil nanoemulsions have received much attention due to their biological activities. Thus, a thyme essential oil nanoemulsion (Th-nanoemulsion) was prepared using a safe and eco-friendly method. DLS and TEM were used to characterize the prepared Th-nanoemulsion. Our findings showed that the nanoemulsion was spherical and ranged in size from 20 to 55.2 nm. The micro-broth dilution experiment was used to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial activity of a Th-emulsion and the Th-nanoemulsion. The MIC50 values of the thymol nanoemulsion were 62.5 mg/mL against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella oxytoca, 250 mg/mL against Bacillus cereus, and 125 mg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus. Meanwhile, it emerged that the MIC50 values of thymol against four strains were not detected. Moreover, the Th-nanoemulsion exhibited promising antifungal activity toward A. brasiliensis and A. fumigatus, where inhibition zones and MIC50 were 20.5 ± 1.32 and 26.4 ± 1.34 mm, and 12.5 and 6.25 mg/mL, respectively. On the other hand, the Th-nanoemulsion displayed weak antifungal activity toward C. albicans where the inhibition zone was 12.0 ± 0.90 and MIC was 50 mg/mL. Also, the Th-emulsion exhibited antifungal activity, but lower than that of the Th-nanoemulsion, toward all the tested fungal strains, where MIC was in the range of 12.5-50 mg/mL. The in vitro anticancer effects of Taxol, Th-emulsion, and Th-nanoemulsion were evaluated using the standard MTT method against breast cancer (MCF-7) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2). Additionally, the concentration of VEGFR-2 was measured, and the activities of caspase-8 (casp-8) and caspase-9 (casp-9) were evaluated. The cytotoxic effect was the most potent against the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line after the Th-nanoemulsion treatment (20.1 ± 0.85 µg/mL), and was 125.1 ± 5.29 µg/mL after the Th-emulsion treatment. The lowest half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value, 20.1 ± 0.85 µg/mL, was achieved when the MCF-7 cell line was treated with the Th-nanoemulsion. In addition, Th-nanoemulsion treatments on MCF-7 cells led to the highest elevations in casp-8 and casp-9 activities (0.66 ± 0.042 ng/mL and 17.8 ± 0.39 pg/mL, respectively) compared to those with Th-emulsion treatments. In comparison to that with the Th-emulsion (0.982 0.017 ng/mL), the VEGFR-2 concentration was lower with the Th-nanoemulsion treatment (0.672 ± 0.019ng/mL). In conclusion, the Th-nanoemulsion was successfully prepared and appeared in nanoform with a spherical shape according to DLS and TEM, and also exhibited antibacterial, antifungal, as well as anticancer activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S. Doghish
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Cairo 11829, Egypt;
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Egypt;
| | - Amr M. Shehabeldine
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11884, Egypt
| | - Hesham A. El-Mahdy
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Egypt;
| | - Mahmoud M. H. Hassanin
- Ornamental, Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Disease Department, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza 12619, Egypt;
| | - Abdulaziz A. Al-Askar
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.A.-A.); (S.A.M.)
| | - Samy A. Marey
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.A.-A.); (S.A.M.)
| | - Hamada AbdElgawad
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium;
| | - Amr H. Hashem
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11884, Egypt
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Gupta I, Singh R, Muthusamy S, Sharma M, Grewal K, Singh HP, Batish DR. Plant Essential Oils as Biopesticides: Applications, Mechanisms, Innovations, and Constraints. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2916. [PMID: 37631128 PMCID: PMC10458566 DOI: 10.3390/plants12162916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The advent of the "Green Revolution" was a great success in significantly increasing crop productivity. However, it involved high ecological costs in terms of excessive use of synthetic agrochemicals, raising concerns about agricultural sustainability. Indiscriminate use of synthetic pesticides resulted in environmental degradation, the development of pest resistance, and possible dangers to a variety of nontarget species (including plants, animals, and humans). Thus, a sustainable approach necessitates the exploration of viable ecofriendly alternatives. Plant-based biopesticides are attracting considerable attention in this context due to their target specificity, ecofriendliness, biodegradability, and safety for humans and other life forms. Among all the relevant biopesticides, plant essential oils (PEOs) or their active components are being widely explored against weeds, pests, and microorganisms. This review aims to collate the information related to the expansion and advancement in research and technology on the applications of PEOs as biopesticides. An insight into the mechanism of action of PEO-based bioherbicides, bioinsecticides, and biofungicides is also provided. With the aid of bibliometric analysis, it was found that ~75% of the documents on PEOs having biopesticidal potential were published in the last five years, with an annual growth rate of 20.51% and a citation per document of 20.91. Research on the biopesticidal properties of PEOs is receiving adequate attention from European (Italy and Spain), Asian (China, India, Iran, and Saudi Arabia), and American (Argentina, Brazil, and the United States of America) nations. Despite the increasing biopesticidal applications of PEOs and their widespread acceptance by governments, they face many challenges due to their inherent nature (lipophilicity and high volatility), production costs, and manufacturing constraints. To overcome these limitations, the incorporation of emerging innovations like the nanoencapsulation of PEOs, bioinformatics, and RNA-Seq in biopesticide development has been proposed. With these novel technological interventions, PEO-based biopesticides have the potential to be used for sustainable pest management in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ipsa Gupta
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India; (I.G.); (R.S.)
| | - Rishikesh Singh
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India; (I.G.); (R.S.)
| | - Suganthi Muthusamy
- Department of Biotechnology, Vels Institute of Science, Technology & Advanced Studies, Pallavaram, Chennai 600117, India;
| | - Mansi Sharma
- Department of Environment Studies, Faculty of Science, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India;
| | - Kamaljit Grewal
- Department of Botany, Khalsa College for Women, Civil Lines, Ludhiana 141001, India;
| | - Harminder Pal Singh
- Department of Environment Studies, Faculty of Science, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India;
| | - Daizy R. Batish
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India; (I.G.); (R.S.)
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Miastkowska M, Sikora E, Kulawik-Pióro A, Kantyka T, Bielecka E, Kałucka U, Kamińska M, Szulc J, Piasecka-Zelga J, Zelga P, Staniszewska-Ślęzak E. Bioactive Lavandula angustifolia essential oil-loaded nanoemulsion dressing for burn wound healing. In vitro and in vivo studies. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 148:213362. [PMID: 36921462 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a dressing with bioactive lavender in a new form of nanoemulsion, and to verify its biosafety and effectiveness in burn wound healing. As part of this research, the composition of the bioactive carrier of lavender oil in the form of a nanoemulsion obtained using ultrasound was optimised. The mean particle size of the internal phase and polydispersity were determined using the dynamic light scattering method using a Zestasizer NanoZS by Malvern and using cryo-transmission electron microscopy (TEM). These studies confirmed that the selected formulation had a particle size of approximately 180 nm and remained stable over time. The preparation was also subjected to rheological analysis (viscosity approximately 480 mPa·s) and a pH test (approximately 6). A macroemulsion (ME) with the same qualitative composition was developed as a reference. Nanoformulations and MEs were tested for skin penetration using Raman spectroscopy in an in vitro model. Research has shown that both formulations deliver oil to living layers of the skin. Subsequently, studies were conducted to confirm the effect of lavender oil in emulsion systems on the mitigation of the inflammatory reaction and its pro-regenerative effect on the wound healing process in an in vitro cell culture model. The safe concentration of the oil in the emulsion preparation was also determined based on preliminary in vivo tests of skin sensitisation and irritation as well as an hemocompatibility test of the preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Miastkowska
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Elżbieta Sikora
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kulawik-Pióro
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kantyka
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387 Cracow, Poland
| | - Ewa Bielecka
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387 Cracow, Poland
| | - Urszula Kałucka
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387 Cracow, Poland
| | - Marta Kamińska
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387 Cracow, Poland
| | - Joanna Szulc
- Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Research Laboratory for Medicine and Veterinary Products in the GMP Quality System, Św. Teresy od Dzieciątka Jezus 8, 91-348 Lodz, Poland
| | - Joanna Piasecka-Zelga
- Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Research Laboratory for Medicine and Veterinary Products in the GMP Quality System, Św. Teresy od Dzieciątka Jezus 8, 91-348 Lodz, Poland
| | - Piotr Zelga
- Department of Surgery, Addenbrookes Hospital, NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research and Academic Health Sciences Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
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Carvalho APAD, Conte-Junior CA. Nanoencapsulation application to prolong postharvest shelf life. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2022; 78:102825. [PMID: 36332341 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review offers our opinion on current and future trends regarding nanoencapsulation interventions to extend postharvest shelf life of stored grains, fruits, and vegetables. Herein, we considered two major factors influencing postharvest shelf life for comments: aerobic food spoilage microorganisms and stored pests. Nanoemulsions, edible/active coatings, and nanopackaging loading essential oils as antimicrobial, antioxidant, or pesticide showed promising results in prolonged shelf life at room/cold storage without compromising quality, organoleptic properties, and postharvest physiology. Trends with nanoencapsulation using plant-based pesticides as agrochemical-free methods to keep produce fresh longer were commented as potential candidates for prolonging the shelf life of stored grains and fruits at the postharvest stage. Research with potential large-scale feasibility is intensive, but safety assessment is required and remains little explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Paula Azevedo de Carvalho
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941598, Brazil; Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941598, Brazil; Graduate Program in Chemistry (PGQu), Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941909, Brazil; Nanotechnology Network, Carlos Chagas Filho Research Support Foundation of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Rio de Janeiro RJ 20020-000, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Adam Conte-Junior
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941598, Brazil; Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941598, Brazil; Graduate Program in Chemistry (PGQu), Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941909, Brazil; Nanotechnology Network, Carlos Chagas Filho Research Support Foundation of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Rio de Janeiro RJ 20020-000, Brazil; Graduate Program in Food Science (PPGCAL), Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941909, Brazil.
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Untargeted lipidomics reveals the antifungal mechanism of essential oils nanoemulsion against Penicillium digitatum. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Rys M, Miastkowska M, Sikora E, Łętocha A, Krajewska A, Synowiec A. Bio-Herbicidal Potential of Nanoemulsions with Peppermint Oil on Barnyard Grass and Maize. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27113480. [PMID: 35684420 PMCID: PMC9181968 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bio-based nanoemulsions are part of green pest management for sustainable agriculture. This study assessed the physicochemical properties and the herbicidal activities of the peppermint essential oil nanoemulsions (PNs) in concentrations 1.0–10% stabilized by Eco-Polysorbate 80 on germinating seeds and young plants of maize and barnyard grass. Based on the design of experiment (DOE) results, the final nanoemulsion formulations were obtained with 1, 1.5, 2, and 5% of essential oil concentration. Biological analyses were conducted to select the most promising sample for selective control of barnyard grass in maize. Seedlings growing in the presence of PNs displayed an overall inhibition of metabolism, as expressed by the calorimetric analyses, which could result from significant differences in both content and composition of carbohydrates. Concentration–response sub estimation showed that leaf-sprayed concentration of PN causing 10% of maize damage is equal to 2.2%, whereas doses causing 50% and 90% of barnyard grass damage are 1.1% and 1.7%, respectively. Plants sprayed with PN at 5% or 10% concentration caused significant drops in relative water content in leaves and Chlorophyll a fluorescence 72 h after spraying. In summary, peppermint nanoemulsion with Eco-Polysorbate 80 at 2% concentration is a perspective preparation for selective control of barnyard grass in maize. It should be analyzed further in controlled and field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Rys
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Miastkowska
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, 31-155 Krakow, Poland; (M.M.); (E.S.); (A.Ł.)
| | - Elżbieta Sikora
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, 31-155 Krakow, Poland; (M.M.); (E.S.); (A.Ł.)
| | - Anna Łętocha
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, 31-155 Krakow, Poland; (M.M.); (E.S.); (A.Ł.)
| | - Agnieszka Krajewska
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Lodz University of Technology, 90-530 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Synowiec
- Department of Agroecology and Crop Production, The University of Agriculture in Krakow, 31-120 Krakow, Poland
- Correspondence:
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Hammoudi Halat D, Krayem M, Khaled S, Younes S. A Focused Insight into Thyme: Biological, Chemical, and Therapeutic Properties of an Indigenous Mediterranean Herb. Nutrients 2022; 14:2104. [PMID: 35631245 PMCID: PMC9147557 DOI: 10.3390/nu14102104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A perennial wild shrub from the Lamiaceae family and native to the Mediterranean region, thyme is considered an important wild edible plant studied for centuries for its unique importance in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industry. Thyme is loaded with phytonutrients, minerals and vitamins. It is pungent in taste, yet rich in moisture, proteins, crude fiber, minerals and vitamins. Its chemical composition may vary with geographical location but is mainly composed of flavonoids and antioxidants. Previous studies have illustrated the therapeutic effects of thyme and its essential oils, especially thymol and carvacrol, against various diseases. This is attributed to its multi-pharmacological properties that include, but are not limited to, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antineoplastic actions. Moreover, thyme has long been known for its antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, and antiseptic activities, in addition to remarkable disruption of microbial biofilms. In the COVID-19 era, some thyme constituents were investigated for their potential in viral binding. As such, thyme presents a wide range of functional possibilities in food, drugs, and other fields and prominent interest as a nutraceutical. The aims of the current review are to present botanical and nutritive values of this herb, elaborate its major constituents, and review available literature on its dietetic and biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalal Hammoudi Halat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Bekaa Campus, Bekaa P.O. Box 146404, Lebanon
| | - Maha Krayem
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese International University, Bekaa Campus, Bekaa P.O. Box 146404, Lebanon; (M.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Sanaa Khaled
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese International University, Bekaa Campus, Bekaa P.O. Box 146404, Lebanon; (M.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Samar Younes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Bekaa Campus, Bekaa P.O. Box 146404, Lebanon;
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Sampaio CI, Bourbon AI, Gonçalves C, Pastrana LM, Dias AM, Cerqueira MA. Low energy nanoemulsions as carriers of thyme and lemon balm essential oils. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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9
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The influence of ergosterol on the action of the hop oil and its major terpenes on model fungi membranes. Towards understanding the mechanism of action of phytocompounds for food and plant protection. Chem Phys Lipids 2021; 238:105092. [PMID: 34000279 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2021.105092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to find the correlation between the content of ergosterol in fungi membrane and the action of the hop essential oil, myrcene and humulene on its properties. To reach this goal, the monolayers and bilayers composed of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidyethanol amine and ergosterol, differing in the concentration of sterol, were used as model membrane systems. The impact of the essential oil and its major terpenes on one component ergosterol film was also investigated. It was found that pure isolated terpenes, in contrast to the hop oil being the mixture of them, do not incorporate into pure ergosterol membrane, however, they cause the loss of monolayer material from the interface. These results are in contrast to the effect of these terpenes on phospholipid films reported previously and they may suggest a strong effect of ergosterol on the behavior of terpenes in the mixed systems. Surprisingly, for model membranes, the effect of myrcene was qualitatively similar to the effect of the hop oil and ergosterol was found to regulate the incorporation of both these substances into the film. In contrast, very strong correlation between ergosterol content and the action of humulene was found. Namely, the ability of humulene to change model membrane properties was found to increase with ergosterol concentration. Additionally, the differentiating effect of ergosterol on humulene action in membranes was much more pronounced than for myrcene or the hop oil. Interestingly, at the highest ergosterol level the influence of humulene was even stronger than the effect of the hop oil. This is very important finding suggesting that ergosterol may regulate the sensitivity of particular membrane to the impact of humulene. Summarizing, ergosterol substantially differentiates the effect of the hop oil, myrcene and humulene on the lipid systems and it can be the molecule important for antifungal effect of the essential oil and terpenes.
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Porter GC, Safii SH, Medlicott NJ, Duncan WJ, Tompkins GR, Coates DE. Formulation of a Semisolid Emulsion Containing Leptospermum scoparium Essential Oil and Evaluation of In Vitro Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Efficacy. PLANTA MEDICA 2021; 87:253-266. [PMID: 33434939 DOI: 10.1055/a-1330-8765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Manuka oil, an essential oil derived from the Leptospermum scoparium, has been traditionally used for wound care and as a topical antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory. However, the essential oil is not well retained at mucosal sites, such as the oral cavity, where the benefits of the aforementioned properties could be utilized toward the treatment of persistent biofilms. Within this study, L. scoparium essential oil was incorporated into a semisolid emulsion for improved delivery. The safety profile of L. scoparium essential oil on human gingival fibroblasts was determined via cell viability, cytotoxicity, and caspase activation. The minimal bactericidal concentration of L. scoparium essential oil was determined, and the emulsion's antibiofilm effects visualized using confocal laser scanning microscopy. L. scoparium essential oil demonstrated a lower IC50 (0.02% at 48 h) when compared to the clinical control chlorhexidine (0.002% at 48 h) and displayed lower cumulative cytotoxicity. Higher concentrations of L. scoparium essential oil (≥ 0.1%) at 6 h resulted in higher caspase 3/7 activation, suggesting an apoptotic pathway of cell death. A minimal bactericidal concentration of 0.1% w/w was observed for 6 oral bacteria and 0.01% w/v for Porphyromonas gingivalis. Textural and rheometric analysis indicated increased stability of emulsion with a 1 : 3 ratio of L. scoparium essential oil: Oryza sativa carrier oil. The optimized 5% w/w L. scoparium essential oil emulsion showed increased bactericidal penetrative effects on Streptococci gordonii biofilms compared to oil alone and to chlorhexidine controls. This study has demonstrated the safety, formulation, and antimicrobial activity of L. scoparium essential oil emulsion for potential antibacterial applications at mucosal sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma C Porter
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Syarida H Safii
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur
| | | | - Warwick J Duncan
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Geoffrey R Tompkins
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Dawn E Coates
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Mustafa IF, Hussein MZ. Synthesis and Technology of Nanoemulsion-Based Pesticide Formulation. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1608. [PMID: 32824489 PMCID: PMC7466655 DOI: 10.3390/nano10081608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Declines in crop yield due to pests and diseases require the development of safe, green and eco-friendly pesticide formulations. A major problem faced by the agricultural industry is the use of conventional agrochemicals that contribute broad-spectrum effects towards the environment and organisms. As a result of this issue, researchers are currently developing various pesticide formulations using different nanotechnology approaches. The progress and opportunities in developing nanoemulsions as carriers for plant protection or nanodelivery systems for agrochemicals in agricultural practice have been the subject of intense research. New unique chemical and biologic properties have resulted in a promising pesticide nanoformulations for crop protection. These innovations-particularly the nanoemulsion-based agrochemicals-are capable of enhancing the solubility of active ingredients, improving agrochemical bioavailability, and improving stability and wettability properties during the application, thus resulting in better efficacy for pest control and treatment. All of these-together with various preparation methods towards a greener and environmentally friendly agrochemicals-are also discussed and summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohd Zobir Hussein
- Materials Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
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