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da Silva RGL, Au L, Blasimme A. Organizational aspects of tissue engineering clinical translation: insights from a qualitative case study. TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 9:17. [PMID: 38827518 PMCID: PMC11139705 DOI: 10.1186/s41231-024-00179-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Background Tissue engineering is a multidisciplinary field that combines principles from cell biology, bioengineering, material sciences, medicine and surgery to create functional and viable bioproducts that can be used to repair or replace damaged or diseased tissues in the human body. The complexity of tissue engineering can affect the prospects of efficiently translating scientific discoveries in the field into scalable clinical approaches that could benefit patients. Organizational challenges may play a key role in the clinical translation of tissue engineering for the benefit of patients. Methods To gain insight into the organizational aspects of tissue engineering that may create impediments to efficient clinical translation, we conducted a retrospective qualitative case study of one tissue engineering multi-site translational project on knee cartilage engineered tissue grafts. We collected qualitative data using a set of different methods: semi-structured interviews, documentary research and audio-visual content analysis. Results Our study identified various challenges associated to first-in-human trials in tissue engineering particularly related to: logistics and communication; research participant recruitment; clinician and medical student participation; study management; and regulation. Conclusions While not directly generalizable to other types of advanced therapies or to regenerative medicine in general, our results offer valuable insights into organizational barriers that may prevent efficient clinical translation in the field of tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Gonçalves Leonel da Silva
- Health Ethics and Policy Lab, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Hottingerstrasse 10, Zurich, 8092 Switzerland
| | - Larry Au
- Department of Sociology, Colin Powell School for Civic and Global Leadership, The City College of New York, New York, NY USA
| | - Alessandro Blasimme
- Health Ethics and Policy Lab, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Hottingerstrasse 10, Zurich, 8092 Switzerland
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Mohammed OA. Alogliptin exhibits multifaceted effects in thioacetamide-insulted rats: A novel approach to combating hepatic inflammation and fibrogenesis. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 250:154833. [PMID: 37769397 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis arising from chronic liver injury is characterized by dysregulated healing, including hepatic stellate cell activation and excessive deposition of extracellular matrix proteins. Administration of the hepatotoxin thioacetamide (TAA) induces liver injury coupled to fibrogenesis in rodents, mimicking aspects of human disease. Alogliptin is a highly selective inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 with purported antifibrotic actions. We investigated the protective effects of alogliptin against TAA-mediated hepatic fibrosis in rats. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats received intraperitoneal injections of TAA (150 mg/kg) twice weekly for 6 weeks to induce liver fibrosis. A subset of rats also received daily oral alogliptin (20 mg/kg). At 6 weeks, liver injury and fibrosis were assessed by histology, hydroxyproline content, serum liver enzymes, inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress markers, and genes related to inflammation, apoptosis, and fibrosis. TAA elicited necroinflammation, oxidative stress, upregulation of pro-fibrogenic mediators, increased hydroxyproline content, and excessive collagen deposition, indicating hepatic fibrosis. The administration of Alogliptin led to notable enhancements in liver histology, an extension in survival time, a decrease in hydroxyproline levels and the expression of fibrogenic genes, a reduction in inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress, and mitigation of hepatocellular apoptosis in rats subjected to TAA treatment. Alogliptin displayed potent antifibrotic, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective properties in this model of toxic liver damage, likely by impeding NFκB while enhanced Nrf2 DNA binding activity which together modulate oxidative stress, inflammation, myofibroblast activation, and apoptosis. These results highlight the potential therapeutic value of alogliptin offering hope for improved treatment of hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama A Mohammed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia.
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Gumieniczek A, Berecka-Rycerz A. Metabolism and Chemical Degradation of New Antidiabetic Drugs (Part II): A Review of Analytical Approaches for Analysis of Gliptins. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1956. [PMID: 37509595 PMCID: PMC10377395 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11071956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper is part II of the review on metabolism and chemical degradation of new antidiabetic drugs from glutides, gliflozins and gliptins. It is well known that metabolism data can be helpful for deriving safe levels of degradation impurities and their qualifying as far as toxicological aspects are concerned. As a result, it could link the quality of respective pharmaceutical products to clinical practice and patients. Some overlapping pathways of transformations of these important drugs of different chemical structures and different mechanisms of action were discussed. At the same time, the paper summarized interesting analytical tools for conducting modern drug metabolism as well as drug degradation experiments. The methods described here include liquid chromatography (LC) and liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS or LC-MS/MS), which are widely used for detection and quantitative measurements of the drugs, their metabolites and degradants, as well as radiometric methods that are suitable for pharmacokinetic experiments. Special attention was paid to dedicated types of packing in chromatographic columns, as well as to special solutions in the LC-MS procedures. The present part addresses the analytical approaches elaborated for examining the metabolism and degradation pathways of gliptins that are dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gumieniczek
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Berecka-Rycerz
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
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Haddad F, Dokmak G, Bader M, Karaman R. A Comprehensive Review on Weight Loss Associated with Anti-Diabetic Medications. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13041012. [PMID: 37109541 PMCID: PMC10144237 DOI: 10.3390/life13041012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a complex metabolic condition that can have a negative impact on one's health and even result in mortality. The management of obesity has been addressed in a number of ways, including lifestyle changes, medication using appetite suppressants and thermogenics, and bariatric surgery for individuals who are severely obese. Liraglutide and semaglutide are two of the five Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved anti-obesity drugs that are FDA-approved agents for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. In order to highlight the positive effects of these drugs as anti-obesity treatments, we analyzed the weight loss effects of T2DM agents that have demonstrated weight loss effects in this study by evaluating clinical studies that were published for each agent. Many clinical studies have revealed that some antihyperglycemic medications can help people lose weight, while others either cause weight gain or neutral results. Acarbose has mild weight loss effects and metformin and sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter proteins-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors have modest weight loss effects; however, some glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists had the greatest impact on weight loss. Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors showed a neutral or mild weight loss effect. To sum up, some of the GLP-1 agonist drugs show promise as weight-loss treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Haddad
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem 9103401, Palestine
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Ghadeer Dokmak
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem 9103401, Palestine
| | - Maryam Bader
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem 9103401, Palestine
| | - Rafik Karaman
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem 9103401, Palestine
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy
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Investigation of Alogliptin-Loaded In Situ Gel Implants by 23 Factorial Design with Glycemic Assessment in Rats. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091867. [PMID: 36145615 PMCID: PMC9501034 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to design injectable long-acting poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA)-based in situ gel implants (ISGI) loaded with the anti-diabetic alogliptin. Providing sustained therapeutic exposures and improving the pharmacological responses of alogliptin were targeted for achieving reduced dosing frequency and enhanced treatment outputs. In the preliminary study, physicochemical characteristics of different solvents utilized in ISGI preparation were studied to select a proper solvent possessing satisfactory solubilization capacity, viscosity, water miscibility, and affinity to PLGA. Further, an optimization technique using a 23 factorial design was followed. The blood glucose levels of diabetic rats after a single injection with the optimized formulation were compared with those who received daily oral alogliptin. N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), as highly water-miscible and low viscous solvents, demonstrated their effectiveness in successful ISGI preparation and controlling the burst alogliptin release. The impact of increasing lactide concentration and PLGA amount on reducing the burst and cumulative alogliptin release was represented. The optimized formulation comprising 312.5 mg of PLGA (65:35) and DMSO manifested a remarkable decrease in the rats’ blood glucose levels throughout the study period in comparison to that of oral alogliptin solution. Meanwhile, long-acting alogliptin-loaded ISGI systems demonstrated their feasibility for treating type 2 diabetes with frequent dosage reduction and patient compliance enhancement.
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Safar MM, Abdelkader NF, Ramadan E, Kortam MA, Mohamed AF. Novel mechanistic insights towards the repositioning of alogliptin in Parkinson's disease. Life Sci 2021; 287:120132. [PMID: 34774622 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that impairs people's lives tremendously. The development of innovative treatment modalities for PD is a significant unmet medical need. The critical function of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in neurodegenerative diseases has raised impetus in investigating the repositioning of a dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor, alogliptin (ALO), as an effective treatment for PD. As a result, the focus of this research was to assess the effect of ALO in a rat rotenone (ROT) model of PD. For 21 days, ROT (1.5 mg/kg) was delivered subcutaneously every other day. ALO (30 mg/kg/day), delivered by gavage for 21 days, recovered motor performance and improved motor coordination in the open-field and rotarod testing. These impacts were highlighted by restoring striatal dopamine content and correcting histological changes that occurred concurrently. The ALO molecular signaling was determined by increasing the quantity of GLP-1 and the protein expression of its downstream signaling pathway, pT172-AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α. Furthermore, it curbed neuroinflammation via hampering HMGB1/TLR4/NLRP3 inflammasome activation and conquered striatal microglia activation. Pre-administration of dorsomorphin reversed the neuroprotective effects. In conclusion, the promising neuroprotective effect of ALO highlights the repositioning of ALO as a prospective revolutionary candidate for combating PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa M Safar
- Pharmacology and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, the British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt; Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Noha F Abdelkader
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Eman Ramadan
- Pharmacology and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, the British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona A Kortam
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed F Mohamed
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Tomlinson B, Chan P, Lam CWK. An overview of alogliptin + pioglitazone for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2021; 23:29-42. [PMID: 34591742 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2021.1985465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a progressive condition, and sequential additions of therapy are usually required to maintain glycemic control. The options for glucose lowering therapies have increased considerably in recent years. Fixed-dose combinations such as alogliptin with pioglitazone provide a convenient choice which can improve medication adherence. AREAS COVERED The authors performed a literature search to identify publications describing the efficacy and safety of alogliptin and pioglitazone when used separately and in combinations. EXPERT OPINION Pioglitazone activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma which improves insulin sensitivity and helps to preserve β-cell function with a durable improvement in glycemic control. Pioglitazone can retard the progression of atherosclerosis and reduce cardiovascular events, but it is associated with adverse events including weight gain, fluid retention, and increased risk of fractures. Alogliptin improves glycemic control and appears neutral in terms of cardiovascular events. It does not appear to increase the adverse events associated with pioglitazone and use of the combination may permit the use of lower doses of pioglitazone with reduced adverse effects. There are no cardiovascular outcome studies with the combination but the cardiovascular benefits of pioglitazone and additional glucose lowering effects of alogliptin provide a useful combination with convenient once daily dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Tomlinson
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Paul Chan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
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Liu X, Wu S, Sun J, Ni S, Lu L, Hu W, Wei H, Zou Y, Li T, Li J, Mijiti B, Fang P, Zhao L, Zhou H, Xing X, Niu H, Cao Y. Changes in clinical trials of endocrine disorder and metabolism and nutrition disorder drugs in mainland China over 2010-2019. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2021; 9:e00729. [PMID: 33660404 PMCID: PMC7931124 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
With the improvements in relevant policies, laws, and regulations regarding drug clinical trials in China, the quantity and quality of drug clinical trials have gradually improved, and the development prospects of drug clinical trials for endocrine disorders and metabolism and nutrition disorders are promising. Based on information from the clinical trials from the online drug clinical trial registration platform of the National Medical Products Administration, we aimed to review and evaluate the development of clinical trials of drugs for endocrine disorders and metabolism and nutrition disorders in mainland China from 2010 to 2019, as well as the trends over time. A total of 861 trials were carried out on 254 types of drugs for endocrine disorders and metabolism and nutrition disorders, among which 531 (61.67%) involved endocrine disorders, and 330 (38.33%) addressed metabolism and nutrition disorders. The annual number of clinical trials has been increasing gradually, with a significant increase in 2017. Among them, the proportion of clinical trials with Chinese epidemiological characteristics was relatively large (Wu, Annual Report on Development Health Management and Health Industry in China, 2018). The largest number of trials were for diabetes drugs (55.63%), followed by trials of drugs for hyperlipidemia (19.4%) and those for hyperuricemia (7.9%). It was found that the geographical area of the leading units also showed obvious unevenness according to the analysis of the test unit data. Based on the statistics and evaluation of the data, comprehensive information is provided to support the cooperation of global pharmaceutical R&D companies and research units in China and the development of international multicenter clinical trials in China. This work additionally provides clinical trial units with a self‐evaluation of scientific research competitiveness and hospital development strategies. At the same time, it provides a reference with basic data for sponsors and stakeholders in these trials to determine their development strategy goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Suqin Wu
- Phase I Clinical Research Center, The Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Heze, Heze, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Clinical Research, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Suiqin Ni
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Laichun Lu
- National Institute for Drug Clinical Trial, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hua Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqin Zou
- GCP Office, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ting Li
- Clinical Research Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jintong Li
- Clinical Trial Center, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bugela Mijiti
- Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - PingFei Fang
- Phase I Clinical Research Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Limei Zhao
- Phase I Clinical Research Center, The Shengjing Hospital Affiliated China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Huan Zhou
- Phase I Center of Durg Clinical Trial Institution, The Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Xiaoming Xing
- Clinical Trials Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Haitao Niu
- Clinical Trials Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yu Cao
- Clinical Trials Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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Fujihara K, Yamada-Harada M, Matsubayashi Y, Kitazawa M, Yamamoto M, Yaguchi Y, Seida H, Kodama S, Akazawa K, Sone H. Accuracy of Japanese claims data in identifying diabetes-related complications. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2021; 30:594-601. [PMID: 33629363 DOI: 10.1002/pds.5213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the accuracy of various claims-based definitions of diabetes-related complications (coronary artery disease [CAD], heart failure, cerebrovascular disease and dialysis). METHODS We evaluated data on 1379 inpatients who received care at the Niigata University Medical & Dental Hospital in September 2018. Manual electronic medical chart reviews were conducted for all patients with regard to diabetes-related complications and were used as the gold standard. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of each claims-based definition associated with diabetes-related complications based on Diagnosis Procedure Combination (DPC), International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) codes, procedure codes and medication codes were calculated. RESULTS DPC-based definitions had higher sensitivity, specificity, and PPV than ICD-10 code definitions for CAD and cerebrovascular disease, with sensitivity of 0.963-1.000 and 0.905-0.952, specificity of 1.000 and 1.000, and PPV of 1.000 and 1.000, respectively. Sensitivity, specificity, and PPV were high using procedure codes for CAD and dialysis, with sensitivity of 0.963 and 1.000, specificity of 1.000 and 1.000, and PPV of 1.000 and 1.000, respectively. DPC and/or ICD-10 codes + medication were better for heart failure than the ICD-10 code definition, with sensitivity of 0.933, specificity of 1.000, and PPV of 1.000. The PPVs were lower than 60% for all diabetes-related complications using ICD-10 codes only. CONCLUSION The DPC-based definitions for CAD and cerebrovascular disease, procedure codes for CAD and dialysis, and DPC or ICD-10 codes with medication codes for heart failure could accurately identify these diabetes-related complications from claims databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Fujihara
- Department of Internal Medicine, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine, Niigata, Japan
| | - Mayuko Yamada-Harada
- Department of Internal Medicine, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Matsubayashi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masaru Kitazawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masahiko Yamamoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yuta Yaguchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine, Niigata, Japan
| | | | - Satoru Kodama
- Department of Internal Medicine, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kohei Akazawa
- Department of Medical Informatics, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hirohito Sone
- Department of Internal Medicine, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine, Niigata, Japan
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Type II diabetes mellitus: a review on recent drug based therapeutics. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 131:110708. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Neurochemical regulators of food behavior for pharmacological treatment of obesity: current status and future prospects. Future Med Chem 2020; 12:1865-1884. [PMID: 33040605 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2019-0361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, obesity has become a pandemic disease and appears to be an ultimate medical and social problem. Existing antiobesity drugs show low efficiency and a wide variety of side effects. In this review, we discuss possible mechanisms underlying brain-gut-adipose tissue axis, as well as molecular biochemical characteristics of various neurochemical regulators of body weight and appetite. Multiple brain regions are responsible for eating behavior, hedonic eating and food addiction. The existing pharmacological targets for treatment of obesity were reviewed as well.
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