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Brietzke C, Vinícius Í, Ribeiro WA, Franco-Alvarenga PE, Canestri R, Vasconcelos GC, Hettinga FJ, Santos TM, Pires FO. Carbohydrate mouth rinse improves performance of mentally fatigued cyclists despite null effects on psychological responses. Physiol Behav 2024; 274:114428. [PMID: 38065422 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Mental fatigue reduces exercise performance through an impaired psychological response such as increased perceived exertion. Carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinses improve exercise performance and perceived exertion likely due to an improved activation in cerebral reward areas, then we investigated if the CHO mouth rinse-improved exercise performance in mentally fatigued individuals was associated with ameliorated reward-related psychological responses. We hypothesised that CHO mouth rinse would be beneficial for mentally fatigued cyclists mainly in high-metabolic disturbance intensities. After familiarization and baseline sessions, well trained cyclists (n = 20) performed a maximal incremental test (MIT) after mental fatigue induction. They completed the MIT either without mouth rinse (MF) or rinsing their mouth with CHO (MF+CHO) or placebo (FM+PLA) solutions at every 25 % of the MIT. Psychological responses such as ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), affective valence, emotional arousal, and motivation were assessed throughout the MIT, while performance was assessed as peak power output and time of exercise. Mental fatigue reduced MIT performance (P < 0.05), but CHO mouth rinse was effective to counteract this deleterious mental fatigue effect (P < 0.05). However, we found null effects of CHO mouth rinses in psychological responses above the VT2 (P > 0.05) such as RPE, affective valence, emotional arousal, and motivation. Correlational analysis showed a significant, but moderate negative correlation between motivation and time of exercise above the VT2 when participants used CHO mouth rinse. In conclusion, the ergogenic CHO mouth rinse effects on MIT performance of mentally fatigued cyclists were irrespective of ameliorated psychological responses to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cayque Brietzke
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-060, Brazil; Human Movement Science and Rehabilitation Program, Federal University of São Paulo, Avenida Sena Madureira 1500, Brazil.
| | - Ítalo Vinícius
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-060, Brazil
| | - Wesley Alves Ribeiro
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-060, Brazil
| | - Paulo Estevão Franco-Alvarenga
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-060, Brazil; Human Movement Science and Rehabilitation Program, Federal University of São Paulo, Avenida Sena Madureira 1500, Brazil
| | - Raul Canestri
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-060, Brazil
| | - Gustavo César Vasconcelos
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-060, Brazil; Human Movement Science and Rehabilitation Program, Federal University of São Paulo, Avenida Sena Madureira 1500, Brazil
| | - Florentina Johanna Hettinga
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle, NE1 8ST, United Kingdom of Great Britain, Northern Ireland United Kingdom
| | - Tony Meireles Santos
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-060, Brazil; Physical Education Program, Research Center for Performance and Health, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, 52071-030, Brazil
| | - Flávio Oliveira Pires
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-060, Brazil; Human Movement Science and Rehabilitation Program, Federal University of São Paulo, Avenida Sena Madureira 1500, Brazil
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de Salles Painelli V, Fernandes E, Brietzke C, Pires FO. The placebo effect of a pink non-caloric, artificially sweetened solution on strength endurance performance and psychological responses in trained individuals. Nutr Health 2023:2601060231196590. [PMID: 37608532 DOI: 10.1177/02601060231196590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Background: The pink color enhances the perceived sweetness, increasing the individuals' expectation of the presence of sugar/carbohydrate in a beverage. Hence, it is plausible to speculate that providing a pink solution during exercise could induce an ergogenic benefit through a potential placebo effect. Aim: We examined whether ingesting a pink non-caloric, artificially sweetened solution can improve endurance strength exercise performance and psychological responses. Methods: Eighteen strength-trained individuals (34 ± 7 y; 1.74 ± 0.06 m; 79.86 ± 10.91 kg) completed three experimental trials in a randomized, single-blind, crossover counterbalanced fashion. In each trial, participants performed a 5-set strength endurance test at 70% of the one-repetition maximum in the bench press exercise, interspersed by 2 min. Before each set, participants ingested either a pink (PINK) or a transparent (TRANSP) non-caloric, artificially sweetened solution. A session without ingestion (CON) was also completed. Total number of repetitions and psychological responses such as motivation, emotional arousal, affect, and ratings of perceived exertion were obtained throughout the exercise protocol. Results: Total repetitions improved in PINK (60 ± 12 reps) compared to TRANSP (p = 0.03; 56 ± 10 reps; ES = 0.22; ±3.8%) and CON (p = 0.01; 56 ± 9 reps; ES = 0.33; ±6.6%), but no difference occurred between TRANSP and CON (p = 0.84; ES = 0.12; ±2.4%). Comparable responses were observed in motivation, emotional arousal, affect, and ratings of perceived exertion in PINK, TRANSP, and CON trials (all, p > 0.05), despite the greater total physical work performed in PINK trial. Conclusion: Ingesting a pink non-caloric, artificially sweetened solution improved strength endurance performance with comparable psychological responses. These results have implications for future nutritional studies and performance assessments in real-world sports scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor de Salles Painelli
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Strength Training Study and Research Group, Institute of Health Sciences, Paulista University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edvania Fernandes
- Strength Training Study and Research Group, Institute of Health Sciences, Paulista University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cayque Brietzke
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Human Movement Science and Rehabilitation Program, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
| | - Flávio O Pires
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Human Movement Science and Rehabilitation Program, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
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Painelli VDS, Brietzke C, Franco-Alvarenga PE, Canestri R, Vinícius Í, Pires FO. A Narrative Review of Current Concerns and Future Perspectives of the Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse Effects on Exercise Performance. SAGE Open Med 2022; 10:20503121221098120. [PMID: 35615525 PMCID: PMC9125602 DOI: 10.1177/20503121221098120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous systematic reviews have confirmed that carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinse
may boost physical exercise performance, despite some methodological aspects
likely affecting its ergogenic effect. In this review, we discussed if the
exercise mode, pre-exercise fasting status, CHO solutions concentration, CHO
solutions temperature, mouth rinse duration, and CHO placebo effects may
potentially reduce the CHO mouth rinse ergogenic effect, suggesting possible
solutions to manage these potential confounders. The effectiveness of CHO mouth
rinse as a performance booster is apparently related to the origin of the
exercise-induced neuromuscular fatigue, as CHO mouth rinse unequivocally
potentiates endurance rather than sprint and strength exercises performance.
Furthermore, ergogenic effects have been greater in fasting than fed state,
somehow explaining the varied magnitude of the CHO mouth rinse effects in
exercise performance. In this regard, the CHO solution concentration and
temperature, as well as the mouth rinse duration, may have increased the
variability observed in CHO mouth rinse effects in fasting and fed state.
Finally, placebo effects have challenged the potential of the CHO mouth rinse as
an ergogenic aid. Therefore, we suggest that future studies should consider
methodological controls such as sample size and sample homogeneity, proper
familiarization with experimental procedures, and the use of alternative placebo
designs to provide unbiased evidence regarding the potential of the CHO mouth
rinse as an ergogenic aid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor de Salles Painelli
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Strength Training Study and Research Group, Institute of Health Sciences, Paulista University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cayque Brietzke
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Human Movement Science and Rehabilitation Program, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
| | - Paulo Estevão Franco-Alvarenga
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Human Movement Science and Rehabilitation Program, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
| | - Raul Canestri
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ítalo Vinícius
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávio Oliveira Pires
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Human Movement Science and Rehabilitation Program, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
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Filip-Stachnik A, Krzysztofik M, Del Coso J, Wilk M. Acute effects of two caffeine doses on bar velocity during the bench press exercise among women habituated to caffeine: a randomized, crossover, double-blind study involving control and placebo conditions. Eur J Nutr 2022; 61:947-955. [PMID: 34664106 PMCID: PMC8854307 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02708-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The main goal of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of two different doses of caffeine (3 and 6 mg/kg) to enhance bar velocity during the bench press in women habituated to caffeine. METHODS Twelve recreationally trained women (age: 23.3 ± 0.8 years, body mass: 60.7 ± 5.7 kg, bench press one-repetition maximum (1RM): 44.3 ± 7.8 kg, daily caffeine ingestion: 5.7 ± 2.0 mg/kg/day) participated in a randomized double-blind experimental design. Each participant performed four different experimental sessions: after no supplementation (control, CON), after ingesting 3 and 6 mg/kg of caffeine (CAF-3 and CAF-6, respectively), or after ingesting a placebo (PLAC). In each experimental session, the participants performed 3 sets of 3 repetitions of the bench press exercise at 50% 1RM. RESULTS A two-way repeated-measures ANOVA with subsequent post hoc analyses indicated significant increases in peak velocity (p < 0.01; ES = 0.91) and mean velocity (p < 0.01; ES = 0.78) after the intake of CAF-6 compared to CON. The study did not show significant differences in bar velocity between CAF-6 and PLAC and between CAF-3 and PLAC. No significant differences in bar velocity were observed between CAF-3 and CAF-6 conditions. CONCLUSION These results suggest that 6 mg/kg of caffeine can be an effective dose to improve power-specific training outcomes in women habituated to caffeine. However, the ergogenic effect of 6 mg/kg of caffeine may be derived from a combination of biological effects and expectancy, as this dose was only superior to the control condition with no differences over the placebo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Filip-Stachnik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, ul. Mikolowska 72a, 40-065, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Michal Krzysztofik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, ul. Mikolowska 72a, 40-065, Katowice, Poland
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, Fuenlabrada, Spain
| | - Michal Wilk
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, ul. Mikolowska 72a, 40-065, Katowice, Poland
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Karayigit R, Naderi A, Saunders B, Forbes SC, Coso JD, Berjisian E, Yildirim UC, Suzuki K. Combined but Not Isolated Ingestion of Caffeine and Taurine Improves Wingate Sprint Performance in Female Team-Sport Athletes Habituated to Caffeine. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:sports9120162. [PMID: 34941800 PMCID: PMC8705953 DOI: 10.3390/sports9120162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have investigated caffeine (CAF) and taurine (TAU) in isolation and combined during exercise in males. However, the potential synergistic effect during high-intensity exercise remains unknown in female athletes. Seventeen female team-sport athletes participated (age: 23.4 ± 2.1 years; height: 1.68 ± 0.05 m; body mass: 59.5 ± 2.2 kg). All participants were habitual caffeine consumers (340.1 ± 28.6 mg/day). A double-blind randomized crossover design was used. Participants completed four experimental trials: (i) CAF and TAU (6 mg/kg body mass of CAF + 1 g of TAU), (ii) CAF alone; (iii) TAU alone; and (iv) placebo (PLA). Supplements were ingested 60 min before a 30-s Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT). Heart rate and blood lactate (BL) were measured before and immediately after the WAnT; and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded immediately after the WAnT. Peak power (PP) was significantly higher following co-ingestion of CAF+TAU compared to PLA (p = 0.03) and TAU (p = 0.03). Mean power (MP) was significantly higher following co-ingestion of CAF+TAU compared to PLA (p = 0.01). No other differences were found between conditions for PP and MP (p > 0.05). There were also no observed differences in fatigue index (FI), BL; heart rate; and RPE between conditions (p > 0.05). In conclusion, compared to PLA the combined ingestion of 6 mg/kg of CAF and 1 g of TAU improved both PP and MP in female athletes habituated to caffeine; however; CAF and TAU independently failed to augment WAnT performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raci Karayigit
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Gölbaşı 06830, Turkey;
- Correspondence: (R.K.); (K.S.)
| | - Alireza Naderi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Borujerd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Borujerd 6915136111, Iran;
| | - Bryan Saunders
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-903, Brazil;
| | - Scott C. Forbes
- Department of Physical Education Studies, Brandon University, Brandon, MB R7A6A9, Canada;
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28043 Fuenlabrada, Spain;
| | - Erfan Berjisian
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Tehran University, Tehran 1417935840, Iran;
| | - Ulas Can Yildirim
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Gölbaşı 06830, Turkey;
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sinop University, Sinop 57000, Turkey
| | - Katsuhiko Suzuki
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Totorozawa 359-1192, Japan
- Correspondence: (R.K.); (K.S.)
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Habitual Caffeine Consumption Does Not Interfere With the Acute Caffeine Supplementation Effects on Strength Endurance and Jumping Performance in Trained Individuals. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2021; 31:321-328. [PMID: 34010807 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2020-0363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The long-standing caffeine habituation paradigm was never investigated in strength endurance and jumping exercise performance through a straightforward methodology. The authors examined if habitual caffeine consumption would influence the caffeine ergogenic effects on strength endurance and jumping performance as well as perceptual responses. Thirty-six strength-trained individuals were mathematically allocated into tertiles according to their habitual caffeine consumption: low (20 ± 11 mg/day), moderate (88 ± 33 mg/day), and high consumers (281 ± 167 mg/day). Then, in a double-blind, crossover, counterbalanced fashion, they performed a countermovement vertical jump test and a strength endurance test either after caffeine (6 mg/kg) and placebo supplementation or after no supplementation (control). Perceptual responses such as ratings of perceived exertion and pain were measured at the termination of the exercises. Acute caffeine supplementation improved countermovement vertical jump performance (p = .001) and total repetitions (p = .004), regardless of caffeine habituation. Accordingly, analysis of absolute change from the control session showed that caffeine promoted a significantly greater improvement in both countermovement vertical jump performance (p = .004) and total repetitions (p = .0001) compared with placebo. Caffeine did not affect the rating of perceived exertion and pain in any exercise tests, irrespective of tertiles (for all comparisons, p > .05 for both measures). Caffeine side effects were similar in low, moderate, and high caffeine consumers. These results show that habitual caffeine consumption does not influence the potential of caffeine as an ergogenic aid in strength endurance and jumping exercise performance, thus challenging recommendations to withdraw from the habitual caffeine consumption before supplementing with caffeine.
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7
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Filip-Stachnik A, Krzysztofik M, Kaszuba M, Leońska-Duniec A, Czarny W, Del Coso J, Wilk M. Placebo Effect of Caffeine on Maximal Strength and Strength Endurance in Healthy Recreationally Trained Women Habituated to Caffeine. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3813. [PMID: 33322129 PMCID: PMC7763627 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND By using deceptive experimental designs, several investigations have observed that trained individuals may increase their performance when told they were given caffeine, when in fact they received a placebo (i.e., the placebo effect of caffeine). However, most of these investigations on the placebo effect of caffeine used individuals with low caffeine consumption or did not report habitual caffeine consumption, especially in studies analyzing resistance-based exercise. Hence, it is unknown if habitual caffeine consumers benefit from the placebo effect of caffeine on exercise performance. Thus, the aim of the present study was to analyze the placebo effect of caffeine on maximal strength and strength-endurance performance during the bench press exercise (BP) in women with mild-moderate daily consumption of caffeine. METHODS Thirteen resistance-trained women (BP one-repetition maximum (1RM) = 40.0 ± 9.7 kg) habituated to caffeine (4.1 ± 1.7 mg/kg/day) completed a deceptive randomized experimental design with two experimental trials. On one occasion, participants were told that they would receive 6 mg/kg of caffeine but received a placebo (PLAC), and on other occasions, participants did not receive any substance and were told that this was a control situation (CONT). In each experimental trial, participants underwent a 1RM BP test and a strength-endurance test consisting of performing the maximal number of repetitions at 50% of their 1RM. RESULTS In comparison to CONT, PLAC did not enhance 1RM (40.0 ± 10.5 kg vs. 41.0 ± 9.5 kg, respectively; p = 0.10), nor did it enhance the number of repetitions (32.2 ± 5.1 vs. 31.8 ± 4.5; p = 0.66) or mean power (130 ± 34 vs. 121 ± 26; p = 0.08) in the strength-endurance test. CONCLUSION Informing participants that they were given caffeine, when in fact they received a placebo, did not modify any performance variable measured in this investigation. Thus, the use of the placebo effect of caffeine seemed an ineffective strategy to enhance muscle strength and strength endurance during the BP exercise in women with mild-moderate consumption of caffeine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Filip-Stachnik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (A.F.-S.); (M.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Michal Krzysztofik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (A.F.-S.); (M.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Magdalena Kaszuba
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (A.F.-S.); (M.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Agata Leońska-Duniec
- Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Wojciech Czarny
- College of Medical Sciences, Institute of Physical Culture Studies, University of Rzeszow, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28942 Fuenlabrada, Spain;
| | - Michal Wilk
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (A.F.-S.); (M.K.); (M.K.)
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Glaister M, Chopra K, Pereira De Sena AL, Sternbach C, Morina L, Mavrommatis Y. Caffeine, exercise physiology, and time-trial performance: no effect of ADORA2A or CYP1A2 genotypes. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 46:541-551. [PMID: 33170731 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of ADORA2A and CYP1A2 genotypes on the physiological and ergogenic effects of caffeine. Sixty-six male cyclists were screened for ADORA2A and CYP1A2 genotypes; with 40 taking part subsequently in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Trial 1 was used to establish the oxygen uptake-power output relationship and maximal oxygen uptake. In trials 2 and 3, participants ingested 5 mg·kg-1 of caffeine or placebo 1 h before completing a submaximal incremental cycling test, followed by a time-trial (∼30 min). Relative to placebo, caffeine led to a significant reduction in time to complete the time-trial (caffeine: 29.7 ± 1.8 min; placebo: 30.8 ± 2.3 min); but there was no effect of genotype. During submaximal exercise, caffeine reduced mean heart rate by 2.9 ± 3.7 beats·min-1, with effects dissipating as exercise intensity increased. Caffeine also significantly reduced perceived exertion by 0.5 ± 0.8, and increased blood lactate by 0.29 ± 0.42 mmol·L-1, respiratory exchange ratio by 0.013 ± 0.032, and minute ventilation by 3.1 ± 6.8 L·min-1. Nonetheless, there were no supplement × genotype interactions. In conclusion, caffeine influences physiological responses to submaximal exercise and improves time-trial performance irrespective of ADORA2A or CYP1A2 genotypes. Novelty: Caffeine affects physiological responses at rest and during submaximal exercise independent of ADORA2A or CYP1A2 genotypes. Variability in the effect of caffeine on time-trial performance is not explained by ADORA2A or CYP1A2 genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Glaister
- Faculty of Sport, Health, and Applied Sciences, St Mary's University, Strawberry Hill, Twickenham TW1 4SX, UK.,Faculty of Sport, Health, and Applied Sciences, St Mary's University, Strawberry Hill, Twickenham TW1 4SX, UK
| | - Kiran Chopra
- Faculty of Sport, Health, and Applied Sciences, St Mary's University, Strawberry Hill, Twickenham TW1 4SX, UK.,Faculty of Sport, Health, and Applied Sciences, St Mary's University, Strawberry Hill, Twickenham TW1 4SX, UK
| | - Ana Luís Pereira De Sena
- Faculty of Sport, Health, and Applied Sciences, St Mary's University, Strawberry Hill, Twickenham TW1 4SX, UK.,Faculty of Sport, Health, and Applied Sciences, St Mary's University, Strawberry Hill, Twickenham TW1 4SX, UK
| | - Cassie Sternbach
- Faculty of Sport, Health, and Applied Sciences, St Mary's University, Strawberry Hill, Twickenham TW1 4SX, UK.,Faculty of Sport, Health, and Applied Sciences, St Mary's University, Strawberry Hill, Twickenham TW1 4SX, UK
| | - Liridon Morina
- Faculty of Sport, Health, and Applied Sciences, St Mary's University, Strawberry Hill, Twickenham TW1 4SX, UK.,Faculty of Sport, Health, and Applied Sciences, St Mary's University, Strawberry Hill, Twickenham TW1 4SX, UK
| | - Yiannis Mavrommatis
- Faculty of Sport, Health, and Applied Sciences, St Mary's University, Strawberry Hill, Twickenham TW1 4SX, UK.,Faculty of Sport, Health, and Applied Sciences, St Mary's University, Strawberry Hill, Twickenham TW1 4SX, UK
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9
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Norum M, Risvang LC, Bjørnsen T, Dimitriou L, Rønning PO, Bjørgen M, Raastad T. Caffeine increases strength and power performance in resistance-trained females during early follicular phase. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 30:2116-2129. [PMID: 32681596 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The effects of 4 mg·kg-1 caffeine ingestion on strength and power were investigated for the first time, in resistance-trained females during the early follicular phase utilizing a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design. Fifteen females (29.8 ± 4.0 years, 63.8 ± 5.5 kg [mean ± SD]) ingested caffeine or placebo 60 minutes before completing a test battery separated by 72 hours. One-repetition maximum (1RM), repetitions to failure (RTF) at 60% of 1RM, was assessed in the squat and bench press. Maximal voluntary contraction torque (MVC) and rate of force development (RFD) were measured during isometric knee extensions, while utilizing interpolated twitch technique to measure voluntary muscle activation. Maximal power and jump height were assessed during countermovement jumps (CMJ). Caffeine metabolites were measured in plasma. Adverse effects were registered after each trial. Caffeine significantly improved squat (4.5 ± 1.9%, effect size [ES]: 0.25) and bench press 1RM (3.3 ± 1.4%, ES: 0.20), and squat (15.9 ± 17.9%, ES: 0.31) and bench press RTF (9.8 ± 13.6%, ES: 0.31), compared to placebo. MVC torque (4.6 ± 7.3%, ES: 0.26), CMJ height (7.6 ± 4.0%, ES: 0.50), and power (3.8 ± 2.2%, ES: 0.24) were also significantly increased with caffeine. There were no differences in RFD or muscle activation. Plasma [caffeine] was significantly increased throughout the protocol, and mild side effects of caffeine were experienced by only 3 participants. This study demonstrated that 4 mg·kg-1 caffeine ingestion enhanced maximal strength, power, and muscular endurance in resistance-trained and caffeine-habituated females during the early follicular phase, with few adverse effects. Female strength and power athletes may consider using this dose pre-competition and -training as an effective ergogenic aid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Norum
- School of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, UK
| | - Linn Christin Risvang
- School of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, UK.,Department of Mechanical, Electronics and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Art and Design, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Bjørnsen
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway.,Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lygeri Dimitriou
- School of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, UK.,Department of Natural Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, London, UK
| | - Per Ola Rønning
- Department of Mechanical, Electronics and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Art and Design, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Morten Bjørgen
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Truls Raastad
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Brietzke C, Franco-Alvarenga PE, Canestri R, Goethel MF, Vínicius Í, Painelli VDS, Santos TM, Hettinga FJ, Pires FO. Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse Mitigates Mental Fatigue Effects on Maximal Incremental Test Performance, but Not in Cortical Alterations. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10080493. [PMID: 32751162 PMCID: PMC7465505 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10080493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Detrimental mental fatigue effects on exercise performance have been documented in constant workload and time trial exercises, but effects on a maximal incremental test (MIT) remain poorly investigated. Mental fatigue-reduced exercise performance is related to an increased effort sensation, likely due to a reduced prefrontal cortex (PFC) activation and inhibited spontaneous behavior. Interestingly, only a few studies verified if centrally active compounds may mitigate such effects. For example, carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinse potentiates exercise performance and reduces effort sensation, likely through its effects on PFC activation. However, it is unknown if this centrally mediated effect of CHO mouth rinse may mitigate mental fatigue-reduced exercise performance. After a proof-of-principle study, showing a mental fatigue-reduced MIT performance, we observed that CHO mouth rinse mitigated MIT performance reductions in mentally fatigued cyclists, regardless of PFC alterations. When compared to placebo, mentally fatigued cyclists improved MIT performance by 2.24–2.33% when rinsing their mouth with CHO during MIT. However, PFC and motor cortex activation during MIT in both CHO and placebo mouth rinses were greater than in mental fatigue. Results showed that CHO mouth rinse mitigated the mental fatigue-reduced MIT performance, but challenged the role of CHO mouth rinse on PFC and motor cortex activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cayque Brietzke
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-060, Brazil; (C.B.); (P.E.F.-A.); (R.C.); (M.F.G.); (Í.V.); (V.d.S.P.)
- Human Movement Science and Rehabilitation Program, Federal University of São Paulo, Avenida Sena Madureira 1500, Brazil
| | - Paulo Estevão Franco-Alvarenga
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-060, Brazil; (C.B.); (P.E.F.-A.); (R.C.); (M.F.G.); (Í.V.); (V.d.S.P.)
- Human Movement Science and Rehabilitation Program, Federal University of São Paulo, Avenida Sena Madureira 1500, Brazil
| | - Raul Canestri
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-060, Brazil; (C.B.); (P.E.F.-A.); (R.C.); (M.F.G.); (Í.V.); (V.d.S.P.)
| | - Márcio Fagundes Goethel
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-060, Brazil; (C.B.); (P.E.F.-A.); (R.C.); (M.F.G.); (Í.V.); (V.d.S.P.)
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP), University of Porto, 4000 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ítalo Vínicius
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-060, Brazil; (C.B.); (P.E.F.-A.); (R.C.); (M.F.G.); (Í.V.); (V.d.S.P.)
| | - Vitor de Salles Painelli
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-060, Brazil; (C.B.); (P.E.F.-A.); (R.C.); (M.F.G.); (Í.V.); (V.d.S.P.)
- Strength Training Study and Research Group, Institute of Health Sciences, Paulista University, Sao Paulo 05347-020, Brazil
| | - Tony Meireles Santos
- Physical Education Program, Research Center for Performance and Health, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 52071-030, Brazil;
| | | | - Flávio Oliveira Pires
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-060, Brazil; (C.B.); (P.E.F.-A.); (R.C.); (M.F.G.); (Í.V.); (V.d.S.P.)
- Human Movement Science and Rehabilitation Program, Federal University of São Paulo, Avenida Sena Madureira 1500, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-11-26480118
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Pickering C, Grgic J. Authors’ Reply to Painelli et al.: Comment on “Caffeine and Exercise: What Next?”. Sports Med 2020; 50:1219-1221. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01279-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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