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Capustin M, Frishman WH. Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis and Novel Therapies to Treat This Not-so-rare Cause of Cardiomyopathy. Cardiol Rev 2021; 29:263-273. [PMID: 34397539 DOI: 10.1097/crd.0000000000000387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis (ATTR-CA) is typically a late-onset disease caused by the deposit of transthyretin amyloid fibrils throughout the heart. When this occurs, various cardiac sequelae can develop, including hypotension, conduction abnormalities, and valvular lesions. The cardiomyopathy caused by ATTR-CA (ATTR-CM) has proven difficult to treat. Until recently, symptomatic management was the only therapeutic option, and many therapies used to treat congestive heart failure were ineffective or even detrimental to patients with ATTR-CM. In addition, treatment was limited to heart and liver transplantation. As a result, prognosis was poor. Recently, a few drug therapies have come to light as potential treatment modalities for ATTR-CM, most notably tafamidis, sold under the brand names Vyndaqel and Vyndamax. After the phase III Transthyretin Amyloidosis Cardiomyopathy trial displayed the drug's efficacy, it was given breakthrough therapy designation and was approved by the Food and Drug Administration on May 6, 2019, for the treatment of ATTR-CA. This novel therapy, as well as various other therapies in the pipeline, such as inotersen and patisiran, provide hope where, until recently, there was little. Unfortunately, the exorbitant cost of these new therapies may present a barrier to long-term treatment for some patients. However, by further improving diagnostic algorithms and incorporating these new treatments into our existing therapeutic modalities, patients with ATTR-CA should be able to live far longer than previously expected. Finally, further research combining these novel treatment modalities must be done, as they may prove to be additive or even synergistic in their treatment of ATTR amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Capustin
- From the Department of Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine/Northwell Northshore-Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Manhasset, NY
| | - William H Frishman
- Department of Medicine and Cardiology, New York Medicine and Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY
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2
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Santarelli MF, Scipioni M, Genovesi D, Giorgetti A, Marzullo P, Landini L. Imaging Techniques as an Aid in the Early Detection of Cardiac Amyloidosis. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:1878-1889. [PMID: 32787756 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200813133557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The idea that performing a proper succession of imaging tests and techniques allows an accurate and early diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis, avoiding the need to perform the myocardial biopsy, is becoming increasingly popular. Furthermore, being imaging techniques non-invasive, it is possible to perform the follow-up of the pathology through repeated image acquisitions. In the present review, the various innovative imaging methodologies are presented, and it is discussed how they have been applied for early diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis (CA), also to distinguish the two most frequent subtypes in CA: immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis (AL) and transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR); this allows to perform the therapy in a targeted and rapid manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Scipioni
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy
| | - D Genovesi
- Fondazione Toscana "G. Monasterio", Pisa, Italy
| | - A Giorgetti
- Fondazione Toscana "G. Monasterio", Pisa, Italy
| | - P Marzullo
- Fondazione Toscana "G. Monasterio", Pisa, Italy
| | - L Landini
- Fondazione Toscana "G. Monasterio", Pisa, Italy
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Nasrullah A, Javed A, Jayakrishnan TT, Brumbaugh A, Sandhu A, Hardman B. AL type cardiac amyloidosis: a devastating fatal disease. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect 2021; 11:407-412. [PMID: 34234917 PMCID: PMC8118408 DOI: 10.1080/20009666.2021.1915547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cardiac amyloidosis is a rare entity with a grave prognosis. Due to the low index of suspicion secondary to non-specific symptoms, it is often diagnosed at an advanced stage with multi-organ involvement. Methods We report a case of systemic AL amyloidosis with predominant cardiac and renal involvement associated with multiple myeloma. Case Summary A 60-year-old male presented with progressive anasarca, orthopnea and weight gain over 8 months. On clinical examination, 3+ pitting edema was found in bilateral extremities and scrotum. Serum N-type proBNP and troponin T were elevated, and EKG showed diffuse low voltage QRS, right axis deviation, and 1st degree AV block. Echocardiography revealed granular myocardium, biventricular hypertrophy, bi-atrial dilation and apical sparing pattern on global longitudinal strain which was suggestive of cardiac amyloidosis. Light chain assessment showed elevated kappa and lambda chains with kappa to lambda ratio of 16.2. Endomyocardial biopsy revealed AL type cardiac amyloidosis, and bone marrow biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of multiple myeloma. He received six cycles of bortezomib, cyclophosphamide, and dexamethasone but continued to deteriorate. He experienced an episode of cardiac arrest following which he had a return of spontaneous circulation but due to poor prognosis, the family opted for pursuing comfort measures only. Conclusions Cardiac involvement in AL type amyloidosis imparts significant morbidity and mortality. The management of cardiac amyloidosis entails a multidisciplinary approach with an emphasis on cardiology and oncology. Despite the novel diagnostic modalities and treatment regimens, the outcome for AL-type cardiac amyloidosis remains poor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeel Nasrullah
- Department of Medicine, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Anam Javed
- Department of Medicine, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, USA
| | | | - Aaron Brumbaugh
- Department of Radiology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Ariel Sandhu
- Department of Pathology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Brent Hardman
- Department of Medicine, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, USA
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Kozak S, Ulbrich K, Migacz M, Szydło K, Mizia-Stec K, Holecki M. Cardiac Amyloidosis-Challenging Diagnosis and Unclear Clinical Picture. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2021; 57:medicina57050450. [PMID: 34066321 PMCID: PMC8148212 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57050450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac amyloidosis (CA) is a rare systemic disease determined by the extracellular deposition of amyloid protein in the heart. The protein can accumulate in any part of the heart: myocardium, vessels, endocardium, valves, epicardium and parietal pericardium. The types of CA include the following types: light chain (AL), amyloidosis AA (Amyloid A) and transthyretin (ATTR). The detection of specific subtypes remains of great importance to implement the targeted treatment. We present the case of a 65-year-old woman, who was admitted with severe deterioration of exercise capacity, a bilateral reduction of physiological vesicular murmur, ascites and edema of lower extremities. CA was suspected due to echocardiographic examination results, which led to further examination and final diagnosis. The aim of this study is to improve the disease awareness among clinicians and shorten the delay between the first symptoms and the diagnosis establishment resulting in a better outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Kozak
- Student Scientific Society at the Department of Internal, Autoimmune and Metabolic Diseases, School of Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland; (S.K.); (K.U.)
| | - Krzysztof Ulbrich
- Student Scientific Society at the Department of Internal, Autoimmune and Metabolic Diseases, School of Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland; (S.K.); (K.U.)
| | - Maciej Migacz
- Department of Internal, Autoimmune and Metabolic Diseases, School of Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof Szydło
- 1st Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland; (K.S.); (K.M.-S.)
| | - Katarzyna Mizia-Stec
- 1st Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland; (K.S.); (K.M.-S.)
| | - Michał Holecki
- Department of Internal, Autoimmune and Metabolic Diseases, School of Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-32-7894301
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Santarelli MF, Genovesi D, Positano V, Scipioni M, Vergaro G, Favilli B, Giorgetti A, Emdin M, Landini L, Marzullo P. Deep-learning-based cardiac amyloidosis classification from early acquired pet images. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2021; 37:2327-2335. [PMID: 33591476 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-021-02190-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present work was to evaluate the potential of deep learning tools for characterizing the presence of cardiac amyloidosis from early acquired PET images, i.e. 15 min after [18F]-Florbetaben tracer injection. 47 subjects were included in the study: 13 patients with transthyretin-related amyloidosis cardiac amyloidosis (ATTR-CA), 15 patients with immunoglobulin light-chain amyloidosis (AL-CA), and 19 control-patients (CTRL). [18F]-Florbetaben PET/CT images were acquired in list mode and data was sorted into a sinogram, covering a time interval of 5 min starting 15 min after the injection. The resulting sinogram was reconstructed using OSEM iterative algorithm. A deep convolutional neural network (CAclassNet) was designed and implemented, consisting of five 2D convolutional layers, three fully connected layers and a final classifier returning AL, ATTR and CTRL scores. A total of 1107 2D images (375 from AL-subtype patients, 312 from ATTR-subtype, and 420 from Controls) have been considered in the study and used to train, validate and test the proposed network. CAclassNet cross-validation resulted with train error mean ± sd of 2.001% ± 0.96%, validation error of 4.5% ± 2.26%, and net accuracy of 95.49% ± 2.26%. Network test error resulted in a mean ± sd values of 10.73% ± 0.76%. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy evaluated on the test dataset were respectively for AL-CA sub-type: 1, 0.912, 0.936; for ATTR-CA: 0.935, 0.897, 0.972; for control subjects: 0.809, 0.971, 0.909. In conclusion, the proposed CAclassNet model seems very promising as an aid for the clinician in the diagnosis of CA from cardiac [18F]-Florbetaben PET images acquired a few minutes after the injection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michele Scipioni
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Michele Emdin
- Scuola Universitaria Superiore 'S. Anna", Pisa, Italy
| | - Luigi Landini
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Dell'Informazione: DII, Pisa University, Pisa, Italy
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Frantellizzi V, Cosma L, Pani A, Pontico M, Conte M, De Angelis C, De Vincentis G. Role of Nuclear Imaging in Cardiac Amyloidosis Management: Clinical Evidence and Review of Literature. Curr Med Imaging 2020; 16:957-966. [PMID: 33081658 DOI: 10.2174/1573405615666191210103452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac amyloidosis (CA) is an infiltrative disease characterized by the extracellular deposition of fibrils, amyloid, in the heart. The vast majority of patients with CA has one of two types between transthyretin amyloid (ATTR) and immunoglobulin light chain associated amyloid (AL), that have different prognosis and therapeutic options. CA is often underdiagnosed. The histological analysis of endomyocardial tissue is the gold standard for the diagnosis, although it has its limitations due to its invasive nature. Nuclear medicine now plays a key role in the early and accurate diagnosis of this disease, and in the ability to distinguish between the two forms. Recent several studies support the potential advantage of bone-seeking radionuclides as a screening technique for the most common types of amyloidosis, in particular ATTR form. This review presents noninvasive modalities to diagnose CA and focuses on the radionuclide imaging techniques (bone-seeking agents scintigraphy, cardiac sympathetic innervation and positron emission tomography studies) available to visualize myocardial amyloid involvement. Furthermore, we report the case of an 83-year old male with a history of prostate cancer, carcinoma of the cecum and kidney cancer, submitted to bone scan to detect bone metastasis, that revealed a myocardial uptake of 99mTC-HMPD suggestive of ATTR CA. An accurate and early diagnosis of CA able to distinguish beyween AL and ATTR CA combined to the improving therapies could improve the survival of patients with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Frantellizzi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Cosma
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Anatomical Pathology, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Arianna Pani
- School of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Mariano Pontico
- Program in Morphogenesis & Tissue Engineering, Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Miriam Conte
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Anatomical Pathology, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina De Angelis
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Anatomical Pathology, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe De Vincentis
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Anatomical Pathology, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
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