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Tabrizi M, Behravan M, Seyyed Tabaei SJ, Lasjerdi Z, Pourhoseingholi MA, Mohammad Rahimi H, Mirjalali H, Haghighi A. Assemblage characterization of Giardia duodenalis in South Khorasan province, eastern Iran, using HRM real-time PCR method. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:127. [PMID: 38236550 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-09001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Giardia duodenalis is a common parasitic protozoan causing gastrointestinal illness in humans worldwide. The genetic diversity of G. duodenalis is reflected through the identification of different assemblages. In this study, we aimed to determine the assemblages of G. duodenalis in eastern Iran using nested-PCR and high-resolution melting (HRM) real-time PCR methods. METHODS A total of 58 positive G. duodenalis, which were isolated from 1800 subjects, referred to medical center laboratories in South Khorasan province, eastern Iran, from April 2020 to March 2022, were included in this study. DNA was extracted and HRM real-time PCR was performed for assemblage characterization. RESULTS HRM real-time PCR successfully characterized all samples. Accordingly, out of 58 positive samples, 53 (91.36%) and 5 (8.62%) were identified as assemblage A and B, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our findings showed that HRM real-time PCR was able to characterize the assemblages of G. duodenalis. In addition, our results suggest high prevalence of assemblage A in eastern region of Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moloud Tabrizi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoodreza Behravan
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Seyyed Javad Seyyed Tabaei
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Lasjerdi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Pourhoseingholi
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hanieh Mohammad Rahimi
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirjalali
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ali Haghighi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Salamandane C, Lobo ML, Afonso S, Xiao L, Matos O. Exploring genetic variability of Giardia duodenalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in raw vegetables and fruits: implications for food safety and public health in Mozambique. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1223151. [PMID: 37601378 PMCID: PMC10436600 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1223151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi are etiological agents of enteric diseases characterized by diarrhea that can progress to chronicity in humans, especially in children and in immunocompromised patients. This study aims to assess the genetic pattern of G. duodenalis and E. bieneusi detected in vegetables and fruits commercialized in Maputo markets, Mozambique and determine their public health importance. Eight study points were sampled: a farmer zone, a wholesale, four retail markets, and two supermarkets in Maputo city, where eight types of horticultural products were purchased. Using nested-PCR methods, 2.8% (9/321) and 1.3% (4/321) of samples monitored were positive for G. duodenalis and E. bieneusi, respectively. Based on the analysis of the β-giardin and ITS rRNA sequences of G. duodenalis and E. bieneusi detected, respectively, four different sequences of G. duodenalis (three novel sequences: BgMZ1, BgMZ2, and BgMZ3, and one known sequence) all from assemblage B and three genotypes of E. bieneusi (two novel sequences: EbMZ4 and EbMZ5, and one known sequence: KIN-1) from group 1. These microorganisms were found and characterized for the first time in horticultural products in Maputo markets. All identified G. duodenalis and E. bieneusi display high genetic similarity within their β-giardin and ITS rRNA sequences, respectively, having been clustered into assemblages and genotypes with high zoonotic transmission potential. Our study may represent a relevant step in the understanding of these intestinal pathogens in association with fresh vegetables and fruits for human consumption, for a better and broader "One Health" approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Salamandane
- Group of Opportunistic Protozoa/HIV and Other Protozoa, Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Medical Parasitology Unit, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Nova School of Business and Economics, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Carcavelos, Portugal
- Faculdade de Ciências de Saúde, Universidade Lúrio, Nampula, Mozambique
| | - Maria Luísa Lobo
- Group of Opportunistic Protozoa/HIV and Other Protozoa, Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Medical Parasitology Unit, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sónia Afonso
- Parasitology Department of Veterinary Faculty, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Lihua Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Olga Matos
- Group of Opportunistic Protozoa/HIV and Other Protozoa, Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Medical Parasitology Unit, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Environmental Health Institute, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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Nemati S, Shalileh F, Mirjalali H, Omidfar K. Toward waterborne protozoa detection using sensing technologies. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1118164. [PMID: 36910193 PMCID: PMC9999019 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1118164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Drought and limited sufficient water resources will be the main challenges for humankind during the coming years. The lack of water resources for washing, bathing, and drinking increases the use of contaminated water and the risk of waterborne diseases. A considerable number of waterborne outbreaks are due to protozoan parasites that may remain active/alive in harsh environmental conditions. Therefore, a regular monitoring program of water resources using sensitive techniques is needed to decrease the risk of waterborne outbreaks. Wellorganized point-of-care (POC) systems with enough sensitivity and specificity is the holy grail of research for monitoring platforms. In this review, we comprehensively gathered and discussed rapid, selective, and easy-to-use biosensor and nanobiosensor technologies, developed for the early detection of common waterborne protozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Nemati
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Shalileh
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirjalali
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kobra Omidfar
- Biosensor Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular–Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Pathogenic parasites in vegetables in the Middle East and North Africa: Occurrence of Ascaris eggs and Giardia cysts, and epidemiological implications. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Mohammad Rahimi H, Javanmard E, Taghipour A, Haghighi A, Mirjalali H. Multigene typing of Giardia Duodenalis isolated from tuberculosis and non-tuberculosis subjects. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0283515. [PMID: 36952535 PMCID: PMC10035859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a cryptic protozoan, which has eight assemblages (A-H). Assemblages A and B are the main genotypes reported from humans with probable anthroponotic and zoonotic transmission. The current study aimed to characterize G. duodenalis assemblages in tuberculosis (TB) patients and healthy subjects using multilocus genotyping (MLG). Thirty Giardia-positive stool samples, which were obtained from TB patients and healthy subjects were included in the study. After total DNA extraction, three β-giardin (bg), triosephosphate isomerase (tpi), glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) genes were amplified and sequenced. Obtained sequences were compared to the GenBank database to characterize assemblages. Phylogenetic analysis using Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Tamura 3-parameter was performed for each gene. From 30 Giardia-positive subjects, 17 (57%) and 13 (43%) were from healthy and TB-infected subjects, respectively. There was no significant co-existence of Giardia and tuberculosis (P-value = 0.051). In addition, 14 (46.7%) and 16 (53.3%) of Giardia isolates were from asymptomatic and symptomatic subjects, respectively. PCR amplification was successful in 25 single samples (83.3%) consisted of 20 for tpi, 15 for bg, and 13 for gdh genes. Accordingly, 13/25 (52%) and 8/25 (32%) belonged to assemblage A and assemblages B, respectively, whereas 4/25 (16%) were either assemblage A or B with different genes at the same time. Significant correlation between assemblages and TB, age, and symptoms was not seen. The phylogenetic analyses represented no separation based on TB and gastrointestinal symptoms. Assemblage A was the predominant genotype in samples. The high frequency of assemblage AII indicated importance of anthroponotic transmission of Giardia in both healthy and TB patients. In addition, considering the exclusive reports of sub-assemblage AIII in wild ruminants, the presence of AIII in the current study have to be carefully interpreted. The inconsistency between the assemblage results of either bg or gdh loci with tpi gene signifies the insufficiency of single gene analysis and the necessity for MLG in molecular epidemiology of G. duodenalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanieh Mohammad Rahimi
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Javanmard
- Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Taghipour
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
- Zoonoses Research Center, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Ali Haghighi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirjalali
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Abbas Z, Khan MK, Abbas RZ, Sindhu ZUD, Sajid MS, Munir A, Wahid A, Zafar A, Mughal MAS, Imran M, Mehmood R, Nadeem M. Molecular Epidemiology of Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia in Different Water Bodies, Soil, and Vegetables in Pakistan. Health Secur 2022; 20:308-320. [PMID: 35861848 DOI: 10.1089/hs.2021.0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a dearth of knowledge regarding transmission of Cryptosporidium (C) and Giardia (G) species through water and water-related sources in Pakistan. To this end, we conducted a study to evaluate the prevalence of these parasites in different water bodies, soil, and mixed raw vegetables in Pakistan. Researchers collected 200 samples from each reservoir including municipal water, sewage water, canal water, raw vegetables, soil of public parks, and soil of grazing areas. Researchers amplified the 18S ribosomal RNA gene of parasites using newly designed genus-specific primers through polymerase chain reaction testing. The sequencing analysis revealed that the obtained sequences belonged to C parvum and G lamblia. Phylogenetic clustering and sequence analysis of C parvum showed that the C parvum Pak1 (OM540369) and C parvum Pak2 (OM540370) as well as C parvum Pak3 (OM510450) and C parvum Pak6 (OM510445) were closely similar to each other. In the case of G lamblia, all the sequences appeared in the same clade. The epidemiological data showed lower prevalence of C parvum (11.5%) in all reservoirs, compared with G lamblia (20.5%). Among different reservoirs, prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia was observed in sewage water (C = 13%, G = 26.5%), municipal water (C = 10%, G = 35%), canal water (C = 9.5%, G = 18.5%), raw vegetables (C = 5.5%, G = 8%), soil of public parks (C = 13%, G = 14%), and soil of grazing areas (C = 18.5%, G = 21.5%). Among targeted risk factors, poor hygienic conditions significantly affected the prevalence of parasites in sewage water (C = 20%, G = 41.2%), municipal water (C = 14.7%, G = 48.8.5%), raw vegetables (C = 11.3%, G = 15.1%), and soil of public parks (C = 19.5%, G = 21.9%). Similarly, contamination with sewage waste significantly affected (P < .05) the prevalence of these parasites in municipal water (C = 13.6%, G = 41.1%), canal water (C = 13.3%, G = 25%), raw vegetables (C = 12.1%, G = 15.1%), and soil of public parks (C = 23.3%, G = 15%). Results of this study illustrated a high risk of parasitic zoonosis through water bodies, soil, and vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaheer Abbas
- Zaheer Abbas, MPhil, is PhD Scholar and Researcher; Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Kasib Khan
- Muhammad Kasib Khan, PhD, is an Associate Professor; Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rao Zahid Abbas
- Rao Zahid Abbas, PhD, is an Associate Professor; Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Zia Ud Din Sindhu
- Zia ud Din Sindhu, PhD, is an Associate Professor; Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sohail Sajid
- Muhammad Sohail Sajid, PhD, is an Associate Professor; Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Amir Munir
- Amir Munir, MPhil, is Analyst; Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Wahid
- Abdul Wahid, MPhil, is Captain Doctor (Veterinarian), Remount Veterinary and Farm Corps, Military Farms, Renala Khurd, District Okara, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Arsalan Zafar
- Arsalan Zafar, MPhil, is PhD Scholar and Researcher; Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Adnan Sabir Mughal
- Muhammad Adnan Sabir Mughal, DVM, is PhD Scholar and Researcher; Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Muhammad Imran, PhD, is an Assistant Professor; Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rashid Mehmood
- Rashid Mehmood, MPhil, is Analyst; Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Nadeem
- Muhammad Nadeem, MPhil, is PhD Scholar and Researcher; Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Moreno-Mesonero L, Amorós I, Moreno Y, Alonso JL. Simultaneous detection of less frequent waterborne parasitic protozoa in reused wastewater using amplicon sequencing and qPCR techniques. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 314:115029. [PMID: 35430514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne parasitic protozoa (WPP) infections have a worldwide distribution and are a source for epidemic and endemic human diseases. Although a variety of protozoa are commonly detected in wastewater and cited as causative agents of outbreaks, effluents from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) used for irrigation can contain other pathogenic protozoa that are not currently being controlled. The lack of control on a routine basis using rapid and sensitive methods to detect these parasites in water may keep them under-recognized. This study focused on using molecular tools, 18 S rRNA amplicon-based sequencing and qPCR, to characterize WPP distribution in wastewater samples from urban WWTPs used for irrigation. A total of eight wastewater samples (from secondary and tertiary disinfection treatment effluents) were collected. Potentially pathogenic protozoa identified by 18 S rRNA sequencing and/or qPCR in the analyzed samples included Acanthamoeba spp., Blastocystis sp., Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba dispar, Entamoeba hartmanni, Giardia intestinalis assemblage A and Toxoplasma gondii Positive results by qPCR were in non-quantifiable levels. Blastocystis sp. was the most represented protozoa among the sequences retrieved from the amplicon sequencing. Blastocystis ST1 and ST2 were the most abundant subtypes among the obtained OTUs. Moreover, Blastocystis sp. ST3, ST4, ST6 and ST8 were also detected, although in lower abundances. Results of this study showed that WWTP effluents used for irrigation can provide a source of WPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Moreno-Mesonero
- Research Institute of Water and Environmental Engineering (IIAMA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera S/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
| | - I Amorós
- Research Institute of Water and Environmental Engineering (IIAMA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera S/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Y Moreno
- Research Institute of Water and Environmental Engineering (IIAMA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera S/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
| | - J L Alonso
- Research Institute of Water and Environmental Engineering (IIAMA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera S/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
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Loop mediated isothermal amplification for detection of foodborne parasites: A journey from lab to lab-on-a-chip. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Díaz-Gavidia C, Barría C, Weller DL, Salgado-Caxito M, Estrada EM, Araya A, Vera L, Smith W, Kim M, Moreno-Switt AI, Olivares-Pacheco J, Adell AD. Humans and Hoofed Livestock Are the Main Sources of Fecal Contamination of Rivers Used for Crop Irrigation: A Microbial Source Tracking Approach. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:768527. [PMID: 35847115 PMCID: PMC9279616 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.768527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Freshwater bodies receive waste, feces, and fecal microorganisms from agricultural, urban, and natural activities. In this study, the probable sources of fecal contamination were determined. Also, antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) were detected in the two main rivers of central Chile. Surface water samples were collected from 12 sampling sites in the Maipo (n = 8) and Maule Rivers (n = 4) every 3 months, from August 2017 until April 2019. To determine the fecal contamination level, fecal coliforms were quantified using the most probable number (MPN) method and the source of fecal contamination was determined by Microbial Source Tracking (MST) using the Cryptosporidium and Giardia genotyping method. Separately, to determine if antimicrobial resistance bacteria (AMB) were present in the rivers, Escherichia coli and environmental bacteria were isolated, and the antibiotic susceptibility profile was determined. Fecal coliform levels in the Maule and Maipo Rivers ranged between 1 and 130 MPN/100-ml, and 2 and 30,000 MPN/100-ml, respectively. Based on the MST results using Cryptosporidium and Giardia host-specific species, human, cattle, birds, and/or dogs hosts were the probable sources of fecal contamination in both rivers, with human and cattle host-specific species being more frequently detected. Conditional tree analysis indicated that coliform levels were significantly associated with the river system (Maipo versus Maule), land use, and season. Fecal coliform levels were significantly (p < 0.006) higher at urban and agricultural sites than at sites immediately downstream of treatment centers, livestock areas, or natural areas. Three out of eight (37.5%) E. coli isolates presented a multidrug-resistance (MDR) phenotype. Similarly, 6.6% (117/1768) and 5.1% (44/863) of environmental isolates, in Maipo and Maule River showed and MDR phenotype. Efforts to reduce fecal discharge into these rivers should thus focus on agriculture and urban land uses as these areas were contributing the most and more frequently to fecal contamination into the rivers, while human and cattle fecal discharges were identified as the most likely source of this fecal contamination by the MST approach. This information can be used to design better mitigation strategies, thereby reducing the burden of waterborne diseases and AMR in Central Chile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanza Díaz-Gavidia
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Initiative for Collaborative Research on Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, Chile
| | - Carla Barría
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Initiative for Collaborative Research on Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel L. Weller
- Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY, United States
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Marilia Salgado-Caxito
- Millennium Initiative for Collaborative Research on Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, Chile
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Erika M. Estrada
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Tech, Painter, Virginia
| | - Aníbal Araya
- Millennium Initiative for Collaborative Research on Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, Chile
- Grupo de Resistencia Antimicrobiana en Bacterias Patógenas y Ambientales (GRABPA), Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Leonardo Vera
- Escuela Ingeniería Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Woutrina Smith
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Minji Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Andrea I. Moreno-Switt
- Millennium Initiative for Collaborative Research on Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, Chile
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Olivares-Pacheco
- Millennium Initiative for Collaborative Research on Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, Chile
- Grupo de Resistencia Antimicrobiana en Bacterias Patógenas y Ambientales (GRABPA), Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Aiko D. Adell
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Initiative for Collaborative Research on Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Aiko D. Adell,
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López Ureña NM, Chaudhry U, Calero Bernal R, Cano Alsua S, Messina D, Evangelista F, Betson M, Lalle M, Jokelainen P, Ortega Mora LM, Álvarez García G. Contamination of Soil, Water, Fresh Produce, and Bivalve Mollusks with Toxoplasma gondii Oocysts: A Systematic Review. Microorganisms 2022; 10:517. [PMID: 35336093 PMCID: PMC8954419 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10030517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a major foodborne pathogen capable of infecting all warm-blooded animals, including humans. Although oocyst-associated toxoplasmosis outbreaks have been documented, the relevance of the environmental transmission route remains poorly investigated. Thus, we carried out an extensive systematic review on T. gondii oocyst contamination of soil, water, fresh produce, and mollusk bivalves, following the PRISMA guidelines. Studies published up to the end of 2020 were searched for in public databases and screened. The reference sections of the selected articles were examined to identify additional studies. A total of 102 out of 3201 articles were selected: 34 articles focused on soil, 40 focused on water, 23 focused on fresh produce (vegetables/fruits), and 21 focused on bivalve mollusks. Toxoplasma gondii oocysts were found in all matrices worldwide, with detection rates ranging from 0.09% (1/1109) to 100% (8/8) using bioassay or PCR-based detection methods. There was a high heterogeneity (I2 = 98.9%), which was influenced by both the sampling strategy (e.g., sampling site and sample type, sample composition, sample origin, season, number of samples, cat presence) and methodology (recovery and detection methods). Harmonized approaches are needed for the detection of T. gondii in different environmental matrices in order to obtain robust and comparable results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia María López Ureña
- SALUVET Research Group, Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (N.M.L.U.); (R.C.B.); (L.M.O.M.)
| | - Umer Chaudhry
- Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK; (U.C.); or (D.M.); (F.E.); (M.B.)
| | - Rafael Calero Bernal
- SALUVET Research Group, Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (N.M.L.U.); (R.C.B.); (L.M.O.M.)
| | - Santiago Cano Alsua
- Computing Services, Research Support Center, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Davide Messina
- Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK; (U.C.); or (D.M.); (F.E.); (M.B.)
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Francisco Evangelista
- Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK; (U.C.); or (D.M.); (F.E.); (M.B.)
| | - Martha Betson
- Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK; (U.C.); or (D.M.); (F.E.); (M.B.)
| | - Marco Lalle
- Unit of Foodborne and Neglected Parasitic Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Roma, Italy;
| | - Pikka Jokelainen
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Infectious Disease Preparedness, Statens Serum Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Luis Miguel Ortega Mora
- SALUVET Research Group, Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (N.M.L.U.); (R.C.B.); (L.M.O.M.)
| | - Gema Álvarez García
- SALUVET Research Group, Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (N.M.L.U.); (R.C.B.); (L.M.O.M.)
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11
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Sustainability Assessment for Wastewater Treatment Systems in Developing Countries. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14020241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
As the assessment of the economic, environmental, institutional, and social sustainability of wastewater treatment systems may have several conceivable goals and intended recipients, there are numerous different approaches. This paper surveys certain aspects of sustainability assessment that may be of interest to the planners of wastewater treatment systems. Here, the key criteria assess the system’s costs and financing, including its affordability for the users, the environmental impact, the benefits for health and hygiene, the cultural acceptance of the system and its recycled products, the technical functioning, and the administrative, political, and legal framework for its construction and operation. A multi-criteria approach may then be used to analyze possible trade-offs and identify the most suitable system for a certain location.
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Zhao ZY, Li MH, Lyu C, Meng XZ, Qin YF, Yang XB, Ma N, Zhao Q, Zhang Y, Jiang J. Prevalence of Giardia duodenalis Among Dogs in China from 2001 to 2021: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2022; 19:179-191. [PMID: 35020482 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2021.0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis has a wide range of host species and is a common causative agent of diarrheal disease in humans and animals. This study conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the pooled prevalence of Giardia among dogs in China. We extracted 33 studies related to the prevalence of G. duodenalis in dogs, with samples taken from 2001 to 2021. The random-effect model was used to calculate pooled prevalence estimates with 95% confidence intervals, and the analyzed data were from 14 provinces in China. The estimated overall prevalence of G. duodenalis among dogs in China was 11.2%. The prevalence of Giardia was significantly higher in Northwestern China (35.7%) than in other regions. The prevalence in 2010 or later (11.8%) was significantly higher than in 2010 or before (6.9%). The estimated prevalence detected by microscopy (9.3%) was lower than molecular (12.3%) and serological (14.3%) ones. The prevalence was higher in dogs <1 year of age (12.2%) than that >1 year (5.4%). Among the genotype groups, the positive rate of assemblage A (5.2%) was significantly higher than that of other assemblages. Depending on the dog' type, the prevalence of G. duodenalis in stray dogs (3.5%) was lower than that in pet dogs (6.7%) and intensively breeding dogs (11.8%). In addition, no correlation was found between Giardia positive rate and the dogs' gender (p > 0.05). We also analyzed the effects of different geographic factor subgroups (longitude, latitude, precipitation, temperature, humidity, and altitude) on the prevalence of G. duodenalis in dogs in China. The results showed that giardiasis was widespread in dogs in China. It is suggested that corresponding control scheme and effective management measures should be formulated and applied to reduce the transmission of G. duodenalis according to the difference in geographical conditions in different areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Yu Zhao
- College of Life Science, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Shuangyang, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Ming-Han Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Chuang Lyu
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Group Co., Ltd., Qingdao, China
| | - Xiang-Zhu Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yi-Feng Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin-Bo Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Ning Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Quan Zhao
- College of Life Science, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Shuangyang, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- College of Life Science, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Shuangyang, China
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13
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Nouraftab B, Mahmoudi E, Bahadory S, Ghasemi E, Miahipour A, Heidari A, Bairami A. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in children and the elderly in southwestern Iran. GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY FROM BED TO BENCH 2022; 15:415-420. [PMID: 36762223 PMCID: PMC9876772 DOI: 10.22037/ghfbb.v15i4.2619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Aim The current study investigated the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. among children under 6 and adults over 60 years of age with diarrhea in the southwest of Iran. Background Cryptosporidiosis is an opportunistic parasitic infection caused by the species Cryptosporidium that causes gastrointestinal complications and diarrhea. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in Khuzestan province between January 2020 to December 2020. Out of 350 patients referring to medical centers with clinical signs of diarrhea, 57.4% were under six years of age and 42.6% were more than 60 years old. Fecal samples were examined using Modified Ziehl-Neelsen (MZN) staining and nested-PCR techniques. Results The overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. infection in the study population was 0.9% as determined by microscopic and molecular methods (3/47). Conclusion The study results confirm the prevalence of parasitic infections as reported in previous studies in other regions of Iran. Preventive health measures are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Nouraftab
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Elaheh Mahmoudi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Saeed Bahadory
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of medical science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ezatollah Ghasemi
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Medicine, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Miahipour
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Aliehsan Heidari
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Amir Bairami
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
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Bahramdoost Z, Mirjalali H, Yavari P, Haghighi A. Development of HRM real-time PCR for assemblage characterization of Giardia lamblia. Acta Trop 2021; 224:106109. [PMID: 34450062 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A total of 90 stool samples were collected from dogs, referred to a dog shelter and a veterinary clinic. In addition, 395 stool samples obtained from pet dog owners and shelter keepers, as well as individuals referred to a medical laboratory as controls, were collected in Shahryar district, Tehran, Iran. Stool samples were parasitologically examined and the positive G. lamblia isolates were tested with Nested-PCR/sequencing for the tpi, gdh, and bg genes, and HRM real-time PCR. Microscopical examination revealed 20 (22.2%) and 34 (8.6%) Giardia-positive samples from dogs and humans, respectively. Regarding HRM real-time PCR, the prevalence of assemblages A and B in humans was 55.8% and 14.7%, respectively. In addition, 14.7% of samples were mix assemblages. HRM real-time PCR detected most of microscopically-positive samples in comparison to PCR/sequencing in both humans and dogs. The high prevalence of assemblages A and B in dogs signified the importance of a same source for infection between dogs and humans.
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Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium skunk genotype in raccoons (Procyon lotor) in Iran: concern for zoonotic transmission. Parasitol Res 2021; 121:483-489. [PMID: 34750653 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07367-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. are significant zoonotic parasites in humans and animals worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection among raccoon (Procyon lotor) in north of Iran. The fecal samples (n = 30) were collected from raccoons. After DNA extraction, all samples were examined by nested PCR amplification of the 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene. From 30 raccoon samples, 4 (13.3%) were positive, and the isolates were identified as Cryptosporidium skunk genotype based on sequence analysis. The large distribution of raccoons in northern provinces of Iran and their potency for carrying some human-infecting parasites like Cryptosporidium spp. propose this mammalian as a source for zoonotic parasites.
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