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Wu X, Liu Y, Wang J, Tan Y, Liang Z, Zhou G. Toward Circular Energy: Exploring Direct Regeneration for Lithium-Ion Battery Sustainability. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2403818. [PMID: 38794816 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202403818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are rapidly developing into attractive energy storage technologies. As LIBs gradually enter retirement, their sustainability is starting to come into focus. The utilization of recycled spent LIBs as raw materials for battery manufacturing is imperative for resource and environmental sustainability. The sustainability of spent LIBs depends on the recycling process, whereby the cycling of battery materials must be maximized while minimizing waste emissions and energy consumption. Although LIB recycling technologies (hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy) have been commercialized on a large scale, they have unavoidable limitations. They are incompatible with circular economy principles because they require toxic chemicals, emit hazardous substances, and consume large amounts of energy. The direct regeneration of degraded electrode materials from spent LIBs is a viable alternative to traditional recycling technologies and is a nondestructive repair technology. Furthermore, direct regeneration offers advantages such as maximization of the value of recycled electrode materials, use of sustainable, nontoxic reagents, high potential profitability, and significant application potential. Therefore, this review aims to investigate the state-of-the-art direct LIB regeneration technologies that can be extended to large-scale applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Wu
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute and Tsinghua Shenzhen International, Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yuhang Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Junxiong Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute and Tsinghua Shenzhen International, Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yihong Tan
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zheng Liang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Guangmin Zhou
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute and Tsinghua Shenzhen International, Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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Wu X, Ma J, Wang J, Zhang X, Zhou G, Liang Z. Progress, Key Issues, and Future Prospects for Li-Ion Battery Recycling. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2022; 6:2200067. [PMID: 36532240 PMCID: PMC9749081 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202200067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The overuse and exploitation of fossil fuels has triggered the energy crisis and caused tremendous issues for the society. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), as one of the most important renewable energy storage technologies, have experienced booming progress, especially with the drastic growth of electric vehicles. To avoid massive mineral mining and the opening of new mines, battery recycling to extract valuable species from spent LIBs is essential for the development of renewable energy. Therefore, LIBs recycling needs to be widely promoted/applied and the advanced recycling technology with low energy consumption, low emission, and green reagents needs to be highlighted. In this review, the necessity for battery recycling is first discussed from several different aspects. Second, the various LIBs recycling technologies that are currently used, such as pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical methods, are summarized and evaluated. Then, based on the challenges of the above recycling methods, the authors look further forward to some of the cutting-edge recycling technologies, such as direct repair and regeneration. In addition, the authors also discuss the prospects of selected recycling strategies for next-generation LIBs such as solid-state Li-metal batteries. Finally, overall conclusions and future perspectives for the sustainability of energy storage devices are presented in the last chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Wu
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative MoleculesSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200240China
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene CenterTsinghua‐Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate SchoolTsinghua UniversityShenzhen518055China
| | - Jun Ma
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene CenterTsinghua‐Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate SchoolTsinghua UniversityShenzhen518055China
| | - Junxiong Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative MoleculesSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200240China
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene CenterTsinghua‐Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate SchoolTsinghua UniversityShenzhen518055China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene CenterTsinghua‐Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate SchoolTsinghua UniversityShenzhen518055China
| | - Guangmin Zhou
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene CenterTsinghua‐Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate SchoolTsinghua UniversityShenzhen518055China
| | - Zheng Liang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative MoleculesSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200240China
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Facile Synthesis of Microwave-Etched Ti3C2 MXene/Activated Carbon Hybrids for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.117050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Yan S, Jiang Y, Chen X, Zhou T. Improved Advanced Oxidation Process for In Situ Recycling of Al Foils and Cathode Materials from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c01286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuxuan Yan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P.R. China
| | - Youzhou Jiang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P.R. China
| | - Xiangping Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi’an 710021, P.R. China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P.R. China
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He Y, Yuan X, Zhang G, Wang H, Zhang T, Xie W, Li L. A critical review of current technologies for the liberation of electrode materials from foils in the recycling process of spent lithium-ion batteries. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 766:142382. [PMID: 33183828 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Proper disposal of spent lithium-ion batteries is beneficial for the resource recycling and pollution elimination. Full liberation of electrode materials, including the liberation between electrode material and current collector (copper/aluminum foils) and the liberation among electrode material particles, is the pivotal precondition for improving the recovery efficiency of electrode materials. In this article, authors attempt to carry out a summary of current technologies used in the liberation of electrode materials derived from spent lithium-ion batteries. However, specialized studies about the liberation of electrode materials are insufficient at present. This research clearly shows that: (1) Organic binder must be removed so as to improve the liberation and metallurgy efficiency of electrode materials; (2) A collaboration of varied technologies is the necessary process to achieve high liberation efficiency between electrode materials and copper/aluminum foils; (3) Pyrolysis may be a recommended technology for removal of organic binder because part of pyrolysis products can be recovered. Finally, an alternative recycling flowchart of spent LIBs is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqun He
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, No.1 Daxue Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Xue Yuan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, No.1 Daxue Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Guangwen Zhang
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, No.1 Daxue Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China.
| | - Haifeng Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, No.1 Daxue Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shen Zhen 518057, China.
| | - Weining Xie
- Advanced Analysis and Computation Center, China University of Mining and Technology, No.1 Daxue Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Liping Li
- Guangdong Guanghua Technology Co., Ltd., No.295 University Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
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Zhang G, Yuan X, He Y, Wang H, Zhang T, Xie W. Recent advances in pretreating technology for recycling valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 406:124332. [PMID: 33229267 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the amount of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) increase sharply due to the promotion of new energy vehicles and the limited service life. Recycling of spent LIBs has attracted much attention because of the serious environmental pollution and high economic value. Although some established techniques have been presented in spent LIBs recycling process, but most of them focus on cathode material recycling due to its high economic value. Therefore, preparation of high purity cathode material by a proper pretreating technology is an important procedure. In this paper, the technologies used in the pretreating process of spent LIBs are summarized systematically from three main points of discharging procedure, liberation, and separation. The collaborative application of multi-technologies is the key to realize efficient pretreating process, which can lay the foundation for the subsequent metallurgical process. In addition, an alternative pretreating flowchart of spent LIBs is proposed based on the multi-process collaboration. Pretreating procedures in this process are mainly based on the physical property difference, and they include "Discharging-Shredding-Crushing-Sieving-Separation".
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangwen Zhang
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, No.1 Daxue Road, Jiangsu, Xuzhou 221116, China.
| | - Xue Yuan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, No.1 Daxue Road, Jiangsu, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Yaqun He
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, No.1 Daxue Road, Jiangsu, Xuzhou 221116, China.
| | - Haifeng Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, No.1 Daxue Road, Jiangsu, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shen Zhen 518057, China
| | - Weining Xie
- Advanced Analysis and Computation Center, China University of Mining and Technology, No.1 Daxue Road, Jiangsu, Xuzhou 221116, China
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Xu P, Zhang X, Ma E, Rao F, Liu C, Yao P, Sun Z, Wang J. Selective Recovery of Lithium from Spent Lithium-ion Batteries Synergized by Carbon and Sulfur Elements. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/a21030083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Zhang G, Yuan X, He Y, Wang H, Xie W, Zhang T. Organics removal combined with in situ thermal-reduction for enhancing the liberation and metallurgy efficiency of LiCoO 2 derived from spent lithium-ion batteries. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 115:113-120. [PMID: 32736031 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Liberation and reduction of cathode material are the necessary procedures for improving the recycling efficiency of cathode material derived from spent lithium-ion batteries. In this research work, a pyrolysis technology was utilized to remove the organic binder and enhance liberation of electrode materials. At the same time, pyrolysis treatment can facilitate the thermal-reduction of Co3+ in LiCoO2 to Co2+ with surface organics, which lays a foundation for the subsequent reductant-free acid leaching. Results indicate that the crystal structure of pure LiCoO2 is not changed at a pyrolysis temperature of 600 °C, but LiCoO2 transforms to CoO, Li2CO3, LiF, and Li2O under the reduction action of HF, pyrolytic carbon, and additive carbon black. Water-impact crushing is synchronized with water-leaching to separate electrode materials from aluminum foil and recover Li element. Afterwards, reductant-free acid leaching technology can be utilized to recycle Li and Co from spent LiCoO2 batteries. Recovery efficiency of Li element in water-leaching process was up to 92.17% while the remaining 7.83% of Li and all Co elements were recovered during reductant-free acid leaching process. Based on the foundation analysis, the green chemical process for recovering valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangwen Zhang
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, No.1 Daxue Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China.
| | - Xue Yuan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, No.1 Daxue Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Yaqun He
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, No.1 Daxue Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China; Advanced Analysis and Computation Center, China University of Mining and Technology, No.1 Daxue Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China.
| | - Haifeng Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, No.1 Daxue Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Weining Xie
- Advanced Analysis and Computation Center, China University of Mining and Technology, No.1 Daxue Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shen Zhen 518057, China
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Fan E, Li L, Wang Z, Lin J, Huang Y, Yao Y, Chen R, Wu F. Sustainable Recycling Technology for Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond: Challenges and Future Prospects. Chem Rev 2020; 120:7020-7063. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 470] [Impact Index Per Article: 117.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ersha Fan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Li Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhenpo Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for EVs, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jiao Lin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yongxin Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ying Yao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Renjie Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing 100081, China
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Yu Y, Wang D, Chen H, Zhang X, Xu L, Yang L. Mechanism of Lithium and Cobalt Recovery from Spent Lithium-ion Batteries by Sulfation Roasting Process. Chem Res Chin Univ 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-019-0010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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