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Pecchiari MM, Legramandi MA, Gibertini G, Cavagna GA. Still air resistance during walking and running. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20231763. [PMID: 38087922 PMCID: PMC10716652 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.1763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In everyday life during terrestrial locomotion our body interacts with two media opposing the forward movement of the body: the ground and the air. Whereas the work done to overcome the ground reaction force has been extensively studied, the work done to overcome still air resistance has been only indirectly estimated by means of theoretical studies and by measurements of the force exerted on puppets simulating the geometry of the human body. In this study, we directly measured the force exerted by still air resistance on eight male subjects during walking and running on an instrumented treadmill with a belt moving at the same speed of a flow of laminar air facing the subject. Overall, the coefficient of proportionality between drag and velocity squared (Aeff) was smaller during running than walking. During running Aeff decreased progressively with increasing average velocity up to an apparently constant, velocity independent value, similar to that predicted in the literature using indirect methods. A predictive equation to estimate drag as a function of the speed and the height of the running subject is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo M. Pecchiari
- Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Mario A. Legramandi
- Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gibertini
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Aerospaziali, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Giovanni A. Cavagna
- Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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Van Hooren B, Fuller JT, Buckley JD, Miller JR, Sewell K, Rao G, Barton C, Bishop C, Willy RW. Authors' Reply to Dewolf et al.: "Is Motorized Treadmill Running Biomechanically Comparable to Overground Running? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cross-Over Studies". Sports Med 2020; 50:1699. [PMID: 32524455 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01305-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bas Van Hooren
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Universiteitssingel 50, Maastricht, NL, 6229 ER, The Netherlands. .,Institute of Sport Studies, Fontys University of Applied Sciences, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Joel T Fuller
- Department of Health Professions, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, 75 Talavera Rd, Macquarie Park, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Jonathan D Buckley
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Jayme R Miller
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Chris Bishop
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.,The Biomechanics Lab, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Richard W Willy
- School of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
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