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Jerjes W, Harding D. De-prescribing in primary care: the clinical, ethical and psychological considerations. J Prim Health Care 2024; 16:96-98. [PMID: 38546783 DOI: 10.1071/hc23118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Waseem Jerjes
- North End Medical Centre, Hammersmith and Fulham Partnership, London, UK; and Research and Development Unit, Hammersmith and Fulham Primary Care Network, London, UK; and Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Daniel Harding
- North End Medical Centre, Hammersmith and Fulham Partnership, London, UK
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van den Hanenberg F, Ozturk E, van Haastrecht M, Tichelaar J, van Goor H, van Agtmael MA, Keijsers CJPW. A comparison of the clinical pharmacotherapy knowledge of medical and surgical residents and consultants. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2023; 79:671-677. [PMID: 37004542 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-023-03481-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Knowledge of clinical pharmacotherapy is essential for all who prescribe medication. The aims of this study were to investigate differences in the pharmacotherapy and polypharmacy knowledge of medical and surgical residents and consultants and whether this knowledge can be improved by following an online course. METHODS Design: A before-and-after-measurement. SETTING An online course available for Dutch residents and consultants working in hospitals. STUDY POPULATION Dutch residents and consultants from different disciplines who voluntarily followed an online course on geriatric care. INTERVENTION An online 6-week course on geriatric care, with 1 week dedicated to clinical pharmacotherapy and polypharmacy. Variables, such as medical vs surgical specialty, consultant vs resident, age, and sex, that could predict the level of knowledge. The effects of the online course were studied using repeated measures ANOVA. The study was approved by the National Ethics Review Board of Medical Education (NERB dossier number 996). RESULTS A total of 394 residents and 270 consultants, 220 from surgical and 444 from medical specialties, completed the online course in 2016 and 2017. Residents had higher test scores than consultants for pharmacotherapy (73% vs 70%, p < 0.02) and polypharmacy (75% vs 72%, p < 0.02). The learning effect did not differ. Medical residents/consultants had a better knowledge of pharmacotherapy (74% vs 68%, p < 0.001) and polypharmacy (77% vs 66%, p < 0.001) than surgical residents/consultants, but the learning effect was the same. CONCLUSIONS Residents and consultants had a similar learning curve for acquiring knowledge, but residents outperformed consultants on all measures. In addition, surgical and medical residents/consultants had similar learning curves, but medical residents/consultants had higher test scores on all measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floor van den Hanenberg
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Medical Centre OLVG, Postbus , 9243, 1006 AE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Research and Expertise Center in Pharmacotherapy Education (RECIPE), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Ekin Ozturk
- Department of Surgery, Nijmegen University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mariska van Haastrecht
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Medical Centre OLVG, Postbus , 9243, 1006 AE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jelle Tichelaar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam Universities Medical Centers, VU University, Section Pharmacotherapy, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Research and Expertise Center in Pharmacotherapy Education (RECIPE), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harry van Goor
- Department of Surgery, Nijmegen University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel A van Agtmael
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam Universities Medical Centers, VU University, Section Pharmacotherapy, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Research and Expertise Center in Pharmacotherapy Education (RECIPE), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carolina J P W Keijsers
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's , Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
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Gupta KK, Bhamra N, Jolly K. The Effectiveness of a Specific Foundation Year 1 Induction Programme in Improving Confidence for Newly Qualified Doctors in the UK. MEDICAL SCIENCE EDUCATOR 2022; 32:1073-1076. [PMID: 36276765 PMCID: PMC9583957 DOI: 10.1007/s40670-022-01616-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Background Despite the completion of 5 or 6 years of undergraduate study, the transition to a newly qualified foundation year 1 doctor (FY1) in the UK has been recognised as challenging. We created a specific FY1 Induction Programme and aimed to evaluate its effectiveness on perceived confidence and preparedness for newly qualified doctors by assessing their responses to surveys before and after the delivery of the course. Methods Pre- and post-course surveys were administered at the start and end of the course, respectively. All questions were subjective and used a 5-point Likert scale (1, not at all confident, to 5, definitely confident) to assess perceived confidence in a range of questions before and after the course. Results A total of 35 participants completed the pre-course survey and 41 completed the post-course survey. For all questions, there was a statistically significant increase in confidence ratings. All 41 participants completing the post-course questionnaire responded 'yes' to feeling more confident to be an FY1 after completing the programme compared to before (100%). Conclusions Our study, along with previously published work, has shown a repeatable positive effect with implementation of transition courses for newly qualified doctors. Future research in this area could focus on more large-scale standardised learning events incorporated by different trusts prior to commencement as an FY1, to see if the positive effects found in our study are translatable across other regions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40670-022-01616-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshav Kumar Gupta
- Department of Surgery, Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton Road, Wolverhampton, WV10 0QP UK
| | - Navdeep Bhamra
- Department of Surgery, Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton Road, Wolverhampton, WV10 0QP UK
| | - Karan Jolly
- Department of Surgery, Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton Road, Wolverhampton, WV10 0QP UK
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Ong EY, Bower KJ, Ng L. Geriatric Educational Interventions for Physicians Training in Non-Geriatric Specialties: A Scoping Review. J Grad Med Educ 2021; 13:654-665. [PMID: 34721794 PMCID: PMC8527951 DOI: 10.4300/jgme-d-20-01484.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physicians require the expertise to care for an increasingly aging population. A robust understanding of geriatric educational interventions is needed to improve geriatric training for physicians. OBJECTIVE To map the breadth of geriatric educational interventions for residents (in non-geriatric specialties). METHODS We used a scoping review methodology. We searched MEDLINE, Embase, EMCare, CENTRAL, ERIC, and Scopus from 2004 to September 2019 for search terms related to "educational approaches" AND "geriatric" AND "residents." Two authors independently selected eligible studies, extracted data (categorized by educational approaches and Kirkpatrick level outcomes), and critically appraised studies using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. RESULTS There were 63 included studies, with a total of 6976 participants. Twelve studies had comparators, including 5 randomized controlled trials. Fifty-three studies (84%) described multicomponent interventions, incorporating combinations of didactic or self-directed approaches with interactive, simulation, experiential, and/or group-based learning. Use of curricular process was explicitly reported in 34 studies (59%). Most studies met at least 4 of 5 Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool criteria. Studies commonly measured outcomes at Kirkpatrick levels 1 and 2 (reaction and learning), with 15 studies measuring performance outcomes (Kirkpatrick levels 3 and 4b). All included studies had at least one positive result. CONCLUSIONS All educational interventions had positive outcomes; however, curriculum-informed multicomponent interventions were the most common. This scoping review demonstrates that robust methodology with comparators, longer-term designs, and use of higher-level Kirkpatrick outcome measures is possible but not commonly used. Clear direction for future research is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- En Ye Ong
- En Ye Ong, BA/MBBS, FRACP, MClinEd, is a Master's Student, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, and Consultant Geriatrician and Student Geriatric Education Lead, Department of Geriatric Medicine, Eastern Health, VIC, Australia
| | - Kelly J. Bower
- Kelly J. Bower, BPhty, PhD, is a Lecturer, Department of Physiotherapy, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Louisa Ng
- Louisa Ng, MBChB, MD, FAFRM, is Deputy Director, Royal Melbourne Hospital Clinical School, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, and Supervisor, Intern Training and Rehabilitation Physicians, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, VIC, Australia
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Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in the Elderly. Can J Aging 2021; 41:176-183. [PMID: 34321124 DOI: 10.1017/s0714980821000234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
It is estimated that approximately half of adults, older than 65 years of age, have been prescribed potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs). This study's objective was to determine the prevalence of PIM use among older patients. Two retrospective chart reviews were performed on 200 and 164 older patients who underwent comprehensive geriatric assessments (CGAs) at outpatient geriatrics clinics at the Glenrose Rehabilitation Hospital (Glenrose) in 2012-13 and at the Misericordia Community Hospital (Misericordia) in 2016-17, respectively. Outcome measures included demographics; prevalence of PIM use; common PIMs used; whether PIM use was addressed, and if so, how; and total number of oral medications. At the Glenrose, the prevalence of PIM use was 45 per cent (90/200). Of the 90 patients who had used PIMs, 46.7 per cent (42/90) had at least one of their medications stopped or modified. At the Misericordia, the prevalence of PIM use was 57.3 per cent (94/164). Of the 94 patients who used PIMs, 47.9 per cent (45/94) had at least one of their medications stopped or modified. These results suggest that an increased awareness of PIM among physicians is needed to further decrease PIM use.
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Salema NE, Clement N, Hysenagolli R, Hibberd R, Bell BG, Gookey G, Avery A, Knox R. The evaluation of an e-learning prescribing course for general practice. EDUCATION FOR PRIMARY CARE 2021; 32:219-225. [PMID: 33794750 DOI: 10.1080/14739879.2021.1874250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Prescribed medication may lead to significant morbidity or mortality as a result of these medications causing adverse events, or because of a prescribing error. E-learning is a common tool used in supporting training in prescribing. This paper describes the development of an e-learning course and the subsequent evaluation undertaken by the users with the aim of obtaining an effective e-learning course for prescribing. The e-learning course was developed by general practitioners and pharmacists and focussed on the principles of good prescribing, examined the common reasons for prescribing errors, and was evaluated using self-reported quantitative and qualitative measures. Scores significantly increased on an assessment given before and after the course. The majority of respondents reported that the e-learning course had a positive impact on prescribing knowledge, skills and attitudes, with medication reviews the top area where a change in prescribing practice was reported. Over 90% of the respondents agreed that the e-learning course was easy to use and a useful part of their continuing professional education. This study shows that clinicians recognise the on-going need for training in prescribing, but the lack of training is one of the factors contributing to errors, which suggests that more education is needed, not just for GPs in training, but for qualified GPs as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nde-Eshimuni Salema
- School of Medicine, Division of Primary Care, University Of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,NIHR Greater Manchester Patient Safety Translational Research Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Naomi Clement
- School of Medicine, Division of Primary Care, University Of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,NIHR Greater Manchester Patient Safety Translational Research Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Rexhep Hysenagolli
- School of Medicine, Division of Primary Care, University Of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,NIHR Greater Manchester Patient Safety Translational Research Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Rachel Hibberd
- School of Medicine, Division of Primary Care, University Of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,NIHR Greater Manchester Patient Safety Translational Research Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Brian G Bell
- School of Medicine, Division of Primary Care, University Of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,NIHR Greater Manchester Patient Safety Translational Research Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Gill Gookey
- NHS Rushcliffe CCG, Nottingham, UK.,NIHR Greater Manchester Patient Safety Translational Research Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Anthony Avery
- School of Medicine, Division of Primary Care, University Of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,NIHR Greater Manchester Patient Safety Translational Research Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Richard Knox
- School of Medicine, Division of Primary Care, University Of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,NIHR Greater Manchester Patient Safety Translational Research Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
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Raupach T, de Temple I, Middeke A, Anders S, Morton C, Schuelper N. Effectiveness of a serious game addressing guideline adherence: cohort study with 1.5-year follow-up. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2021; 21:189. [PMID: 33785000 PMCID: PMC8008024 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-021-02591-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients presenting with acute shortness of breath and chest pain should be managed according to guideline recommendations. Serious games can be used to train clinical reasoning. However, only few studies have used outcomes beyond student satisfaction, and most of the published evidence is based on short-term follow-up. This study investigated the effectiveness of a digital simulation of an emergency ward regarding appropriate clinical decision-making. METHODS In this prospective trial that ran from summer 2017 to winter 2018/19 at Göttingen Medical University Centre, a total of 178 students enrolled in either the fourth or the fifth year of undergraduate medical education took six 90-min sessions of playing a serious game ('training phase') in which they managed virtual patients presenting with various conditions. Learning outcome was assessed by analysing log-files of in-game activity (including choice of diagnostic methods, differential diagnosis and treatment initiation) with regard to history taking and patient management in three virtual patient cases: Non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), pulmonary embolism (PE) and hypertensive crisis. Fourth-year students were followed up for 1.5 years, and their final performance was compared to the performance of students who had never been exposed to the game but had otherwise taken the same five-year undergraduate course. RESULTS During the training phase, overall performance scores increased from 57.6 ± 1.1% to 65.5 ± 1.2% (p < 0.001; effect size 0.656). Performance remained stable over 1.5 years, and the final assessment revealed a strong impact of ever-exposure to the game on management scores (72.6 ± 1.2% vs. 63.5 ± 2.1%, p < 0.001; effect size 0.811). Pre-exposed students were more than twice as likely to correctly diagnose NSTEMI and PE and showed significantly greater adherence to guideline recommendations (e.g., troponin measurement and D-dimer testing in suspected PE). CONCLUSIONS The considerable difference observed between previously exposed and unexposed students suggests a long-term effect of using the game although retention of specific virtual patient cases rather than general principles might partially account for this effect. Thus, the game may foster the implementation of guideline recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Raupach
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Göttingen University Medical Centre, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Medical Education, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Gebäude 33, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Insa de Temple
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Göttingen University Medical Centre, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Angélina Middeke
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Göttingen University Medical Centre, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sven Anders
- Department of Legal Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Butenfeld 34, 22529 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Caroline Morton
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Primary Care Building, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford, OX2 6GG UK
| | - Nikolai Schuelper
- Medius KLINIK Ostfildern-Ruit, Hedelfinger Straße 166, 73760 Ostfildern-Ruit, Germany
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Ng B, Duong M, Lo S, Le Couteur D, Hilmer S. Deprescribing perceptions and practice: Reported by multidisciplinary hospital clinicians after, and by medical students before and after, viewing an e-learning module. Res Social Adm Pharm 2021; 17:1997-2005. [PMID: 33773940 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are many barriers to deprescribing in the routine care of older inpatients with polypharmacy. Implementation is limited by factors related to clinicians, patients, and the acute care setting. A short (11 min) e-learning module for multidisciplinary hospital clinicians was developed to address two commonly reported barriers: awareness of polypharmacy and self-efficacy in deprescribing. OBJECTIVES 1) Describe the level of awareness of polypharmacy and self-efficacy of deprescribing in multi-disciplinary hospital clinicians following completion of an online e-learning module; and 2) describe the immediate impact of an online educational module in awareness and self-efficacy of polypharmacy and deprescribing in senior medical students. METHODS A questionnaire was developed and administered to hospital clinicians following completion of the e-learning module. Senior medical students undertook the questionnaire pre- and post-module. RESULTS Overall, 99 hospital clinicians with diverse clinical roles, experience, and ages, and 30 medical students completed the questionnaire. Although most (≥80%) hospital clinicians reported a general awareness of polypharmacy and deprescribing, there was moderate to low current activity in medication review and deprescribing, a perceived lack of role in medication review by junior doctors, and minimal knowledge of deprescribing tools. Use of a previously validated self-efficacy questionnaire showed lowest self-efficacy in domains related to developing deprescribing plans and implementing them. Pre-post analysis of medical student responses found a small statistically significant improvement following viewing the module in awareness of polypharmacy, deprescribing and deprescribing tools, perception of their role in deprescribing, and self-efficacy in planning and implementation of deprescribing decisions. CONCLUSIONS Hospital clinicians and senior medical students had limited self-efficacy in deprescribing and hospital clinicians reported they did not deprescribe frequently. Targets for educational and behavioral interventions were identified. A short e-learning module on polypharmacy and deprescribing may be a useful component of a multi-strategic intervention to implement deprescribing into routine inpatient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Ng
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Northern Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Aged Care, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Saint Leonards, New South Wales, Australia; Capital and Coast District Health Board, Wellington, New Zealand.
| | - Mai Duong
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Aged Care, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Saint Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarita Lo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Aged Care, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Saint Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David Le Couteur
- University of Sydney and Concord Hospital, Centre for Education and Research on Ageing, Concord, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarah Hilmer
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Northern Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Aged Care, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Saint Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
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Beedham W, Wanigasooriya K, Layton GR, Taing Chan L, Darr A, Mittapalli D. The Effectiveness of a Foundation Year 1 Doctor Preparation Course for Final Year Medical Students. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL EDUCATION AND CURRICULAR DEVELOPMENT 2021; 8:2382120520984184. [PMID: 33458247 PMCID: PMC7797572 DOI: 10.1177/2382120520984184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Starting work as a junior doctor can be daunting for any medical student. There are numerous aspects of the hidden curriculum which many students fail to acquire during their training. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effectiveness of a novel foundation year one (FY1) doctor preparation course focusing on certain core topics, practical tips and components of the hidden curriculum. The primary objective was to improve the confidence level and knowledge of final year medical students transitioning to FY1 doctors. METHOD A 2-day, practical course titled 'Preparation 2 Practice' delivering hands-on, small-group and lecture-based teaching, covering core medical student undergraduate curriculum topics in medicine and surgery. The course content spanned therapeutics, documentation skills and managing acute clinical tasks encountered by FY1 doctors during an on-call shift. A pre- and post-course survey and knowledge assessment were carried out to assess the effectiveness of the course. The assessment was MCQ-based, derived from topics covered within our course. The 20-question test and a short survey were administered electronically. RESULTS Twenty students from a single UK medical school attended the course. 100% participation was observed in the pre- and post-course test and survey. The median post-course test result was 22 (IQR 20.25-23.75) which was higher than the median pre-course test score of 18.75 (IQR 17-21.75). A Wilcoxon sign rank test revealed a statistically significant difference between the pre- and post-course test results (P = .0003). The self-reported confidence score of delegates on starting work as a junior doctor was also significantly higher following the course (P = .004). CONCLUSION The results show a significant improvement in perceived confidence and knowledge on core curriculum topics amongst final year medical students having attended our FY1 doctor preparation course. We conclude that there is scope for similar supplementary courses as an adjunct to the undergraduate medical curriculum.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Beedham
- TMS Collaborative, TMS Trust, Worcestershire, UK
- University of Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, UK
| | - Kasun Wanigasooriya
- TMS Collaborative, TMS Trust, Worcestershire, UK
- University of Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, UK
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Georgia R Layton
- TMS Collaborative, TMS Trust, Worcestershire, UK
- University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - Ley Taing Chan
- TMS Collaborative, TMS Trust, Worcestershire, UK
- Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Adnan Darr
- TMS Collaborative, TMS Trust, Worcestershire, UK
- Birmingham Women’s and Children’s Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Devender Mittapalli
- TMS Collaborative, TMS Trust, Worcestershire, UK
- University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust, Plymouth, UK
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Wong KH, Allen A, Durrani TS. Evaluating Effectiveness of Online Learning Modules in Pediatric Environmental Health Education. J Med Toxicol 2020; 16:269-275. [PMID: 31873854 PMCID: PMC7320078 DOI: 10.1007/s13181-019-00746-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Content and training about pediatric environmental health are lacking in healthcare professionals' education. In an initiative to improve pediatric environmental health education, the Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Unit (PEHSU) program offers free, interactive, web-based ("eLearning") modules on environmental health topics. The aim of this study is to determine the effectiveness of PEHSU eLearning modules in increasing knowledge about pediatric and reproductive environmental health. METHODS This is a retrospective analysis of 994 users who had completed at least one of the 12 PEHSU eLearning modules and its associated pre-test and post-test scores between March 2016 and November 2018. Users who completed modules between March 2016 and April 2018 received a 6-month follow-up survey to assess the impact of the knowledge gained on their clinical practice. RESULTS A wide range of clinical professionals and nonclinical professionals utilized and completed the PEHSU eLearning modules. For all users, post-test scores were significantly higher than pre-test scores, with an increase of 30.55% ± 22.37 (paired t-test, p < 0.0001), after completion of eLearning modules. CONCLUSION PEHSU eLearning modules are effective at increasing environmental health knowledge of clinical and nonclinical professionals. Further studies are needed to determine long-term knowledge retention and clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn H Wong
- School of Medicine, University of Connecticut, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA
| | - Amanda Allen
- American College of Medical Toxicology, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Timur S Durrani
- School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 1600 Divisadero St, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA.
- Division of OEM, ZSFG, Western States Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Unit, Box 0843, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0843, USA.
- California Poison Control System - San Francisco Division, Box 1369, San Francisco, CA, 94143-1369, USA.
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Anrys P, Strauven G, Roussel S, Vande Ginste M, De Lepeleire J, Foulon V, Spinewine A. Process evaluation of a complex intervention to optimize quality of prescribing in nursing homes (COME-ON study). Implement Sci 2019; 14:104. [PMID: 31829252 PMCID: PMC6907338 DOI: 10.1186/s13012-019-0945-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The COME-ON study was a cluster-controlled trial of a complex intervention that consisted of a blended training program, local interdisciplinary meetings, and interdisciplinary case conferences in Belgian nursing homes. The intervention was associated with significant improvements in the appropriateness of prescribing. The aims of this study were to describe the implementation of the intervention and to explore the experiences of participants, for the purpose of identifying factors associated with implementation and perceived impact and to draw lessons for future implementation. Methods We performed a mixed-method process evaluation. Questionnaires and reports were used to collect quantitative data on implementation and experiences from the 24 NHs and participating healthcare professionals (coordinating physicians, general practitioners, pharmacists, and nurses) in the intervention group. Multidisciplinary focus groups focusing on factors associated with implementation and perceived impact were conducted in 11 NHs. Results Overall, the rate of implementation and the satisfaction of participants were good, despite some variability between NHs and HCPs. Although perceived impact on nursing home residents varied, most participants perceived a positive impact for themselves. Factors associated with implementation and perceived impact were identified at different levels: intervention, healthcare professionals, organization, and external context. The interdisciplinary and face-to-face approaches were recognized as key elements for the success of the intervention, despite organizational constraints. The attitude of general practitioners was identified both as a barrier to and a facilitator for implementation and its success. The professional role and competency of the pharmacist influenced perceived impact. The pre-existing relationships between HCPs and the presence of a leader facilitated implementation and perceived impact. Remuneration was deemed necessary for the study and for future implementation. Conclusions Overall, the intervention, and more specifically its interdisciplinary aspect, was well implemented and appreciated by HCPs. This probably contributed to the positive effect on the appropriateness of prescribing. Future implementation must take into account the various factors found to affect implementation and perceived impact, in order to maximize effect and sustainability. Trial registration Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN66138978; registered 18 November 2015, retrospectively registered, https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN66138978
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Anrys
- Clinical Pharmacy Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, UCLouvain, Av E Mounier, 72 B1.72.02, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Goedele Strauven
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sandrine Roussel
- Clinical Pharmacy Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, UCLouvain, Av E Mounier, 72 B1.72.02, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marie Vande Ginste
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan De Lepeleire
- Department Public Health and Primary Care, ACHG, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Foulon
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anne Spinewine
- Clinical Pharmacy Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, UCLouvain, Av E Mounier, 72 B1.72.02, 1200, Brussels, Belgium. .,Pharmacy department, Université catholique de Louvain, CHU UCL Namur, Yvoir, Belgium.
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12
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Bakkum MJ, Tichelaar J, Wellink A, Richir MC, van Agtmael MA. Digital Learning to Improve Safe and Effective Prescribing: A Systematic Review. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2019; 106:1236-1245. [PMID: 31206612 PMCID: PMC6896235 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With the aim to modernize and harmonize prescribing education, the European Association for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (EACPT) Working Group on education recommended the extensive use and distribution of digital learning resources (DLRs). However, it is unclear whether the complex task of prescribing medicine can be taught digitally. Therefore, the aim of this review was to investigate the effect of diverse DLRs in clinical pharmacology and therapeutics education. Databases PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, ERIC, and CENTRAL were systematically searched. Sixty-five articles were included in the analyses. Direct effects on patients were studied, but not detected, in six articles. Skills and behavior were studied in 11 articles, 8 of which reported positive effects. Knowledge acquisition was investigated in 19 articles, all with positive effects. Qualitative analyses yielded 10 recommendations for the future development of DLRs. Digital learning is effective in teaching knowledge, attitudes, and skills associated with safe and effective prescribing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel J Bakkum
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Pharmacotherapy, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Research and Expertise Centre in Pharmacotherapy Education (RECIPE), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jelle Tichelaar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Pharmacotherapy, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Research and Expertise Centre in Pharmacotherapy Education (RECIPE), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,European Association for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (EACPT) Education Working Group, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Anne Wellink
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Pharmacotherapy, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Research and Expertise Centre in Pharmacotherapy Education (RECIPE), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Milan C Richir
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Pharmacotherapy, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Research and Expertise Centre in Pharmacotherapy Education (RECIPE), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel A van Agtmael
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Pharmacotherapy, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Research and Expertise Centre in Pharmacotherapy Education (RECIPE), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,European Association for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (EACPT) Education Working Group, Frankfurt, Germany
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13
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George PP, Zhabenko O, Kyaw BM, Antoniou P, Posadzki P, Saxena N, Semwal M, Tudor Car L, Zary N, Lockwood C, Car J. Online Digital Education for Postregistration Training of Medical Doctors: Systematic Review by the Digital Health Education Collaboration. J Med Internet Res 2019; 21:e13269. [PMID: 30801252 PMCID: PMC6410118 DOI: 10.2196/13269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Globally, online and local area network–based (LAN) digital education (ODE) has grown in popularity. Blended learning is used by ODE along with traditional learning. Studies have shown the increasing potential of these technologies in training medical doctors; however, the evidence for its effectiveness and cost-effectiveness is unclear. Objective This systematic review evaluated the effectiveness of online and LAN-based ODE in improving practicing medical doctors’ knowledge, skills, attitude, satisfaction (primary outcomes), practice or behavior change, patient outcomes, and cost-effectiveness (secondary outcomes). Methods We searched seven electronic databased for randomized controlled trials, cluster-randomized trials, and quasi-randomized trials from January 1990 to March 2017. Two review authors independently extracted data and assessed the risk of bias. We have presented the findings narratively. We mainly compared ODE with self-directed/face-to-face learning and blended learning with self-directed/face-to-face learning. Results A total of 93 studies (N=16,895) were included, of which 76 compared ODE (including blended) and self-directed/face-to-face learning. Overall, the effect of ODE (including blended) on postintervention knowledge, skills, attitude, satisfaction, practice or behavior change, and patient outcomes was inconsistent and ranged mostly from no difference between the groups to higher postintervention score in the intervention group (small to large effect size, very low to low quality evidence). Twenty-one studies reported higher knowledge scores (small to large effect size and very low quality) for the intervention, while 20 studies reported no difference in knowledge between the groups. Seven studies reported higher skill score in the intervention (large effect size and low quality), while 13 studies reported no difference in the skill scores between the groups. One study reported a higher attitude score for the intervention (very low quality), while four studies reported no difference in the attitude score between the groups. Four studies reported higher postintervention physician satisfaction with the intervention (large effect size and low quality), while six studies reported no difference in satisfaction between the groups. Eight studies reported higher postintervention practice or behavior change for the ODE group (small to moderate effect size and low quality), while five studies reported no difference in practice or behavior change between the groups. One study reported higher improvement in patient outcome, while three others reported no difference in patient outcome between the groups. None of the included studies reported any unintended/adverse effects or cost-effectiveness of the interventions. Conclusions Empiric evidence showed that ODE and blended learning may be equivalent to self-directed/face-to-face learning for training practicing physicians. Few other studies demonstrated that ODE and blended learning may significantly improve learning outcomes compared to self-directed/face-to-face learning. The quality of the evidence in these studies was found to be very low for knowledge. Further high-quality randomized controlled trials are required to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Paul George
- Health Services and Outcomes Research, National Healthcare Group, Singapore, Singapore.,Joanna Briggs Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Olena Zhabenko
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bhone Myint Kyaw
- Family Medicine and Primary Care, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Panagiotis Antoniou
- Laboratory of Medical Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloníki, Greece
| | - Pawel Posadzki
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nakul Saxena
- Ophthalmology Team, Novartis, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Monika Semwal
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lorainne Tudor Car
- Family Medicine and Primary Care, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nabil Zary
- Medical Education Research and Scholarship Unit, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Learning, Informative, Management and Ethics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,10I Emerging Technologies Lab, Mohammed VI University of Health Sciences, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Craig Lockwood
- Joanna Briggs Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Josip Car
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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14
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Thomas RE, Thomas BC. A Systematic Review of Studies of the STOPP/START 2015 and American Geriatric Society Beers 2015 Criteria in Patients ≥ 65 Years. Curr Aging Sci 2019; 12:121-154. [PMID: 31096900 DOI: 10.2174/1874609812666190516093742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polypharmacy remains problematic for individuals ≥65. OBJECTIVE To summarise the percentages of patients meeting 2015 STOPP criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Prescriptions (PIPs), 2015 Beers criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Medications (PIMs), and START criteria Potential Prescribing Omissions (PPOs). METHODS Searches conducted on 2 January 2019 in Medline, Embase, and PubMed identified 562 studies and 62 studies were retained for review. Data were abstracted independently. RESULTS 62 studies (n=1,854,698) included two RCTs and 60 non-randomised studies. For thirty STOPP/START studies (n=1,245,974) average percentages for ≥1 PIP weighted by study size were 42.8% for 1,242,010 community patients and 51.8% for 3,964 hospitalised patients. For nineteen Beers studies (n = 595,811) the average percentages for ≥1 PIM were 58% for 593,389 community patients and 55.5% for 2,422 hospitalised patients. For thirteen studies (n=12,913) assessing both STOPP/START and Beers criteria the average percentages for ≥1 STOPP PIP were 33.9% and Beers PIMs 46.8% for 8,238 community patients, and for ≥ 1 STOPP PIP were 42.4% and for ≥1 Beers PIM 60.5% for 4,675 hospitalised patients. Only ten studies assessed changes over time and eight found positive changes. CONCLUSION PIP/PIM/PPO rates are high in community and hospitalised patients in many countries. RCTs are needed for interventions to: reduce new/existing PIPs/PIMs/PPO prescriptions, reduce prescriptions causing adverse effects, and enable regulatory authorities to monitor and reduce inappropriate prescriptions in real time. Substantial differences between Beers and STOPP/START assessments need to be investigated whether they are due to the criteria, differential medication availability between countries, or data availability to assess the criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger E Thomas
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Bennett C Thomas
- Independent Researcher, 1604 21 Avenue, NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2M1M1, Canada
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15
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Lavan AH, Gallagher PF, O’Mahony D. Methods to reduce prescribing errors in elderly patients with multimorbidity. Clin Interv Aging 2016; 11:857-66. [PMID: 27382268 PMCID: PMC4922820 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s80280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The global population of multimorbid older people is growing steadily. Multimorbidity is the principal cause of complex polypharmacy, which in turn is the prime risk factor for inappropriate prescribing and adverse drug reactions and events. Those who prescribe for older frailer multimorbid people are particularly prone to committing prescribing errors of various kinds. The causes of prescribing errors in this patient population are multifaceted and complex, including prescribers' lack of knowledge of aging physiology, geriatric medicine, and geriatric pharmacotherapy, overprescribing that frequently leads to major polypharmacy, inappropriate prescribing, and inappropriate drug omission. This review examines the various ways of minimizing prescribing errors in multimorbid older people. The role of education in physician prescribers and clinical pharmacists, the use of implicit and explicit prescribing criteria designed to improve medication appropriateness in older people, and the application of information and communication-technology systems to minimize errors are discussed in detail. Although evidence to support any single intervention to prevent prescribing errors in multimorbid elderly people is inconclusive or lacking, published data support focused prescriber education in geriatric pharmacotherapy, routine application of STOPP/START (screening tool of older people's prescriptions/screening tool to alert to right treatment) criteria for potentially inappropriate prescribing, electronic prescribing, and close liaison between clinical pharmacists and physicians in relation to structured medication review and reconciliation. Carrying out a structured medication review aimed at optimizing pharmacotherapy in this vulnerable patient population presents a major challenge. Another challenge is to design, build, validate, and test by clinical trials suitably versatile and efficient software engines that can reliably and swiftly perform complex medication reviews in older multimorbid people. The European Union-funded SENATOR and OPERAM clinical trials commencing in 2016 will examine the impact of customized software engines in reducing medication-related morbidity, avoidable excess cost, and rehospitalization in older multimorbid people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda H Lavan
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Cork University Hospital, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul F Gallagher
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Cork University Hospital, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Denis O’Mahony
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Cork University Hospital, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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