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Gerassimidou S, Geueke B, Groh KJ, Muncke J, Hahladakis JN, Martin OV, Iacovidou E. Unpacking the complexity of the polyethylene food contact articles value chain: A chemicals perspective. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 454:131422. [PMID: 37099905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Polyethylene (PE) is the most widely used type of plastic food packaging, in which chemicals can potentially migrate into packaged foods. The implications of using and recycling PE from a chemical perspective remain underexplored. This study is a systematic evidence map of 116 studies looking at the migration of food contact chemicals (FCCs) across the lifecycle of PE food packaging. It identified a total of 377 FCCs, of which 211 were detected to migrate from PE articles into food or food simulants at least once. These 211 FCCs were checked against the inventory FCCs databases and EU regulatory lists. Only 25% of the detected FCCs are authorized by EU regulation for the manufacture of food contact materials. Furthermore, a quarter of authorized FCCs exceeded the specific migration limit (SML) at least once, while one-third (53) of non-authorised FCCs exceeded the threshold value of 10 μg/kg. Overall, evidence on FCCs migration across the PE food packaging lifecycle is incomplete, especially at the reprocessing stage. Considering the EU's commitment to increase packaging recycling, a better understanding and monitoring of PE food packaging quality from a chemical perspective across the entire lifecycle will enable the transition towards a sustainable plastics value chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyridoula Gerassimidou
- Sustainable Plastics Research Group (SPlasH), Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Birgit Geueke
- Food Packaging Forum (FPF), 8045 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ksenia J Groh
- Eawag - Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Jane Muncke
- Food Packaging Forum (FPF), 8045 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - John N Hahladakis
- Food-Energy-Water-Waste Sustainability (FEWWS) Program, Center for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box: 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Olwenn V Martin
- Plastic Waste Innovation Hub, Department of Arts and Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
| | - Eleni Iacovidou
- Sustainable Plastics Research Group (SPlasH), Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, United Kingdom; Division of Environmental Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, United Kingdom.
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Liu Z, Yu H, Lu L, Lv X, Ju G, Zhao J, Sun F, Wang Y, Yu W. Simultaneous Determination and Exposure Assessment of Antioxidants in Food Contact Plastic Materials by HPLC-MS/MS. J Food Prot 2023:100121. [PMID: 37355008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Antioxidants are widely used to prevent oxidative degradation of food-contact plastics materials. However, when plastic products come into contact with food, antioxidants may contaminate food. Herein, twenty-three kinds of possible antioxidants were monitored in 257 products of seven polymers. The migration of antioxidants into the food simulants at different temperatures and times was detected by using HPLC-MS/MS. Risk assessment was performed based on the EU, U.S. FDA methods and Monte Carlo simulation. The antioxidants migrated mainly to fatty food simulant, with the highest concentration and occurrence frequency of Irgafos 168, followed byIrganox 1010, Irganox 1076, and Antioxidant LTDP in polyethylene terephthalate, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, polyethylene. No antioxidants were detected in polystyrene, polycarbonate, and polyvinylidene chloride. Additionally, antioxidants exhibited the highest detection rate of 0.81 in polyethylene. Risk assessment demonstrated that the antioxidants have no obvious health risk to the exposed population. However, the risk of polypropylene was relatively high compared to other polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Liu
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Hongwei Yu
- Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 175 Shandong Road, Qingdao 266033, Shandong, China
| | - Li Lu
- Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 175 Shandong Road, Qingdao 266033, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaojing Lv
- Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 175 Shandong Road, Qingdao 266033, Shandong, China
| | - Guangxiu Ju
- Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 175 Shandong Road, Qingdao 266033, Shandong, China
| | - Jinquan Zhao
- Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 175 Shandong Road, Qingdao 266033, Shandong, China
| | - Fenglin Sun
- Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 175 Shandong Road, Qingdao 266033, Shandong, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Shimadzu (China) Co.,LTD. Beijing Branch, 16 Chaoyangmenwai Street, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Weisen Yu
- Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 175 Shandong Road, Qingdao 266033, Shandong, China.
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Identification of polymer additives from multilayer milk packaging materials by liquid-solid extraction coupled with GC-MS. Food Packag Shelf Life 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2022.100975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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