1
|
Sabeghi P, Katal S, Chen M, Taravat F, Werner TJ, Saboury B, Gholamrezanezhad A, Alavi A. Update on Positron Emission Tomography/Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Cancer and Inflammation Imaging in the Clinic. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2023; 31:517-538. [PMID: 37741639 DOI: 10.1016/j.mric.2023.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid PET/MRI is highly valuable, having made significant strides in overcoming technical challenges and offering unique advantages such as reduced radiation, precise data coregistration, and motion correction. Growing evidence highlights the value of PET/MRI in broad clinical aspects, including inflammatory and oncological imaging in adults, pregnant women, and pediatrics, potentially surpassing PET/CT. This newly integrated solution may be preferred over PET/CT in many clinical conditions. However, further technological advancements are required to facilitate its broader adoption as a routine diagnostic modality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paniz Sabeghi
- Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Health Science Campus, 1500 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Sanaz Katal
- Medical Imaging Department of St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michelle Chen
- Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Health Science Campus, 1500 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Farzaneh Taravat
- Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Health Science Campus, 1500 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Thomas J Werner
- Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Babak Saboury
- Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ali Gholamrezanezhad
- Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Health Science Campus, 1500 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Abass Alavi
- Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wong GS, Bass D, Chen IY, Thomas R, Velez MJ, Hobbs SK. Imaging and Clinical Findings in a Series of Six Cases of Rare Primary Mediastinal Liposarcoma. Radiol Cardiothorac Imaging 2022; 4:e210259. [PMID: 35506134 DOI: 10.1148/ryct.210259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Primary mediastinal liposarcoma is a rare, fat-containing malignant lesion that can manifest incidentally with varied imaging appearances. The size and location within the mediastinum can vary among patients. Here, the authors describe the clinical presentation, radiographic characteristics, management, and prognosis in a series of six patients with primary mediastinal liposarcoma. The following case series suggests that even simple-appearing fatty intrathoracic lesions may lead to the development of malignant imaging features. Keywords: Conventional Radiography, CT, MR Imaging, PET/CT, Soft Tissues/Skin, Thorax, Mediastinum ©RSNA, 2022.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gordon S Wong
- School of Medicine and Dentistry (G.S.W.), Department of Imaging Sciences (D.B., S.K.H.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (I.Y.C., M.J.V.), and Department of Gastroenterology (R.T.), University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - David Bass
- School of Medicine and Dentistry (G.S.W.), Department of Imaging Sciences (D.B., S.K.H.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (I.Y.C., M.J.V.), and Department of Gastroenterology (R.T.), University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Irene Y Chen
- School of Medicine and Dentistry (G.S.W.), Department of Imaging Sciences (D.B., S.K.H.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (I.Y.C., M.J.V.), and Department of Gastroenterology (R.T.), University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Raymond Thomas
- School of Medicine and Dentistry (G.S.W.), Department of Imaging Sciences (D.B., S.K.H.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (I.Y.C., M.J.V.), and Department of Gastroenterology (R.T.), University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Moises J Velez
- School of Medicine and Dentistry (G.S.W.), Department of Imaging Sciences (D.B., S.K.H.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (I.Y.C., M.J.V.), and Department of Gastroenterology (R.T.), University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Susan K Hobbs
- School of Medicine and Dentistry (G.S.W.), Department of Imaging Sciences (D.B., S.K.H.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (I.Y.C., M.J.V.), and Department of Gastroenterology (R.T.), University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY 14642
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Radiomic features as biomarkers of soft tissue paediatric sarcomas: preliminary results of a PET/MR study. Radiol Oncol 2022; 56:138-141. [PMID: 35344641 PMCID: PMC9122292 DOI: 10.2478/raon-2022-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric soft tissue sarcomas are rare tumors with rhabdomyosarcoma being the most frequent histotype. Diagnostic imaging plays a significant role in the evaluation of this type of tumors. Thus, aim of this study was to assess the prognostic and diagnostic value of radiomic features extracted from axial T2w images of the primary lesion in children with soft tissue sarcomas examined by PET/MR for staging. METHODS Using an open source software, each lesion was segmented and 33 radiomic features then extracted. Factor and logistic regression analyses were applied to select highly correlating features and evaluate their prognostic role, respectively. Differences in radiomic, demographics, metabolic, and laboratory variables according to tumor grade and histotype were investigated by the Students' and Chi-square tests. In case of differences the diagnostic value of the variable/s was assessed by receiver operating curves. RESULTS Eighteen children (11 female; mean age 7.8 ± 4.6-year-old) matched the inclusion criteria. The factor analysis allowed the selection of five highly correlating features which, according to regression analysis, did not influence the outcome (p > 0.05, each). The feature lmc1 was significantly higher in low grade lesions (p = 0.045) and showed 70.4% accuracy in classifying high grade tumors while the feature variance was significantly lower in rhabdomyosarcomas (p = 0.008) and showed 83.3% accuracy for this histotype. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, our preliminary results suggest that specific radiomic features may act as biomarkers of pediatric soft tissue sarcoma grade and histotype.
Collapse
|
4
|
Kwee RM, Kwee TC. Diagnostic performance of MRI in detecting locally recurrent soft tissue sarcoma: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Radiol 2022; 32:3915-3930. [PMID: 35020015 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-021-08457-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To systematically review the diagnostic criteria and performance of MRI in detecting locally recurrent soft tissue sarcoma. METHODS Medline and Embase were searched for original studies on the diagnostic performance of MRI detecting locally recurrent soft tissue sarcoma. Study quality was assessed using QUADAS-2. Sensitivity and specificity were pooled using a bivariate random-effects model. RESULTS Ten studies were included. There was a high risk of bias with respect to patient selection in 2 studies and a high risk of bias with respect to flow and timing in 8 studies. The presence of a mass yielded a pooled sensitivity of 80.9% and a pooled specificity of 77.0%. Hyperintensity at T2-weighted imaging yielded a pooled sensitivity of 82.4% and a pooled specificity of 11.0%. Hypo- or isointensity at T1-weighted imaging yielded a pooled sensitivity of 82.0% and a pooled specificity of 14.3%. Contrast enhancement images yielded a pooled sensitivity of 95.9% and a pooled specificity of 12.3%. Low signal mass on the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) map yielded a pooled sensitivity of 67.5% and a pooled specificity of 95.3%. Early and rapid arterial phase enhancement at dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI yielded a pooled sensitivity of 91.3% and a pooled specificity of 84.7%. CONCLUSION The presence of a mass appears a useful criterion to diagnose locally recurrent soft tissue sarcoma. Signal characteristics at standard T2- and T1-weighted imaging and contrast enhancement seem less useful because they lack specificity. Functional MRI techniques, including DWI with ADC mapping and DCE, may help to make a correct diagnosis. KEY POINTS • The presence of a mass at MRI appears useful to diagnose locally recurrent soft tissue sarcoma, because both sensitivity and specificity are fairly high. • Signal characteristics at standard T2- and T1-weighted sequences and contrast enhancement suffer from poor specificity. • DWI with ADC mapping and DCE may help to make a correct diagnosis, but further research is needed to better understand the value of these functional MRI techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Kwee
- Department of Radiology, Zuyderland Medical Center, Heerlen/Sittard/Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas C Kwee
- Medical Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Seifert R, Kersting D, Rischpler C, Opitz M, Kirchner J, Pabst KM, Mavroeidi IA, Laschinsky C, Grueneisen J, Schaarschmidt B, Catalano OA, Herrmann K, Umutlu L. Clinical Use of PET/MR in Oncology: An Update. Semin Nucl Med 2021; 52:356-364. [PMID: 34980479 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2021.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The combination of PET and MRI is one of the recent advances of hybrid imaging. Yet to date, the adoption rate of PET/MRI systems has been rather slow. This seems to be partially caused by the high costs of PET/MRI systems and the need to verify an incremental benefit over PET/CT or sequential PET/CT and MRI. In analogy to PET/CT, the MRI part of PET/MRI was primarily used for anatomical imaging. Though this can be advantageous, for example in diseases where the superior soft tissue contrast of MRI is highly appreciated, the sole use of MRI for anatomical orientation lessens the potential of PET/MRI. Consequently, more recent studies focused on its multiparametric potential and employed diffusion weighted sequences and other functional imaging sequences in PET/MRI. This integration puts the focus on a more wholesome approach to PET/MR imaging, in terms of releasing its full potential for local primary staging based on multiparametric imaging and an included one-stop shop approach for whole-body staging. This approach as well as the implementation of computational analysis, in terms of radiomics analysis, has been shown valuable in several oncological diseases, as will be discussed in this review article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Seifert
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany; West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - David Kersting
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Christoph Rischpler
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Marcel Opitz
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Julian Kirchner
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Dusseldorf, Medical Faculty, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Kim M Pabst
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ilektra-Antonia Mavroeidi
- West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.; Clinic for Internal Medicine (Tumor Research), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Christina Laschinsky
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Johannes Grueneisen
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Benedikt Schaarschmidt
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Onofrio Antonio Catalano
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA; Abdominal Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ken Herrmann
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Lale Umutlu
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chodyla M, Demircioglu A, Schaarschmidt BM, Bertram S, Morawitz J, Bauer S, Podleska L, Rischpler C, Forsting M, Herrmann K, Umutlu L, Grueneisen J. Evaluation of the Predictive Potential of 18F-FDG PET and DWI Data Sets for Relevant Prognostic Parameters of Primary Soft-Tissue Sarcomas. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112753. [PMID: 34206128 PMCID: PMC8199532 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the potential of simultaneously acquired 18F-FDG PET- and MR-derived quantitative imaging data sets of primary soft-tissue sarcomas for the prediction of neoadjuvant treatment response, the metastatic status and tumor grade. METHODS A total of 52 patients with a high-risk soft-tissue sarcoma underwent a 18F-FDG PET/MR examination within one week before the start of neoadjuvant treatment. For each patient, the maximum tumor size, metabolic activity (SUVs), and diffusion-restriction (ADC values) of the tumor manifestations were determined. A Mann-Whitney-U test was used, and ROC analysis was performed to evaluate the potential to predict histopathological treatment response, the metastatic status or tumor grade. The results from the histopathological analysis served as reference standard. RESULTS Soft-tissue sarcomas with a histopathological treatment response revealed a significantly higher metabolic activity than tumors in the non-responder group. In addition, grade 3 tumors showed a significant higher 18F-FDG uptake than grade 2 tumors. Furthermore, no significant correlation between the different outcome variables and tumor size or calculated ADC-values could be identified. CONCLUSION Measurements of the metabolic activity of primary and untreated soft-tissue sarcomas could non-invasively deliver relevant information that may be used for treatment planning and risk-stratification of high-risk sarcoma patients in a pretherapeutic setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Chodyla
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (M.C.); (A.D.); (B.M.S.); (M.F.); (L.U.)
| | - Aydin Demircioglu
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (M.C.); (A.D.); (B.M.S.); (M.F.); (L.U.)
| | - Benedikt M. Schaarschmidt
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (M.C.); (A.D.); (B.M.S.); (M.F.); (L.U.)
| | - Stefanie Bertram
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany;
| | - Janna Morawitz
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Dusseldorf, University of Dusseldorf, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany;
| | - Sebastian Bauer
- Sarcoma Center, Western German Cancer Center, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany;
| | - Lars Podleska
- Sarcoma Surgery Division, Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany;
| | - Christoph Rischpler
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (C.R.); (K.H.)
| | - Michael Forsting
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (M.C.); (A.D.); (B.M.S.); (M.F.); (L.U.)
| | - Ken Herrmann
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (C.R.); (K.H.)
| | - Lale Umutlu
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (M.C.); (A.D.); (B.M.S.); (M.F.); (L.U.)
| | - Johannes Grueneisen
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (M.C.); (A.D.); (B.M.S.); (M.F.); (L.U.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)201/723-1501
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Efficacy and Cost-Benefit Analysis of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Follow-Up of Soft Tissue Sarcomas of the Extremities and Trunk. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2021; 2021:5580431. [PMID: 34007275 PMCID: PMC8100420 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5580431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There is no consensus regarding follow-up after soft tissue sarcoma (STS) treatment. This study examines the efficacy and the cost-benefit of MRI imaging for discovering recurrence. A retrospective analysis was performed, collecting data on patient demography, tumor characteristics, treatment, and follow-up. Imaging was correlated to the clinical course, and sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values were calculated. The number needed to screen and costs of finding recurrence are reported. Amongst 216 sarcomas, 73 (35%) exhibited local recurrence during a follow-up of 5.3 ± 3.5 years. 173 entities had complete MRI follow-up with 58 (34%) local recurrences. Thirty-three (57%) were discovered by MRI, 8 (14%) by clinical presentation, and 17 (29%) simultaneously. There was a sensitivity of 100.00%, a specificity of 89%, a positive predictive value of 32%, and a negative predictive value of 100% for detecting local recurrence with MRI. Our data confirm the modalities and intervals proposed by the German guidelines for sarcoma care. The recommended MRI intervals should not be extended. MRI is more cost-effective than clinical examination; still, both modalities should be performed together to discover the maximum number of recurrences.
Collapse
|
8
|
Gennaro N, Reijers S, Bruining A, Messiou C, Haas R, Colombo P, Bodalal Z, Beets-Tan R, van Houdt W, van der Graaf WTA. Imaging response evaluation after neoadjuvant treatment in soft tissue sarcomas: Where do we stand? Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2021; 160:103309. [PMID: 33757836 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2021.103309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) represent a broad family of rare tumours for which surgery with radiotherapy represents first-line treatment. Recently, neoadjuvant chemo-radiotherapy has been increasingly used in high-risk patients in an effort to reduce surgical morbidity and improve clinical outcomes. An adequate understanding of the efficacy of neoadjuvant therapies would optimise patient care, allowing a tailored approach. Although response evaluation criteria in solid tumours (RECIST) is the most common imaging method to assess tumour response, Choi criteria and functional and molecular imaging (DWI, DCE-MRI and 18F-FDG-PET) seem to outperform it in the discrimination between responders and non-responders. Moreover, the radiologic-pathology correlation of treatment-related changes remains poorly understood. In this review, we provide an overview of the imaging assessment of tumour response in STS undergoing neoadjuvant treatment, including conventional imaging (CT, MRI, PET) and advanced imaging analysis. Future directions will be presented to shed light on potential advances in pre-surgical imaging assessments that have clinical implications for sarcoma patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Gennaro
- Humanitas Research and Cancer Center, Dept. of Radiology, Rozzano, Italy; Humanitas University, Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, Pieve Emanuele, Italy; The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Dept. of Radiology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Sophie Reijers
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Dept. of Surgical Oncology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Annemarie Bruining
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Dept. of Radiology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christina Messiou
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Dept. Of Radiology Sarcoma Unit, Sutton, United Kingdom; The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Rick Haas
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Dept. of Radiation Oncology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Leiden University Medical Center, Dept. of Radiation Oncology, the Netherlands
| | | | - Zuhir Bodalal
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Dept. of Radiology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Regina Beets-Tan
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Dept. of Radiology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Danish Colorectal Cancer Center South, Vejle University Hospital, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Winan van Houdt
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Dept. of Surgical Oncology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Winette T A van der Graaf
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Dept. of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Dept. of Medical Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|