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Chen M, Jiang H, Zhang C. Selected Genetic Factors Associated with Primary Ovarian Insufficiency. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054423. [PMID: 36901862 PMCID: PMC10002966 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a heterogeneous disease resulting from non-functional ovaries in women before the age of 40. It is characterized by primary amenorrhea or secondary amenorrhea. As regards its etiology, although many POI cases are idiopathic, menopausal age is a heritable trait and genetic factors play an important role in all POI cases with known causes, accounting for approximately 20% to 25% of cases. This paper reviews the selected genetic causes implicated in POI and examines their pathogenic mechanisms to show the crucial role of genetic effects on POI. The genetic factors that can be found in POI cases include chromosomal abnormalities (e.g., X chromosomal aneuploidies, structural X chromosomal abnormalities, X-autosome translocations, and autosomal variations), single gene mutations (e.g., newborn ovary homeobox gene (NOBOX), folliculogenesis specific bHLH transcription factor (FIGLA), follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR), forkhead box L2 (FOXL2), bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15), etc., as well as defects in mitochondrial functions and non-coding RNAs (small ncRNAs and long ncRNAs). These findings are beneficial for doctors to diagnose idiopathic POI cases and predict the risk of POI in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengchi Chen
- Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Haotian Jiang
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Chunping Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
- Correspondence:
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Ramos L. WT1, NR0B1, NR5A1, LHX9, ZFP92, ZNF275, INSL3, and NRIP1 Genetic Variants in Patients with Premature Ovarian Insufficiency in a Mexican Cohort. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:611. [PMID: 35456418 PMCID: PMC9025227 DOI: 10.3390/genes13040611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is one of the main causes of female premature infertility. POI is a genetically heterogeneous disorder with a complex molecular etiology; as such, the genetic causes remain unknown in the majority of patients. Therefore, this study aimed to identify mutations and characterize the associated molecular contribution of gonadogenesis-determinant genes to POI. Genomic assays, including PCR-SSCP and Sanger sequencing, followed by in silico analyses were used to investigate the underpinnings of ovarian deficiency in 11 women affected by POI. Large deletions and nucleotide insertions and duplications were excluded by PCR. Thirteen genetic variants were identified in the WT1 (c.213G>T, c.609T>C, c.873A>G, c.1122G>A), NR0B1 (c.353C>T, c.425G>A), NR5A1 (c.437G>C, IVS4-20C>T), LHX9 (IVS2-12G>C, IVS3+13C>T, c.741T>C), ZNF275 (c.969C>T), and NRIP1 (c.3403C>T) genes. Seven novel genetic variants and five unpublished substitutions were identified. No genetic aberrations were detected in the ZFP92 and INSL3 genes. Each variant was genotyped using PCR-SSCP in 100 POI-free subjects, and their allelic frequencies were similar to the patients. These analyses indicated that allelic variation in the WT1, NR0B1, NR5A1, LHX9, ZFP92, ZNF275, INSL3, and NRIP1 genes may be a non-disease-causing change or may not contribute significantly to the genetics underlying POI disorders. Findings support the polygenic nature of this clinical disorder, with the SNVs identified representing only a probable contribution to the variability of the human genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Ramos
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico
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Rehnitz J, Capp E, Messmer B, Nguyen XP, Germeyer A, Freis A, Dietrich JE, Hinderhofer K, Strowitzki T, Vogt PH. FMR1 and AKT/mTOR Signaling in Human Granulosa Cells: Functional Interaction and Impact on Ovarian Response. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10173892. [PMID: 34501340 PMCID: PMC8432207 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10173892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to determine whether a functional link with impact on female ovarian reserve exists between FMR1 expression and expression ratios of AKT/mTOR signaling genes in human granulosa cells in vivo, as suggested from prior in vitro data. Three hundred and nine women, who were classified as normal (NOR; n = 225) and poor (POR; n = 84) responders based on their ovarian reserve, were recruited during stimulation for assisted reproductive techniques. Expressions of FMR1 and of key genes of the AKT/mTOR and AKT/FOXO1/3 signaling pathways were comparatively analyzed in their granulosa cells. FMR1 expression in granulosa cells of NOR and POR correlated significantly with AKT1, TSC2, mTOR, and S6K expression. No correlation was found between FMR1 and FOXO1 in all, and FOXO3 expression in POR, patients. AKT1 expression was significantly higher and FOXO1 expression lower in POR samples, whereas AKT1 expression was lower and FOXO1 expression was higher in NOR samples. In human native granulosa cells, FMR1 expression significantly correlated with the expression of key genes of the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, but not with the FOXO1/3 signaling pathway. Our data point to a functional link between FMR1 expression and expression of the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway genes controlling human follicular maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Rehnitz
- Division of Reproductive Genetics, Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, University Women’s Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (B.M.); (X.P.N.); (P.H.V.)
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, University Women’s Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (E.C.); (A.G.); (A.F.); (J.E.D.); (T.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-6221-56-7910
| | - Edison Capp
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, University Women’s Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (E.C.); (A.G.); (A.F.); (J.E.D.); (T.S.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medicine School, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Birgitta Messmer
- Division of Reproductive Genetics, Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, University Women’s Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (B.M.); (X.P.N.); (P.H.V.)
| | - Xuan Phuoc Nguyen
- Division of Reproductive Genetics, Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, University Women’s Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (B.M.); (X.P.N.); (P.H.V.)
| | - Ariane Germeyer
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, University Women’s Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (E.C.); (A.G.); (A.F.); (J.E.D.); (T.S.)
| | - Alexander Freis
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, University Women’s Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (E.C.); (A.G.); (A.F.); (J.E.D.); (T.S.)
| | - Jens Erik Dietrich
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, University Women’s Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (E.C.); (A.G.); (A.F.); (J.E.D.); (T.S.)
| | - Karin Hinderhofer
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, University Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Thomas Strowitzki
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, University Women’s Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (E.C.); (A.G.); (A.F.); (J.E.D.); (T.S.)
| | - Peter H. Vogt
- Division of Reproductive Genetics, Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, University Women’s Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (B.M.); (X.P.N.); (P.H.V.)
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Nagarathinam I, Chong SS, B. K. T, Justin Margret J, Venkataraman V, Natarajan Padmavathy K, Srisailapathy CRS. FMR1 gene CGG repeat distribution among the three individual cohorts with intellectual disability, autism, and primary ovarian insufficiency from Tamil Nadu, Southern India. ADVANCED GENETICS (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2021; 2:e10048. [PMID: 36618123 PMCID: PMC9744524 DOI: 10.1002/ggn2.10048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome is the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability (ID) and is also well known to have a role in primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) and fragile X-associated tremor ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) that expresses across generations. The objective was to compare the CGG repeat variants in FMR1 gene among three correlating cohorts of ID, autism and idiopathic POI. Thirty-six patients with ID, 12 with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and 13 females with idiopathic POI were screened for FMR1 CGG repeat size by fluorescent methylation-specific PCR and GeneScan analysis, irrespective of Hagerman checklist clinical scores. Among 29 males and seven females, 11 FMR1 allelic variants ranging from 21 to >200 CGG repeats were observed. Three (CF2-3, 39-5, 44-2) out of 29 males had full mutation alleles accounting for a 10.34% incidence of FXS among idiopathic ID males. One of them was a mosaic for CGG repeats with both premutation and full mutation alleles. The frequency of fragile X syndrome is high among patients with idiopathic ID; they also had a high score for the clinical check list. A cascade testing that begins with checklist evaluation prior to DNA analysis will be cost-effective for establishing early diagnosis in South India. With the huge disease burden, there is a need for the establishment of more molecular diagnostics and self-help groups for fragile X syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indhumathi Nagarathinam
- Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical SciencesUniversity of MadrasChennaiIndia,Department of Medical Genetics, Laboratory Services, Apollo Main HospitalChennaiIndia
| | - Samuel S. Chong
- Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Thelma B. K.
- Department of GeneticsUniversity of DelhiNew DelhiIndia
| | - Jeffrey Justin Margret
- Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical SciencesUniversity of MadrasChennaiIndia
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Assessment of FMR1 triplet repeats in patients affected with mental retardation, fragile X syndrome and primary ovarian insufficiency. J Genet 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-019-1171-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Defining the role of FMR1 gene in unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion. J Assist Reprod Genet 2019; 36:2245-2250. [PMID: 31625034 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-019-01591-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recurrent spontaneous abortion is a multifactorial disorder and till date, various factors have been attributed in its pathogenesis. Still, approximately 50% of RSA cases remain unexplained. Premutation (PM) expanded allele of fragile-X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene is known to contribute to ovarian dysfunction in 20% of the cases. Recently, the link between expanded FMR1 allele and recurrent miscarriages has been reported. METHOD In the present prospective case-control study, we have investigated the status of CGG repeat size at 5'UTR of the FMR1 gene in women with unexplained RSA in comparison to age-matched healthy control women (n = 100 each). The genomic DNA from these samples was subjected to molecular analysis for characterization of CGG repeat size and composition at FMR1 gene RESULTS: As compared to the control women, the RSA women cohort had a higher frequency of carriers with alleles in gray zone (GZ) and expanded PM range, i.e., 2% (2/100) versus 5% (5/100), respectively. Also, the RSA cohort had a significantly higher number of normal alleles with ≥ 35 CGG repeats (24 out of 200 alleles) as compared to control cohort (8 out of 200 alleles). The number of larger FMR1 alleles with pure CGG repeat tract was found to be significantly higher (P = 0.0063) in the RSA cohort (15 out of 200 alleles) as compared to that in control cohort (3 out of 200 alleles). CONCLUSION Henceforth, the CGG expanded uninterrupted FMR1 allele might be associated with recurrent abortions and may help to explain many of these unexplained cases.
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Beke A, Piko H, Haltrich I, Karcagi V, Rigo J, Molnar MJ, Fekete G. Study of patterns of inheritance of premature ovarian failure syndrome carrying maternal and paternal premutations. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2018; 19:113. [PMID: 29986653 PMCID: PMC6038184 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-018-0634-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Premature ovarian failure / primary ovarian insufficiency (POF/POI) associated with the mutations of the FMR1 (Fragile-X Mental Retardation 1) gene belongs to the group of the so-called trinucleotide expansion diseases. Our aim was to analyse the relationship between the paternally inherited premutation (PIP) and the maternally inherited premutation (MIP) by the examination of the family members of women with POF, carrying the premutation allele confirmed by molecular genetic testing. METHODS Molecular genetic testing was performed in the patients of the 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology with suspected premature ovarian failure. First we performed the southern blot analyses and for the certified premutation cases we used the Repeat Primed PCR. RESULTS Due to POF/POI, a total of 125 patients underwent genetic testing. The FMR1 gene trinucleotide repeat number was examined in the DNA samples of the patients, and in 15 cases (12%) deviations (CGG repeat number corresponding to premutation or gray zone) were detected. In 6 cases out of the 15 cases the CGG repeat number fell within the range of the so-called gray zone (41-54 CGG repeat) (4.8%, 6/125), and the FMR1 premutation (55-200 CGG repeat) ratio was 7.2% (9/125). In 4 out of the 15 cases we found differences in both alleles, one was a premutation allele, and the other allele showed a repeat number belonging to the gray zone. Out of 15 cases, only maternal inheritance (MIP) was detected in 2 cases, in one case the premutation allele (91 CGG repeat number), while in the other case an allele belonging to the gray zone (41 CGG repeat number) were inherited from their mothers. In 10 out of 15 cases, the patient inherited the premutation allele only from the father (PIP). In 5 out of the 10 cases (50%) the premutation allele was inherited from the father, and the repeat number ranged from 55 to 133. Out of 125 cases, 9 patients had detectable cytogenetic abnormalities (7.2%). CONCLUSIONS The RP-PCR method can be used to define the smaller premutations and the exact CGG number. Due to the quantitative nature of the RP-PCR, it is possible to detect the mosaicism as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Beke
- 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, Baross u. 27, Budapest, 1428, Hungary.
| | - Henriett Piko
- Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Iren Haltrich
- 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University fekete, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Veronika Karcagi
- Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Janos Rigo
- 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, Baross u. 27, Budapest, 1428, Hungary
| | - Maria Judit Molnar
- Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Fekete
- 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University fekete, Budapest, Hungary
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