|
1
|
Zhang M, Yang Y, Bao Y, Kimber M, Levine M, Xie F. Scoring the Value Assessment Framework for China: A Factorial Survey. VALUE IN HEALTH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PHARMACOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2024; 27:330-339. [PMID: 38135215 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to develop the scoring functions for the recently developed value assessment framework (VAF) for China, which comprises 12 attributes. METHODS We implemented a factorial survey among Chinese healthcare stakeholders from July to September 2022. A total of 240 hypothetical drug value profiles described by the VAF were grouped into 60 blocks and randomly assigned to respondents. Each respondent was assigned with 1 block, each presented in 3 disease scenarios of different levels of severity. For each profile, respondents were asked to assess the drug's value on a scale from 0 (lowest) to 10 (highest) and make 1 of the 3 insurance recommendations: cover, to be negotiated for coverage, or reject. Linear and logistic mixed-effects models were used to develop scoring functions for aggregating the value attributes. RESULTS A total of 365 respondents participated in the survey. 3968 responses from 331 respondents were included in the analysis. Most of the included respondents were under 45 (n = 256, 77.3%), females (n = 208, 62.8%), living in urban areas (n = 296, 89.4%), and with a bachelor's degree or higher (n = 303, 91.5%). Health benefits and safety carried more weights than other attributes in the scoring functions across disease scenarios. The value and probability of entering negotiation or receiving insurance coverage for the attribute profiles for severe/critical disease were higher than for mild/moderate disease. CONCLUSIONS The scoring functions of the VAF can be used to assess the value of a drug and its probability of entering negotiation or receiving insurance coverage in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Zhang
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Yi Yang
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Bao
- Institute of Clinical Research and Evidence Based Medicine, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Melissa Kimber
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Offord Centre for Child Studies, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Mitchell Levine
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Feng Xie
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Centre for Health Economics and Policy Analysis, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
|
2
|
A Transgenic 5xFAD-M Line of Mice for Dendritic Spine Morphology Analysis in Alzheimer's Disease. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13020307. [PMID: 36831849 PMCID: PMC9954381 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13020307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairments are closely related to synaptic loss in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Functional changes in synaptic contacts are reflected in dendritic spine morphology. Visualization of neurons for morphological studies in vivo is complicated by the fixed brain slice staining or expensive adeno-associated virus injections. We created a transgenic 5xFAD-M line of mice with AD-associated mutations and expressed GFP protein in single neurons of the brain. This mouse model of AD is a useful tool for the simplified visualization of the hippocampal neurons' morphology in vivo without additional staining manipulations. The progressive elimination of mushroom spines was demonstrated in 5xFAD-M mice between 4 and 5 months of age. Five-month-old 5xFAD-M male and female mice showed change both in the total density and the mushroom spines number compared to sex-matched control. We conclude 5xFAD-M mice can be a useful AD model for studying the mechanisms of synaptic pathology under neurodegenerative conditions and evaluating the effects of potential therapeutic agents on spine morphology as crucial aspect of memory loss in AD.
Collapse
|