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Zhang W, Zhang J, Wang Y, Wang S, Wu Y, Zhang W, Wu M, Wang L, Xu G, Deng F, Liu W, Liu Z, Chen L, Xiao K, Zhang L. In Vitro Detection of S100B and Severity Evaluation of Traumatic Brain Injury Based on Biomimetic Peptide-Modified Nanochannels. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2306809. [PMID: 38009781 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The diagnosis and evaluation of traumatic brain injury (TBI) are crucial steps toward the treatment and prognosis of patients. A common question remains as to whether it is possible to introduce an ideal device for signal detection and evaluation that can directly connect digital signals with TBI, thereby enabling prompt response of the evaluation signal and sensitive and specific functioning of the detection process. Herein, a method is presented utilizing polymetric porous membranes with TRTK-12 peptide-modified nanochannels for the detection of S100B (a TBI biomarker) and assessment of TBI severity. The method leverages the specific bonding force between TRTK-12 peptide and S100B protein, along with the nanoconfinement effect of nanochannels, to achieve high sensitivity (LOD: 0.002 ng mL-1) and specificity (∆I/I0: 44.7%), utilizing ionic current change as an indicator. The proposed method, which is both sensitive and specific, offers a simple yet responsive approach for real-time evaluation of TBI severity. This innovative technique provides valuable scientific insights into the advancement of future diagnostic and therapeutic integration devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyuan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
- Shenzhen Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, 518000, P. R. China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Longgang Central Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518116, P. R. China
| | - Jianrui Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yijun Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Senyao Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yitian Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Wenchang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Longgang Central Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518116, P. R. China
| | - Minghui Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Li Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Guoheng Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Fuan Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Wenchao Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Zhengwei Liu
- Shenzhen Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, 518000, P. R. China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Longgang Central Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518116, P. R. China
| | - Lu Chen
- School of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Kai Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
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Jović M, Prim D, Saini E, Pfeifer ME. Towards a Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnostic Platform for the Multiplex Electrochemiluminescent (ECL) Sensing of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) Biomarkers. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:172. [PMID: 35323442 PMCID: PMC8946848 DOI: 10.3390/bios12030172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Globally, 70 million people are annually affected by TBI. A significant proportion of all TBI cases are actually mild TBI (concussion, 70-85%), which is considerably more difficult to diagnose due to the absence of apparent symptoms. Current clinical practice of diagnosing mTBI largely resides on the patients' history, clinical aspects, and CT and MRI neuroimaging observations. The latter methods are costly, time-consuming, and not amenable for decentralized or accident site measurements. As an alternative (and/or complementary), mTBI diagnostics can be performed by detection of mTBI biomarkers from patients' blood. Herein, we proposed two strategies for the detection of three mTBI-relevant biomarkers (GFAP, h-FABP, and S100β), in standard solutions and in human serum samples by using an electrochemiluminescence (ECL) immunoassay on (i) a commercial ECL platform in 96-well plate format, and (ii) a "POC-friendly" platform with disposable screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCE) and a portable ECL reader. We further demonstrated a proof-of-concept for integrating three individually developed mTBI assays ("singleplex") into a three-plex ("multiplex") assay on a single SPCE using a spatially resolved ECL approach. The presented methodology demonstrates feasibility and a first step towards the development of a rapid POC multiplex diagnostic system for the detection of a mTBI biomarker panel on a single SPCE.
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TBISTAT: An open-source, wireless portable, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy capable potentiostat for the point-of-care detection of S100B in plasma samples. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263738. [PMID: 35130295 PMCID: PMC8820642 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Point-of-Care (POC) testing for biomarker detection demands techniques that are easy to use, readily available, low-cost, and with rapid response times. This paper describes the development of a fully open-source, modular, wireless, battery-powered, smartphone-controlled, low-cost potentiostat capable of conducting electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for the electrochemical detection of the S100B protein captured in an ANTI-S100B functionalized thin-film gold interdigitated electrode platform to support traumatic brain injury diagnosis and treatment. EIS results from the developed potentiostat were validated with a commercial benchtop potentiostat by comparing impedance magnitude and phase values along the EIS frequency range. In addition, an experimental design was performed for detecting S100B in spiked human plasma samples with S100B concentrations of clinical utility, and a calibration curve was found for quantifying S100B detection. No statistically significant differences were found between EIS results from the developed potentiostat and the commercial potentiostat. Statistically significant differences in the changes in charge transfer resistance signal between each tested S100B concentration (p < 0.05) were found, with a limit of detection of 35.73 pg/mL. The modularity of the proposed potentiostat allows easier component changes according to the application demands in power, frequency excitation ranges, wireless communication protocol, signal amplification and transduction, precision, and sampling frequency of ADC, among others, when compared to state-of-the-art open-source EIS potentiostats. In addition, the use of minimal, easy acquirable open-source hardware and software, high-level filtering, accurate ADC, Fast Fourier Transform with low spectral leakage, wireless communication, and the simple user interface provides a framework for facilitating EIS analysis and developing new affordable instrumentation for POC biosensors integrated systems.
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Pankratova N, Jović M, Pfeifer ME. Electrochemical sensing of blood proteins for mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) diagnostics and prognostics: towards a point-of-care application. RSC Adv 2021; 11:17301-17319. [PMID: 34094508 PMCID: PMC8114542 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00589h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) being one of the principal causes of death and acquired disability in the world imposes a large burden on the global economy. Mild TBI (mTBI) is particularly challenging to assess due to the frequent lack of well-pronounced post-injury symptoms. However, if left untreated mTBI (especially when repetitive) can lead to serious long-term implications such as cognitive and neuropathological disorders. Computer tomography and magnetic resonance imaging commonly used for TBI diagnostics require well-trained personnel, are costly, difficult to adapt for on-site measurements and are not always reliable in identifying small brain lesions. Thus, there is an increasing demand for sensitive point-of-care (POC) testing tools in order to aid mTBI diagnostics and prediction of long-term effects. Biomarker quantification in body fluids is a promising basis for POC measurements, even though establishing a clinically relevant mTBI biomarker panel remains a challenge. Actually, a minimally invasive, rapid and reliable multianalyte detection device would allow the efficient determination of injury biomarker release kinetics and thus support the preclinical evaluation and clinical validation of a proposed biomarker panel for future decentralized in vitro diagnostics. In this respect electrochemical biosensors have recently attracted great attention and the present article provides a critical study on the electrochemical protocols suggested in the literature for detection of mTBI-relevant protein biomarkers. The authors give an overview of the analytical approaches for transduction element functionalization, review recent technological advances and highlight the key challenges remaining in view of an eventual integration of the proposed concepts into POC diagnostic solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezda Pankratova
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO Valais-Wallis), School of Engineering, Institute of Life Technologies, Diagnostic Systems Research Group Route du Rawil 64 1950 Sion Switzerland
| | - Milica Jović
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO Valais-Wallis), School of Engineering, Institute of Life Technologies, Diagnostic Systems Research Group Route du Rawil 64 1950 Sion Switzerland
| | - Marc E Pfeifer
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO Valais-Wallis), School of Engineering, Institute of Life Technologies, Diagnostic Systems Research Group Route du Rawil 64 1950 Sion Switzerland
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Turner S, Lazarus R, Marion D, Main KL. Molecular and Diffusion Tensor Imaging Biomarkers of Traumatic Brain Injury: Principles for Investigation and Integration. J Neurotrauma 2021; 38:1762-1782. [PMID: 33446015 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.7259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The last 20 years have seen the advent of new technologies that enhance the diagnosis and prognosis of traumatic brain injury (TBI). There is recognition that TBI affects the brain beyond initial injury, in some cases inciting a progressive neuropathology that leads to chronic impairments. Medical researchers are now searching for biomarkers to detect and monitor this condition. Perhaps the most promising developments are in the biomolecular and neuroimaging domains. Molecular assays can identify proteins indicative of neuronal injury and/or degeneration. Diffusion imaging now allows sensitive evaluations of the brain's cellular microstructure. As the pace of discovery accelerates, it is important to survey the research landscape and identify promising avenues of investigation. In this review, we discuss the potential of molecular and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) biomarkers in TBI research. Integration of these technologies could advance models of disease prognosis, ultimately improving care. To date, however, few studies have explored relationships between molecular and DTI variables in patients with TBI. Here, we provide a short primer on each technology, review the latest research, and discuss how these biomarkers may be incorporated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Turner
- Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.,General Dynamics Information Technology, Falls Church, Virginia, USA
| | - Rachel Lazarus
- Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.,General Dynamics Information Technology, Falls Church, Virginia, USA
| | - Donald Marion
- Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.,General Dynamics Information Technology, Falls Church, Virginia, USA
| | - Keith L Main
- Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.,General Dynamics Information Technology, Falls Church, Virginia, USA
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Rodríguez A, Burgos-Flórez F, Posada JD, Cervera E, Zucolotto V, Sanjuán H, Sanjuán M, Villalba PJ. Electrochemical Immunosensor for the Quantification of S100B at Clinically Relevant Levels Using a Cysteamine Modified Surface. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21061929. [PMID: 33801798 PMCID: PMC8001999 DOI: 10.3390/s21061929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal damage secondary to traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a rapidly evolving condition, which requires therapeutic decisions based on the timely identification of clinical deterioration. Changes in S100B biomarker levels are associated with TBI severity and patient outcome. The S100B quantification is often difficult since standard immunoassays are time-consuming, costly, and require extensive expertise. A zero-length cross-linking approach on a cysteamine self-assembled monolayer (SAM) was performed to immobilize anti-S100B monoclonal antibodies onto both planar (AuEs) and interdigitated (AuIDEs) gold electrodes via carbonyl-bond. Surface characterization was performed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and specular-reflectance FTIR for each functionalization step. Biosensor response was studied using the change in charge-transfer resistance (Rct) from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in potassium ferrocyanide, with [S100B] ranging 10–1000 pg/mL. A single-frequency analysis for capacitances was also performed in AuIDEs. Full factorial designs were applied to assess biosensor sensitivity, specificity, and limit-of-detection (LOD). Higher Rct values were found with increased S100B concentration in both platforms. LODs were 18 pg/mL(AuES) and 6 pg/mL(AuIDEs). AuIDEs provide a simpler manufacturing protocol, with reduced fabrication time and possibly costs, simpler electrochemical response analysis, and could be used for single-frequency analysis for monitoring capacitance changes related to S100B levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Rodríguez
- Biotechnology Research Group, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia; (A.R.); (F.B.-F.); (E.C.); (H.S.)
| | - Francisco Burgos-Flórez
- Biotechnology Research Group, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia; (A.R.); (F.B.-F.); (E.C.); (H.S.)
- Rational Use of Energy and Preservation of the Environment Group (UREMA), Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia;
| | - José D. Posada
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA;
| | - Eliana Cervera
- Biotechnology Research Group, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia; (A.R.); (F.B.-F.); (E.C.); (H.S.)
| | - Valtencir Zucolotto
- Gnano—Nanomedicine and Nanotoxicology Group, São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos 13566-590, São Paulo, Brazil;
| | - Homero Sanjuán
- Biotechnology Research Group, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia; (A.R.); (F.B.-F.); (E.C.); (H.S.)
| | - Marco Sanjuán
- Rational Use of Energy and Preservation of the Environment Group (UREMA), Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia;
| | - Pedro J. Villalba
- Biotechnology Research Group, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia; (A.R.); (F.B.-F.); (E.C.); (H.S.)
- Correspondence:
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