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Cohen R, Mahlab-Guri K, Atali M, Elbirt D. Viruses and celiac disease: what do we know ? Clin Exp Med 2023; 23:2931-2939. [PMID: 37103650 PMCID: PMC10134706 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-023-01070-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview about the link between viruses and celiac disease. A systematic search on PubMed, Embase, and Scopus was conducted on March 07, 2023. The reviewers independently selected the articles and chose which articles to include. The review is a textual systemic review, and all relevant articles were included based on title and abstract. If there was a disagreement between the reviewers, they came to a consensus during deliberation sessions. A total of 178 articles were selected for the review and read in full; only part of them was retained. We found studies between celiac disease and 12 different viruses. Some of the studies were done only on small groups. Most studies were on pediatric population. Evidence for an association was found with several viruses (trigger or protective). It seems that only a part of the viruses could induce the disease. Several points are important to keep in mind: firstly, simple mimicry or that the virus induces a high level of TGA is not sufficient to promote the disease. Secondly, inflammatory background is necessary to induce CD with virus. Thirdly, IFN type 1 seems to have an important role. Some of the viruses are potential or known triggers like enteroviruses, rotaviruses, reoviruses, and influenza. Further studies are needed to better understand the role of viruses in celiac disease to better treat and prevent the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Cohen
- Internal Department B, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel.
- Department of Clinical Immunology Allergy and AIDS, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Keren Mahlab-Guri
- Department of Clinical Immunology Allergy and AIDS, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Malka Atali
- Internal Department B, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Daniel Elbirt
- Department of Clinical Immunology Allergy and AIDS, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel
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Clarke SLN, Mageean KS, Maccora I, Harrison S, Simonini G, Sharp GC, Relton CL, Ramanan AV. Moving from nature to nurture: a systematic review and meta-analysis of environmental factors associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 61:514-530. [PMID: 34382060 PMCID: PMC8824412 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keab627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives JIA is the most common paediatric rheumatic disease, thought to be influenced by both genetics and the environment. Identifying environmental factors associated with disease risk will improve knowledge of disease mechanism and ultimately benefit patients. This review aimed to collate and synthesize the current evidence of environmental factors associated with JIA. Methods Four databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) were searched from inception to January 2020. Study quality was rated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Pooled estimates for each environmental factor were generated using a random-effects, inverse-variance method, where possible. The remaining environmental factors were synthesized in narrative form. Results This review includes 66 environmental factors from 39 studies (11 cohort and 28 case-control studies) over 45 years. Study sample sizes ranged from 41 to 1.9 million participants. Eight environmental factors from ten studies were meta-analysed. Caesarean section delivery was associated with increased JIA risk [pooled odds ratio (OR) 1.11, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.22]. Conversely, presence (vs absence) of siblings (pooled OR 0.60, 95% CI: 0.44, 0.81) and maternal prenatal smoking (pooled OR 0.70, 95% CI: 0.58, 0.84) were associated with decreased JIA risk. Conclusion This review identifies several environmental factors associated with JIA and demonstrates the huge breadth of environmental research undertaken over five decades. We also highlight the challenges of combining data collected over this period due to limited between study comparability, evolution in healthcare and social practices, and changing environment, which warrant consideration when planning future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L N Clarke
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Katie S Mageean
- Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Ilaria Maccora
- Rheumatology Unit, A Meyer Children Hospital, NEUROFARBA Department, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Sean Harrison
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Gabriele Simonini
- Rheumatology Unit, A Meyer Children Hospital, NEUROFARBA Department, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Gemma C Sharp
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Caroline L Relton
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Athimalaipet V Ramanan
- Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK.,Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Palivizumab Exposure and the Risk of Atopic Dermatitis, Asthma and Allergic Rhinoconjunctivitis: A Cross-National, Population-Based Cohort Study. Paediatr Drugs 2017; 19:155-164. [PMID: 28188494 DOI: 10.1007/s40272-017-0215-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Palivizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody designed to provide passive immunity against respiratory syncytial virus. It is prescribed to children at high risk for severe infection with respiratory syncytial virus. However, little is known about the risk of the immune-mediated diseases atopic dermatitis, asthma, and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis after palivizumab exposure. AIM Our objective was to investigate whether exposure to palivizumab was associated with atopic dermatitis, asthma, or allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in childhood. METHODS This was a cross-national population-based cohort study including data from 769,523 Danish children born 1 January 1999-31 December 2010 and 581,742 Swedish children born 1 July 2005-31 December 2010. Since palivizumab is only indicated for children at the highest risk, sub-cohorts of preterm children, children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and children with hemodynamic significant heart disease were defined. RESULTS Of the 1,351,265 children included, 1192 (0.09%) were exposed to palivizumab. An increased risk of asthma after palivizumab exposure was observed in the total birth cohort (hazard ratio [HR] 1.49; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.32-1.68) and in the sub-cohort of preterm children (HR 1.24; 95% CI 1.07-1.44). However, post hoc analyses using the propensity score to balance confounding factors found no increased risk of asthma in preterm children (HR 0.91; 95% CI 0.56-1.48). No increased risks of atopic dermatitis (HR 1.18; 95% CI 0.94-1.48) or allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (HR 1.14; 95% CI 0.92-1.42) were observed. CONCLUSION Exposure to palivizumab neither increased the risk of atopic disease nor protected against asthma.
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