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Xiao S, Qi M, Zhou Q, Gong H, Wei D, Wang G, Feng Q, Wang Z, Liu Z, Zhou Y, Ma X. Macrophage fatty acid oxidation in atherosclerosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 170:116092. [PMID: 38157642 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.116092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis significantly contributes to the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and is characterized by lipid retention and inflammation within the artery wall. Multiple immune cell types are implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, macrophages play a central role as the primary source of inflammatory effectors in this pathogenic process. The metabolic influences of lipids on macrophage function and fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO) have similarly drawn attention due to its relevance as an immunometabolic hub. This review discusses recent findings regarding the impact of mitochondrial-dependent FAO in the phenotype and function of macrophages, as well as transcriptional regulation of FAO within macrophages. Finally, the therapeutic strategy of macrophage FAO in atherosclerosis is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujun Xiao
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Mingxu Qi
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Qinyi Zhou
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Huiqin Gong
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Duhui Wei
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Guangneng Wang
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Qilun Feng
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Zhou Wang
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Zhe Liu
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Yiren Zhou
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Emergency, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Xiaofeng Ma
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China.
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Menezes Junior ADS, Oliveira VMR, Oliveira IC, de Sousa AM, Santana AJP, Carvalho DPC, Paro Piai RF, Matos FH, de Paiva AM, Reis GBB. Dual PPRαϒ Agonists for the Management of Dyslipidemia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5674. [PMID: 37685742 PMCID: PMC10488550 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12175674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Saroglitazar is a novel medication for dyslipidemia, but its specific effects remain unclear. Therefore, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the efficacy and safety of saroglitazar for managing dyslipidemia. The PubMed, Scopus, and EMBASE databases were systematically searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing 2 and 4 mg of saroglitazar with placebos for treating dyslipidemia. A random-effects model calculated the pooled mean differences for continuous outcomes with 95% confidence intervals. The study included seven RCTs involving 1975 patients. Overall, 340 (31.0%) and 513 (46.8%) participants received 2 and 4 mg of saroglitazar, respectively; 242 (22.11%) received the placebo. The mean ages ranged from 40.2 to 62.6 years, and 436 (39.8%) were women. Compared to the control group, 4 mg of saroglitazar significantly decreased the triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels but did not affect the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level. Furthermore, the alanine aminotransferase level significantly decreased, the creatine level significantly increased, and body weight did not differ between the groups. Finally, 4 mg of saroglitazar, compared to 2 mg, significantly lowered the triglyceride level. Saroglitazar (4 mg) may be an effective treatment, but safety concerns remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio da Silva Menezes Junior
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74605020, Brazil; (V.M.R.O.); (I.C.O.); (A.M.d.S.); (A.J.P.S.); (D.P.C.C.); (R.F.P.P.); (F.H.M.); (A.M.d.P.); (G.B.B.R.)
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Goiás, Goiânia 74605050, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Martins Rodrigues Oliveira
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74605020, Brazil; (V.M.R.O.); (I.C.O.); (A.M.d.S.); (A.J.P.S.); (D.P.C.C.); (R.F.P.P.); (F.H.M.); (A.M.d.P.); (G.B.B.R.)
| | - Izadora Caiado Oliveira
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74605020, Brazil; (V.M.R.O.); (I.C.O.); (A.M.d.S.); (A.J.P.S.); (D.P.C.C.); (R.F.P.P.); (F.H.M.); (A.M.d.P.); (G.B.B.R.)
| | - André Maroccolo de Sousa
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74605020, Brazil; (V.M.R.O.); (I.C.O.); (A.M.d.S.); (A.J.P.S.); (D.P.C.C.); (R.F.P.P.); (F.H.M.); (A.M.d.P.); (G.B.B.R.)
| | - Ana Júlia Prego Santana
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74605020, Brazil; (V.M.R.O.); (I.C.O.); (A.M.d.S.); (A.J.P.S.); (D.P.C.C.); (R.F.P.P.); (F.H.M.); (A.M.d.P.); (G.B.B.R.)
| | - Davi Peixoto Craveiro Carvalho
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74605020, Brazil; (V.M.R.O.); (I.C.O.); (A.M.d.S.); (A.J.P.S.); (D.P.C.C.); (R.F.P.P.); (F.H.M.); (A.M.d.P.); (G.B.B.R.)
| | - Ricardo Figueiredo Paro Piai
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74605020, Brazil; (V.M.R.O.); (I.C.O.); (A.M.d.S.); (A.J.P.S.); (D.P.C.C.); (R.F.P.P.); (F.H.M.); (A.M.d.P.); (G.B.B.R.)
| | - Fernando Henrique Matos
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74605020, Brazil; (V.M.R.O.); (I.C.O.); (A.M.d.S.); (A.J.P.S.); (D.P.C.C.); (R.F.P.P.); (F.H.M.); (A.M.d.P.); (G.B.B.R.)
| | - Arthur Marot de Paiva
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74605020, Brazil; (V.M.R.O.); (I.C.O.); (A.M.d.S.); (A.J.P.S.); (D.P.C.C.); (R.F.P.P.); (F.H.M.); (A.M.d.P.); (G.B.B.R.)
| | - Gabriel Baêta Branquinho Reis
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74605020, Brazil; (V.M.R.O.); (I.C.O.); (A.M.d.S.); (A.J.P.S.); (D.P.C.C.); (R.F.P.P.); (F.H.M.); (A.M.d.P.); (G.B.B.R.)
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Dutta D, Mohindra R, Misra A. Comment on: "Efficacy and Safety of Saroglitazar in Patients with Cardiometabolic Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials". Clin Drug Investig 2023; 43:147-148. [PMID: 36637687 DOI: 10.1007/s40261-022-01245-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Deep Dutta
- Department of Endocrinology, Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes, Arthritis and Rheumatism Superspeciality Healthcare, Plot 107 and 108, Sector 12A, Dwarka, New Delhi, 110075, India.
| | - Ritin Mohindra
- Department of Medicine, Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, New Delhi, India
| | - Anoop Misra
- Department of Endocrinology, Fortis-C-DOC Centre of Excellence for Diabetes, Metabolic Diseases and Endocrinology, New Delhi, India
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Response to Comment on: "Efficacy and Safety of Saroglitazar in Patients with Cardiometabolic Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials". Clin Drug Investig 2023; 43:149-150. [PMID: 36633807 DOI: 10.1007/s40261-022-01244-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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