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Bullock GS, Ward P, Collins GS, Hughes T, Impellizzeri F. Comment on: Machine Learning for Understanding and Predicting Injuries in Football. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2024; 10:84. [PMID: 39068259 PMCID: PMC11283439 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-024-00745-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Garrett S Bullock
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston‑Salem, NC, USA.
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | | | - Gary S Collins
- Centre for Statistics in Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tom Hughes
- Department of Health Professions Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
- Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Franco Impellizzeri
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Tierney G, Rowson S, Gellner R, Allan D, Iqbal S, Biglarbeigi P, Tooby J, Woodward J, Payam AF. Head Exposure to Acceleration Database in Sport (HEADSport): a kinematic signal processing method to enable instrumented mouthguard (iMG) field-based inter-study comparisons. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2024; 10:e001758. [PMID: 38304714 PMCID: PMC10831454 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2023-001758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Instrumented mouthguard (iMG) systems use different signal processing approaches limiting field-based inter-study comparisons, especially when artefacts are present in the signal. The objective of this study was to assess the frequency content and characteristics of head kinematic signals from head impact reconstruction laboratory and field-based environments to develop an artefact attenuation filtering method (HEADSport filter method). Methods Laboratory impacts (n=72) on a test-dummy headform ranging from 25 to 150 g were conducted and 126 rugby union players were equipped with iMGs for 209 player-matches. Power spectral density (PSD) characteristics of the laboratory impacts and on-field head acceleration events (HAEs) (n=5694) such as the 95th percentile cumulative sum PSD frequency were used to develop the HEADSport method. The HEADSport filter method was compared with two other common filtering approaches (Butterworth-200Hz and CFC180 filter) through signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and mixed linear effects models for laboratory and on-field events, respectively. Results The HEADSport filter method produced marginally higher SNR than the Butterworth-200Hz and CFC180 filter and on-field peak linear acceleration (PLA) and peak angular acceleration (PAA) values within the magnitude range tested in the laboratory. Median PLA and PAA (and outlier values) were higher for the CFC180 filter than the Butterworth-200Hz and HEADSport filter method (p<0.01). Conclusion The HEADSport filter method could enable iMG field-based inter-study comparisons and is openly available at https://github.com/GTBiomech/HEADSport-Filter-Method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Tierney
- Nanotechnology and Integrated Bioengineering Centre (NIBEC), Ulster University, Belfast, UK
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Belfast, UK
| | - Steven Rowson
- Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Ryan Gellner
- Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - David Allan
- Nanotechnology and Integrated Bioengineering Centre (NIBEC), Ulster University, Belfast, UK
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Belfast, UK
| | - Sadaf Iqbal
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Belfast, UK
| | | | - James Tooby
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - James Woodward
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Belfast, UK
| | - Amir Farokh Payam
- Nanotechnology and Integrated Bioengineering Centre (NIBEC), Ulster University, Belfast, UK
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Wilson A. CORR Synthesis: Can Decision Tree Learning Advance Orthopaedic Surgery Research? Clin Orthop Relat Res 2023; 481:2337-2342. [PMID: 37678231 PMCID: PMC10642865 DOI: 10.1097/corr.0000000000002820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Wilson
- Research Coordinator, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Tennessee College of Medicine Chattanooga, Chattanooga, TN, USA
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Hammouri ZAA, Mier PR, Félix P, Mansournia MA, Huelin F, Casals M, Matabuena M. Uncertainty Quantification in Medicine Science: The Next Big Step. Arch Bronconeumol 2023; 59:760-761. [PMID: 37532646 DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2023.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziad Akram Ali Hammouri
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Tecnoloxías Intelixentes (CiTIUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Pablo Rodríguez Mier
- Heidelberg University, Faculty of Medicine, and Heidelberg University Hospital, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Bioquant, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paulo Félix
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Tecnoloxías Intelixentes (CiTIUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mohammad Ali Mansournia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Sports Medicine Research Centre, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Martí Casals
- Sport and Physical Activity Studies Centre (CEEAF), Faculty of Medicine, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Spain; Sport Performance Analysis Research Group, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Barcelona, Spain; National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcos Matabuena
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Tecnoloxías Intelixentes (CiTIUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Horan D, Kelly S, Hägglund M, Blake C, Roe M, Delahunt E. Players', Head Coaches', And Medical Personnels' Knowledge, Understandings and Perceptions of Injuries and Injury Prevention in Elite-Level Women's Football in Ireland. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2023; 9:64. [PMID: 37515647 PMCID: PMC10387024 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00603-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To manage injuries effectively, players, head coaches, and medical personnel need to have excellent knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours in relation to the identification of risk factors for injuries, the implementation of injury prevention initiatives, as well as the implementation of effective injury management strategies. Understanding the injury context, whereby specific personal, environmental, and societal factors can influence the implementation of injury prevention initiatives and injury management strategies is critical to player welfare. To date, no qualitative research investigating the context of injuries, has been undertaken in elite-level women's football. The aim of our study was to explore the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours of players, head coaches, and medical personnel in the Irish Women's National League (WNL) to injury prevention and injury management. METHODS We used qualitative research methods to explore the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours of players, head coaches, and medical personnel in the Irish WNL to injury prevention and injury management. Semi-structured interviews were undertaken with 17 players, 8 medical personnel, and 7 head coaches in the Irish WNL. The data were analysed using thematic analysis. Our study is located within an interpretivist, constructivist research paradigm. RESULTS The participants had incomplete knowledge of common injuries in elite-level football, and many held beliefs about risk factors for injuries, such as menstrual cycle stage, which lacked evidence to support them. Jumping and landing exercises were commonly used to reduce the risk of injuries but evidence-based injury prevention exercises and programmes such as the Nordic hamstring curl, Copenhagen adduction exercise, and the FIFA 11+ were rarely mentioned. Overall, there was dissatisfaction amongst players with their medical care and strength and conditioning (S & C) support, with resultant inadequate communication between players, head coaches, and medical personnel. CONCLUSION Poor quality and availability of medical care and S & C support were considered to be a major obstacle in the effective implementation of injury risk reduction strategies and successful return-to-sport practices. More original research is required in elite-level women's football to explore injury risk factors, injury prevention initiatives, and contextual return-to-sport strategies, so that players, head coaches, and medical personnel can use evidence that is both up-to-date and specific to their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Horan
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
- Department of Sport, Leisure & Childhood Studies, Munster Technological University, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Seamus Kelly
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Martin Hägglund
- Football Research Group, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Catherine Blake
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mark Roe
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eamonn Delahunt
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Institute for Sport and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Dandrieux PE, Navarro L, Blanco D, Ruffault A, Ley C, Bruneau A, Chapon J, Hollander K, Edouard P. Relationship between a daily injury risk estimation feedback (I-REF) based on machine learning techniques and actual injury risk in athletics (track and field): protocol for a prospective cohort study over an athletics season. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e069423. [PMID: 37192797 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-069423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Two-thirds of athletes (65%) have at least one injury complaint leading to participation restriction (ICPR) in athletics (track and field) during one season. The emerging practice of medicine and public health supported by electronic processes and communication in sports medicine represents an opportunity for developing new injury risk reduction strategies. Modelling and predicting the risk of injury in real-time through artificial intelligence using machine learning techniques might represent an innovative injury risk reduction strategy. Thus, the primary aim of this study will be to analyse the relationship between the level of Injury Risk Estimation Feedback (I-REF) use (average score of athletes' self-declared level of I-REF consideration for their athletics activity) and the ICPR burden during an athletics season. METHOD AND ANALYSIS We will conduct a prospective cohort study, called Injury Prediction with Artificial Intelligence (IPredict-AI), over one 38-week athletics season (from September 2022 to July 2023) involving competitive athletics athletes licensed with the French Federation of Athletics. All athletes will be asked to complete daily questionnaires on their athletics activity, their psychological state, their sleep, the level of I-REF use and any ICPR. I-REF will present a daily estimation of the ICPR risk ranging from 0% (no risk for injury) to 100% (maximal risk for injury) for the following day. All athletes will be free to see I-REF and to adapt their athletics activity according to I-REF. The primary outcome will be the ICPR burden over the follow-up (over an athletics season), defined as the number of days lost from training and/or competition due to ICPR per 1000 hours of athletics activity. The relationship between ICPR burden and the level of I-REF use will be explored by using linear regression models. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This prospective cohort study was reviewed and approved by the Saint-Etienne University Hospital Ethical Committee (Institutional Review Board: IORG0007394, IRBN1062022/CHUSTE). Results of the study will be disseminated in peer-reviewed journals and in international scientific congresses, as well as to the included participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Eddy Dandrieux
- Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, EA 7424, F-42023, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Lyon 1, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, Saint-Etienne, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France
- Centre CIS, F-42023, Mines Saint-Etienne, Univ Lyon, Univ Jean Monnet, INSERM, U 1059 Sainbiose, Saint-Etienne, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France
| | - Laurent Navarro
- Centre CIS, F-42023, Mines Saint-Etienne, Univ Lyon, Univ Jean Monnet, INSERM, U 1059 Sainbiose, Saint-Etienne, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France
| | - David Blanco
- Physiotherapy Department, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Alexis Ruffault
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise, and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
- Unité de Recherche interfacultaire Santé & Société (URiSS), Université de Liège, Liege, Belgium
| | - Christophe Ley
- Department of Mathematics, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | | | - Joris Chapon
- Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, EA 7424, F-42023, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Lyon 1, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, Saint-Etienne, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France
| | - Karsten Hollander
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Pascal Edouard
- Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, EA 7424, F-42023, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Lyon 1, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, Saint-Etienne, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France
- Department of Clinical and Exercise Physiology, Sports Medicine Unit, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Faculty of Medicine, Saint-Etienne, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France
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Vallance E, Sutton-Charani N, Guyot P, Perrey S. Predictive modeling of the ratings of perceived exertion during training and competition in professional soccer players. J Sci Med Sport 2023:S1440-2440(23)00081-6. [PMID: 37198002 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Evaluate the ability of predicting the ratings of perceived exertion from the external load variables in professional soccer players through a chronological perspective (i.e., past features values are considered additional features) through machine learning models by considering the playing position. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. METHODS Thirty-eight elite soccer players aged 19-27 years were observed during 151 training sessions, 44 matches across a full season. External load variables (58 derived from Global Positioning System and 30 from accelerometers) and the internal load derived from ratings of perceived exertion were collected for each player and each session and match. Machine learning models (linear regression, K-NN, decision trees, random forest, elastic net regression, XGBoost) were compared and interpreted in order to deepen the relationship between external load variables and ratings of perceived exertion according to the player position in a predictive perspective. RESULTS Application of the machine learning models on the dataset provided enough predictive power to reduce the Root Mean Squared Error of 60 % from dummy predictions. The most accurate models (Root Mean Squared Error ≈ 1.1 for random forest and = 1 for XGBoost) highlighted a memory effect in subsequent ratings of perceived exertion values. Past ratings of perceived exertion values over one month were the strongest predicting factors of ratings of perceived exertion as compared to various external load indicators. CONCLUSIONS The tree-based machine learning models showed statistically significant predictive ability, indicating valuable information for understanding the training load responses based on ratings of perceived exertion changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Vallance
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, Univ Montpellier, IMT Mines Ales, France.
| | | | - Patrice Guyot
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, Univ Montpellier, IMT Mines Ales, France
| | - Stéphane Perrey
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, Univ Montpellier, IMT Mines Ales, France
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Bullock GS, Ward P, Losciale J, Collins GS. Predicting the Objective and Subjective Clinical Outcomes of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Machine Learning Analysis of 432 Patients: Letter to the Editor. Am J Sports Med 2023; 51:NP15-NP16. [PMID: 37002722 DOI: 10.1177/03635465231161059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
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Ye Z, Zhang T, Wu C, Qiao Y, Su W, Chen J, Xie G, Dong S, Xu J, Zhao J. Predicting the Objective and Subjective Clinical Outcomes of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Machine Learning Analysis of 432 Patients: Response. Am J Sports Med 2023; 51:NP17-NP18. [PMID: 37002726 DOI: 10.1177/03635465231161060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
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Bird MB, Koltun KJ, Mi Q, Lovalekar M, Martin BJ, Doyle TLA, Nindl BC. Predictive utility of commercial grade technologies for assessing musculoskeletal injury risk in US Marine Corps Officer candidates. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1088813. [PMID: 36733913 PMCID: PMC9887107 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1088813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, commercial grade technologies have provided black box algorithms potentially relating to musculoskeletal injury (MSKI) risk and functional movement deficits, in which may add value to a high-performance model. Thus, the purpose of this manuscript was to evaluate composite and component scores from commercial grade technologies associations to MSKI risk in Marine Officer Candidates. 689 candidates (Male candidates = 566, Female candidates = 123) performed counter movement jumps on SPARTA™ force plates and functional movements (squats, jumps, lunges) in DARI™ markerless motion capture at the start of Officer Candidates School (OCS). De-identified MSKI data was acquired from internal OCS reports for those who presented to the Physical Therapy department for MSKI treatment during the 10 weeks of training. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to validate the utility of the composite scores and supervised machine learning algorithms were deployed to create a population specific model on the normalized component variables in SPARTA™ and DARI™. Common MSKI risk factors (cMSKI) such as older age, slower run times, and females were associated with greater MSKI risk. Composite scores were significantly associated with MSKI, although the area under the curve (AUC) demonstrated poor discrimination (AUC = .55-.57). When supervised machine learning algorithms were trained on the normalized component variables and cMSKI variables, the overall training models performed well, but when the training models were tested on the testing data the models classified MSKI "by chance" (testing AUC avg = .55-.57) across all models. Composite scores and component population specific models were poor predictors of MSKI in candidates. While cMSKI, SPARTA™, and DARI™ models performed similarly, this study does not dismiss the use of commercial technologies but questions the utility of a singular screening task to predict MSKI over 10 weeks. Further investigations should evaluate occupation specific screening, serial measurements, and/or load exposure for creating MSKI risk models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B. Bird
- Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States,*Correspondence: Matthew B. Bird,
| | - Kristen J. Koltun
- Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Qi Mi
- Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Mita Lovalekar
- Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Brian J. Martin
- Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Tim L. A. Doyle
- Department of Health Sciences, Biomechanics, Physical Performance and Exercise Research Group, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bradley C. Nindl
- Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Mundt M, Born Z, Goldacre M, Alderson J. Estimating Ground Reaction Forces from Two-Dimensional Pose Data: A Biomechanics-Based Comparison of AlphaPose, BlazePose, and OpenPose. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 23:s23010078. [PMID: 36616676 PMCID: PMC9823796 DOI: 10.3390/s23010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The adoption of computer vision pose estimation approaches, used to identify keypoint locations which are intended to reflect the necessary anatomical landmarks relied upon by biomechanists for musculoskeletal modelling, has gained increasing traction in recent years. This uptake has been further accelerated by keypoint use as inputs into machine learning models used to estimate biomechanical parameters such as ground reaction forces (GRFs) in the absence of instrumentation required for direct measurement. This study first aimed to investigate the keypoint detection rate of three open-source pose estimation models (AlphaPose, BlazePose, and OpenPose) across varying movements, camera views, and trial lengths. Second, this study aimed to assess the suitability and interchangeability of keypoints detected by each pose estimation model when used as inputs into machine learning models for the estimation of GRFs. The keypoint detection rate of BlazePose was distinctly lower than that of AlphaPose and OpenPose. All pose estimation models achieved a high keypoint detection rate at the centre of an image frame and a lower detection rate in the true sagittal plane camera field of view, compared with slightly anteriorly or posteriorly located quasi-sagittal plane camera views. The three-dimensional ground reaction force, instantaneous loading rate, and peak force for running could be estimated using the keypoints of all three pose estimation models. However, only AlphaPose and OpenPose keypoints could be used interchangeably with a machine learning model trained to estimate GRFs based on AlphaPose keypoints resulting in a high estimation accuracy when OpenPose keypoints were used as inputs and vice versa. The findings of this study highlight the need for further evaluation of computer vision-based pose estimation models for application in biomechanical human modelling, and the limitations of machine learning-based GRF estimation models that rely on 2D keypoints. This is of particular relevance given that machine learning models informing athlete monitoring guidelines are being developed for application related to athlete well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Mundt
- UWA Minderoo Tech & Policy Lab, Law School, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Zachery Born
- UWA Minderoo Tech & Policy Lab, Law School, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Molly Goldacre
- UWA Minderoo Tech & Policy Lab, Law School, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Alderson
- UWA Minderoo Tech & Policy Lab, Law School, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
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Brocherie F, Chassard T, Toussaint JF, Sedeaud A. Comment on: "Black Box Prediction Methods in Sports Medicine Deserve a Red Card for Reckless Practice: A Change of Tactics is Needed to Advance Athlete Care". Sports Med 2022; 52:2797-2798. [PMID: 35870106 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01736-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Franck Brocherie
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France.
| | - Tom Chassard
- Université Paris Cité, IRMES-URP 7329, Institut de Recherche Médicale et d'Épidémiologie du Sport, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Toussaint
- Université Paris Cité, IRMES-URP 7329, Institut de Recherche Médicale et d'Épidémiologie du Sport, Paris, France.,Centre d'Investigation en Médecine du Sport, Hôtel-Dieu, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Adrien Sedeaud
- Université Paris Cité, IRMES-URP 7329, Institut de Recherche Médicale et d'Épidémiologie du Sport, Paris, France
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Response to Comment on: “Black Box Prediction Methods in Sports Medicine Deserve a Red Card for Reckless Practice: A Change of Tactics is Needed to Advance Athlete Care”. Sports Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01771-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Berndsen J, McHugh D. Comment on “Black Box Prediction Methods in Sports Medicine Deserve a Red Card for Reckless Practice: A Change of Tactics is Needed to Advance Athlete Care”. Sports Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01770-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hecksteden A, Schmartz GP, Egyptien Y, Aus der Fünten K, Keller A, Meyer T. Forecasting football injuries by combining screening, monitoring and machine learning. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2022:1-15. [PMID: 35757889 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2022.2095006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Identifying players or circumstances associated with an increased risk of injury is fundamental for successful risk management in football. So far, time-constant and volatile risk factors are generally considered separately in either a screening (constant) or a monitoring (volatile) approach each resulting in a restricted set of explanatory variables. Consequently, improvements in predictive accuracy may be expected when screening and monitoring data are combined, especially when analysed with current machine learning (ML) techniques. This trial was designed as a prospective observational cohort study aiming to forecast non-contact time-loss injuries in male professional football (soccer). Injuries were registered according to the Fuller consensus. Gradient boosting with ROSE upsampling within a leave-one-out cross-validation was used for data analysis. The hierarchical data structure was considered throughout. Different splits of the original dataset were used to probe the robustness of results. Data of 88 players from 4 teams and 51 injuries could be analysed. The cross-validated performance of the gradient boosted model (ROC area under the curve 0.61) was promising and higher compared to models without integration of screening data. Importantly, holdout test set performance was similar (ROC area under the curve 0.62) indicating prospect of generalizability to new cases. However, the variation of predictive accuracy and feature importance with different splits of the original dataset reflects the relatively low number of events. It is concluded that ML-based injury forecasting based on the integration of screening and monitoring data is promising. However, external prospective verification and continued model development are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Hecksteden
- Saarland University, Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | | | - Yanni Egyptien
- Saarland University, Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Karen Aus der Fünten
- Saarland University, Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Andreas Keller
- Saarland University, Chair for Clinical Bioinformatics, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Tim Meyer
- Saarland University, Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarbruecken, Germany
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