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Türken A, Çapar H, Kurt ME, Çakmak C. The challenges faced by patients with hereditary myopathy during the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Palliat Nurs 2024; 30:12-19. [PMID: 38308604 DOI: 10.12968/ijpn.2024.30.1.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuromuscular diseases are inherited and the prevalance of neuromuscular disease is estimated to be around 1:2000. METHODS This cross-sectional research was conducted with a qualitative research model. Data were collected from patients with an online survey using the snowball sampling method. The study was conducted in accordance with the STROBE checklist methodology. Frequencies and percentages were used to analyse demographic data, and content analysis was used for qualitative opinions. RESULTS Most of the participants were men and their education levels were low. Participants reported experiencing physical and socio-economic barriers to accessing healthcare. Participants also stated that these barriers have worsened since COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS Patients with hereditary myopathy are stigmatised by society and face different problems depending on the type of disease and level of function. It is recommended that decision-makers enable patients with hereditary myopathy in exceptional situations to access healthcare services and take steps to resolve their problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Askeri Türken
- Doctor, Gazi Yaşargil Training and Research Hospital, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
| | - Haşim Çapar
- Assistant Professor, Dicle University, Turkey
| | | | - Cuma Çakmak
- Ph.D, Dicle University, Department of Health Management, Turkey
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McNiff MM, Hawkins S, Haase B, Bullivant J, McIver T, Mitelman O, Emery N, Tasca G, Voermans N, Diaz-Manera J. Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy European Patient Survey: Assessing Patient Reported Disease Burden and Preferences in Clinical Trial Participation. J Neuromuscul Dis 2024; 11:459-472. [PMID: 38277300 DOI: 10.3233/jnd-230171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Background Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is a genetic disorder characterized by progressive muscle weakness leading to permanent disability. There are no curative treatments, however, there are several upcoming clinical trials testing new therapies in FSHD. Objective This study aimed to explore the disease burden and patient preferences of people with FSHD to ensure that clinical trials can be designed to include outcome measures that are relevant and important to patients. Methods A survey was developed with a steering committee clinicians and physiotherapists with relevant experience in the disease, patient representatives, a registry expert and industry consultants. Themes of the survey included; participant demographics, disease progression and impact on function, factors encouraging or discouraging clinical trial participation, and positive outcomes of a clinical trial. Results 1147 participants responded to the online survey, representing 26 countries across Europe and a range of disease severities. The study highlighted the key symptoms causing concern for FSHD patients - muscle weakness and mobility issues - reflecting what participants want targeted for future therapies. The need for clear information and communication throughout clinical trials was emphasised. Factors most encouraging trial participation included access to new investigational therapies, access to trial results and benefits for the FSHD community. Factors most discouraging trial participation included travel related issues and fear of side effects. Conclusions The results from this study identify the patient reported burden of FSHD and should provide researchers and industry with areas of therapeutic research that would be meaningful to patients, as well as supporting the development of patient centric outcome measures in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M McNiff
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Sheila Hawkins
- FSHD Europe, Radboud University Medical Centre, Department of Neurology, HB Nijmegen, TheNetherlands
| | - Bine Haase
- FSHD Europe, Radboud University Medical Centre, Department of Neurology, HB Nijmegen, TheNetherlands
| | - Joanne Bullivant
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Tammy McIver
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, PD Data Sciences, Welwyn Garden City, UK
| | | | - Nicholas Emery
- The Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, UK
| | - Giorgio Tasca
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Neurologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicol Voermans
- FSHD Europe, Radboud University Medical Centre, Department of Neurology, HB Nijmegen, TheNetherlands
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jordi Diaz-Manera
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
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Janssens R, Barbier L, Muller M, Cleemput I, Stoeckert I, Whichello C, Levitan B, Hammad TA, Girvalaki C, Ventura JJ, Bywall KS, Pinto CA, Schoefs E, Katz EG, Kihlbom U, Huys I. How can patient preferences be used and communicated in the regulatory evaluation of medicinal products? Findings and recommendations from IMI PREFER and call to action. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1192770. [PMID: 37663265 PMCID: PMC10468983 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1192770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Patients have unique insights and are (in-)directly affected by each decision taken throughout the life cycle of medicinal products. Patient preference studies (PPS) assess what matters most to patients, how much, and what trade-offs patients are willing to make. IMI PREFER was a six-year European public-private partnership under the Innovative Medicines Initiative that developed recommendations on how to assess and use PPS in medical product decision-making, including in the regulatory evaluation of medicinal products. This paper aims to summarize findings and recommendations from IMI PREFER regarding i) PPS applications in regulatory evaluation, ii) when and how to consult with regulators on PPS, iii) how to reflect PPS in regulatory communication and iv) barriers and open questions for PPS in regulatory decision-making. Methods: PREFER performed six literature reviews, 143 interviews and eight focus group discussions with regulators, patient representatives, industry representatives, Health Technology Assessment bodies, payers, academics, and clincians between October 2016 and May 2022. Results: i) With respect to PPS applications, prior to the conduct of clinical trials of medicinal products, PPS could inform regulators' understanding of patients' unmet needs and relevant endpoints during horizon scanning activities and scientific advice. During the evaluation of a marketing authorization application, PPS could inform: a) the assessment of whether a product meets an unmet need, b) whether patient-relevant clinical trial endpoints and outcomes were studied, c) the understanding of patient-relevant effect sizes and acceptable trade-offs, and d) the identification of key (un-)favorable effects and uncertainties. ii) With respect to consulting with regulators on PPS, PPS researchers should ideally have early discussions with regulators (e.g., during scientific advice) on the PPS design and research questions. iii) Regarding external PPS communication, PPS could be reflected in the assessment report and product information (e.g., the European Public Assessment Report and the Summary of Product Characteristics). iv) Barriers relevant to the use of PPS in regulatory evaluation include a lack of PPS use cases and demonstrated impact on regulatory decision-making, and need for (financial) incentives, guidance and quality criteria for implementing PPS results in regulatory decision-making. Open questions concerning regulatory PPS use include: a) should a product independent broad approach to the design of PPS be taken and/or a product-specific one, b) who should optimally be financing, designing, conducting, and coordinating PPS, c) when (within and/or outside clinical trials) to perform PPS, and d) how can PPS use best be operationalized in regulatory decisions. Conclusion: PPS have high potential to inform regulators on key unmet needs, endpoints, benefits, and risks that matter most to patients and their acceptable trade-offs. Regulatory guidelines, templates and checklists, together with incentives are needed to foster structural and transparent PPS submission and evaluation in regulatory decision-making. More PPS case studies should be conducted and submitted for regulatory assessment to enable regulatory discussion and increase regulators' experience with PPS implementation and communication in regulatory evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanne Janssens
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liese Barbier
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Irina Cleemput
- Belgian Healthcare Knowledge Centre (KCE), Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Bennett Levitan
- Global Epidemiology, Janssen R&D, LLC, Pennsylvania, PA, United States
| | | | | | | | - Karin Schölin Bywall
- School of Health, Care and Social Welfare, Division of Health and Welfare Technology, Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Centre for Research Ethics & Bioethics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Elise Schoefs
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eva G. Katz
- Janssen Global Services, LLC, Raritan, NJ, United States
| | - Ulrik Kihlbom
- Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Isabelle Huys
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Soekhai V, Donkers B, Johansson JV, Jimenez-Moreno C, Pinto CA, de Wit GA, de Bekker-Grob E. Comparing Outcomes of a Discrete Choice Experiment and Case 2 Best-Worst Scaling: An Application to Neuromuscular Disease Treatment. THE PATIENT 2023; 16:239-253. [PMID: 36781628 PMCID: PMC10121531 DOI: 10.1007/s40271-023-00615-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Case 2 best-worst scaling (BWS-2) is an increasingly popular method to elicit patient preferences. Because BWS-2 potentially has a lower cognitive burden compared with discrete choice experiments, the aim of this study was to compare treatment preference weights and relative importance scores. METHODS Patients with neuromuscular diseases completed an online survey at two different moments in time, completing one method per occasion. Patients were randomly assigned to either first a discrete choice experiment or BWS-2. Attributes included: muscle strength, energy endurance, balance, cognition, chance of blurry vision, and chance of liver damage. Multinomial logit was used to calculate overall relative importance scores and latent class logit was used to estimate heterogeneous preference weights and to calculate the relative importance scores of the attributes for each latent class. RESULTS A total of 140 patients were included for analyses. Overall relative importance scores showed differences in attribute importance rankings between a discrete choice experiment and BWS-2. Latent class analyses indicated three latent classes for both methods, with a specific class in both the discrete choice experiment and BWS-2 in which (avoiding) liver damage was the most important attribute. Ex-post analyses showed that classes differed in sex, age, level of education, and disease status. The discrete choice experiment was easier to understand compared with BWS-2. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that using a discrete choice experiment and BWS-2 leads to different outcomes, both in preference weights as well as in relative importance scores, which might have been caused by the different framing of risks in BWS-2. However, a latent class analysis revealed similar latent classes between methods. Careful consideration about method selection is required, while keeping the specific decision context in mind and pilot testing the methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Soekhai
- Erasmus Choice Modelling Centre, Erasmus University Rotterdam, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. .,Erasmus School of Health Policy and Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Bas Donkers
- Erasmus Choice Modelling Centre, Erasmus University Rotterdam, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer Viberg Johansson
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Institute of Futures Studies, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Jimenez-Moreno
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK.,Patient Centered Research, Evidera, London, UK
| | | | - G Ardine de Wit
- Juliuscenter for Healthsciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Esther de Bekker-Grob
- Erasmus Choice Modelling Centre, Erasmus University Rotterdam, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Erasmus School of Health Policy and Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Guffon N, Genevaz D, Lacombe D, Le Peillet Feuillet E, Bausson P, Noel E, Maillot F, Belmatoug N, Jaussaud R. Understanding the challenges, unmet needs, and expectations of mucopolysaccharidoses I, II and VI patients and their caregivers in France: a survey study. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2022; 17:448. [PMID: 36564803 PMCID: PMC9786416 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-022-02593-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are a group of inherited lysosomal storage diseases caused by defective enzyme activity involved in the catalysis of glycosaminoglycans. Published data on adult patients with MPS remains scarce. Therefore, the present qualitative survey study was aimed at understanding knowledge of the disease, unmet needs, expectations, care, and overall medical management of adult/adolescent patients with MPS I, II and VI and their caregivers in France. RESULTS A total of 25 patients (MPS I, np = 11; MPS II, np = 9; MPS VI, np = 5) were included and about 36 in-depth interviews (caregivers alone, nc = 8; patients-caregiver pair, nc+p = 22; patients alone, np = 6) were conducted. Except one (aged 17 years), all patients were adults (median age: 29 years [17-50]) and diagnosed at median age of 4 years [0.4-30], with mainly mothers as caregivers (nc = 16/19). Patients were classified into three groups: Group A, Patients not able to answer the survey question because of a severe cognitive impairment (np = 8); Group B, Patients able to answer the survey question with low or no cognitive impairment and high motor disability (np = 10); and Group C, Patients able to answer the survey question with low or no cognitive impairment and low motor disability (np = 7). All groups were assessed for impact of disease on their daily lives based on a scale of 0-10. Caregivers in Group A were found to be most negatively affected by the disease, except for professional activity, which was most significantly impacted in Group B (4.7 vs. 5.4). The use of orthopaedic/medical equipments, was more prevalent in Groups A and B, versus Group C. Pain management was one of the global unmet need expressed by all groups. Group A caregivers expected better support from childcare facilities, disability clinics, and smooth transition from paediatric care to adult medicine. Similarly, Group B caregivers expected better specialised schools, whereas Group C caregivers expected better psychological support and greater flexibility in weekly infusion schedules for their patients. CONCLUSIONS The survey concluded that more attention must be paid to the psychosocial status of patients and caregivers. The preference for reference centre for follow-up and treatment, hospitalizations and surgeries were evident. The most significant needs expressed by the patients and caregivers include better understanding of the disease, pain management, monitoring of complications, flexibility in enzyme replacement therapy, home infusions especially for attenuated patients, and improved transitional support from paediatric to adult medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Guffon
- grid.413852.90000 0001 2163 3825Reference Center for Inherited Metabolic Disorders of Lyon, (CERLYMM), Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69677 Bron, France
| | | | - Didier Lacombe
- grid.42399.350000 0004 0593 7118Medical Genetics Unit, University Hospital of Bordeaux, INSERM U1211, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Pascale Bausson
- Study Department, AplusA Company, 92641 Boulogne Billancourt, France
| | - Esther Noel
- grid.412220.70000 0001 2177 138XUniversity Hospital of Strasbourg, BP 426, 67100 Strasbourg, France
| | - François Maillot
- grid.411167.40000 0004 1765 1600Department of Internal Medicine, Regional University Hospital of Tours, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Nadia Belmatoug
- grid.411599.10000 0000 8595 4540Reference Center of Lysosomal Diseases, Beaujon Hospital, 92110 Clichy, France
| | - Roland Jaussaud
- grid.410527.50000 0004 1765 1301Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Nancy University Hospital, 54500 Vandoeuvre-Les-Nancy, France
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Mansfield C, Bullok K, Fuhs JV, Tockhorn-Heidenreich A, Andrews JS, DiBenedetti D, Matthews BR, Darling JC, Sutphin J, Hauber B. The Patient Voice: Exploring Treatment Preferences in Participants with Mild Cognitive Concerns to Inform Regulatory Decision Making. THE PATIENT - PATIENT-CENTERED OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2022; 15:551-564. [PMID: 35435572 PMCID: PMC9365745 DOI: 10.1007/s40271-022-00576-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective We aimed to assess the feasibility of developing a discrete-choice experiment survey to elicit preferences for a treatment to delay cognitive decline among people with a clinical syndrome consistent with early Alzheimer’s disease, including the development of self-reported screening criteria to recruit the sample. Methods Using input from qualitative interviews, we developed a discrete-choice experiment survey containing a multifaceted beneficial treatment attribute related to slowing cognitive decline for respondents with self-reported cognitive concerns. In two rounds of in-person pretest interviews, we tested and revised the survey text and discrete-choice experiment questions, including examples, language, and levels associated with the Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale, along with a set of de novo self-reported questions for identifying respondents who had neither too mild nor too advanced cognitive decline. Self-reported memory and thinking problems were compared with symptoms from studies of patients with early Alzheimer’s disease (e.g., mild cognitive impairment, mild Alzheimer’s disease) to determine whether those studies’ recruited patients were similar to our anticipated target population. Round 1 pretest interviews resulted in significant simplifications in the survey instrument, revisions to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and revisions to the screening process. In round 2 of the pretest interviews, the ability of participants to provide consistent responses to the self-reported screening questions was further assessed. In addition, to evaluate participants’ ability to understand and independently complete the discrete-choice experiment survey, two interviewers independently evaluated each participant’s ability to make trade-offs in the discrete-choice experiment questions and to understand the content of the survey. Results Round 1 (15 pretest interviews) identified challenges with the survey instrument related to the complexity of the choice questions. The screening process did not screen out seven respondents with more advanced cognitive decline, as determined qualitatively by the interviewers and by these participants’ inability to complete the survey. The survey instrument and screening criteria were revised, and an initial online screener was added to the screening process before round 2 pretests. In round 2 pretests, 12 participants reported cognitive problems similar to the target population for the survey but were judged able to understand and independently complete the discrete-choice experiment survey. Conclusions We developed self-reported screening criteria that identified a sample of individuals with memory and thinking concerns who were similar to individuals with clinical symptoms of early Alzheimer’s disease and who were able to independently complete a simplified discrete-choice experiment survey. Quantitative patient preference studies provide important information on patients’ willingness to trade off treatment benefits/risks. Adapting the technique for patients with cognitive decline requires careful testing and adjustments to survey instruments. This work suggests it is the severity of cognitive impairment, rather than its presence, that determines the ability to complete a simplified discrete-choice experiment survey. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40271-022-00576-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Mansfield
- Department of Health Preference Assessment, RTI Health Solutions, 3040 East Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Kristin Bullok
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | | | - J Scott Andrews
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dana DiBenedetti
- Department of Patient-Centered Outcomes Assessment, RTI Health Solutions, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Brandy R Matthews
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Joshua C Darling
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Seagen Inc, Bothell, WA, USA
| | - Jessie Sutphin
- Department of Health Preference Assessment, RTI Health Solutions, 3040 East Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Brett Hauber
- Department of Health Preference Assessment, RTI Health Solutions, 3040 East Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
- Pfizer, Inc., and the Comparative Health Outcomes, Policy, and Economics (CHOICE) Institute, University of Washington School of Pharmacy, Seattle, WA, USA
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van Eijk RPA, van den Berg LH, Lu Y. Composite endpoint for ALS clinical trials based on patient preference: Patient-Ranked Order of Function (PROOF). J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2022; 93:539-546. [PMID: 34921121 PMCID: PMC9016230 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2021-328194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) show considerable variation in symptoms. Treatments targeting an overall improvement in symptomatology may not address what the majority of patients consider to be most important. Here, we propose a composite endpoint for ALS clinical trials that weighs the improvement in symptoms compared with what the patient population actually wants. METHODS An online questionnaire was sent out to a population-based registry in The Netherlands. Patients with ALS were asked to score functional domains with a validated self-reported questionnaire, and rank the order of importance of each domain. This information was used to estimate variability in patient preferences and to develop the Patient-Ranked Order of Function (PROOF) endpoint. RESULTS There was extensive variability in patient preferences among the 433 responders. The majority of the patients (62.1%) preferred to prioritise certain symptoms over others when evaluating treatments. The PROOF endpoint was established by comparing each patient in the treatment arm to each patient in the placebo arm, based on their preferred order of functional domains. PROOF averages all pairwise comparisons, and reflects the probability that a patient receiving treatment has a better outcome on domains that are most important to them, compared with a patient receiving placebo. By means of simulation we illustrate how incorporating patient preference may upgrade or downgrade trial results. CONCLUSIONS The PROOF endpoint provides a balanced patient-focused analysis of the improvement in function and may help to refine the risk-benefit assessment of new treatments for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben P A van Eijk
- Department of Biomedical Data Science and Centre for Innovative Study Design, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA .,Department of Neurology, UMC Utrecht Brain Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - L H van den Berg
- Department of Neurology, UMC Utrecht Brain Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ying Lu
- Department of Biomedical Data Science and Centre for Innovative Study Design, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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