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Turek I, Freihat L, Vyas J, Wheeler J, Muleya V, Manallack DT, Gehring C, Irving H. The discovery of hidden guanylate cyclases (GCs) in the Homo sapiens proteome. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:5523-5529. [PMID: 38022692 PMCID: PMC10665587 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent discoveries have established functional guanylate cyclase (GC) catalytic centers with low activity within kinase domains in plants. These crypto GCs generate guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) essential for both intramolecular and downstream signaling. Here, we have set out to search for such crypto GCs moonlighting in kinases in the H. sapiens proteome and identified 18 candidates, including the neurotropic receptor tyrosine kinase 1 (NTRK1). NTRK1 shows a domain architecture much like plant receptor kinases such as the phytosulfokine receptor, where a functional GC essential for downstream signaling is embedded within a kinase domain. In vitro characterization of the NTRK1 shows that the embedded NTRK1 GC is functional with a marked preference for Mn2+ over Mg2+. This therefore points to hitherto unsuspected roles of cGMP in intramolecular and downstream signaling of NTRK1 and the role of cGMP in NTRK1-dependent growth and neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Turek
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC 3550, Australia
- Department of Rural Clinical Sciences, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC 3550, Australia
| | - Lubna Freihat
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Jignesh Vyas
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Janet Wheeler
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, La Trobe University, AgriBio building, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Victor Muleya
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - David T. Manallack
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Chris Gehring
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy
| | - Helen Irving
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC 3550, Australia
- Department of Rural Clinical Sciences, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC 3550, Australia
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
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Freihat LA, Wheeler JI, Wong A, Turek I, Manallack DT, Irving HR. IRAK3 modulates downstream innate immune signalling through its guanylate cyclase activity. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15468. [PMID: 31664109 PMCID: PMC6820782 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51913-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase 3 (IRAK3) is a cytoplasmic homeostatic mediator of inflammatory responses and is potentially useful as a prognostic marker in inflammation. IRAK3 inhibits signalling cascades downstream of myddosome complexes associated with toll like receptors. IRAK3 contains a death domain that interacts with other IRAK family members, a pseudokinase domain and a C-terminus domain involved with tumour necrosis factor receptor associated factor 6 (TRAF6). Previous bioinformatic studies revealed that IRAK3 contained a guanylate cyclase centre in its pseudokinase domain but its role in IRAK3 action is unresolved. We demonstrate that wildtype IRAK3 is capable of producing cGMP. Furthermore, we show that a specific point mutation in the guanylate cyclase centre reduced cGMP production. Cells containing toll like receptor 4 and a nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFĸB) reporter system were transfected with IRAK3 or mutant IRAK3 proteins. Cell-permeable cGMP treatment of untransfected control cells suppresses downstream signalling through modulation of the NFĸB in the presence of lipopolysaccharides. Cells transfected with wildtype IRAK3 also suppress lipopolysaccharide induced NFĸB activity in the absence of exogenous cGMP. Lipopolysaccharide induced NFĸB activity was not suppressed in cells transfected with the IRAK3 mutant with reduced cGMP-generating capacity. Whereas in the presence of exogenously applied cell-permeable cGMP the IRAK3 mutant was able to retain its function by suppressing lipopolysaccharide induced NFĸB activity. Furthermore, increasing the amount of membrane permeable cGMP did not affect IRAK3's ability to reduce NFĸB activity. These results suggest that cGMP generated by IRAK3 may be involved in regulatory function of the protein where the presence of cGMP may selectively affect downstream signalling pathway(s) by modulating binding and/or activity of nearby proteins that interact in the inflammatory signalling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Freihat
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, 3552, Australia
| | - J I Wheeler
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- AgriBio, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - A Wong
- Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biology, Wenzhou-Kean University, 88 Daxue Road, Ouhai, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325060, China
| | - I Turek
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, 3552, Australia
| | - D T Manallack
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - H R Irving
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, 3552, Australia.
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Phosphorylation of the dimeric cytoplasmic domain of the phytosulfokine receptor, PSKR1. Biochem J 2016; 473:3081-98. [PMID: 27487840 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Phytosulfokines (PSKs) are plant peptide hormones that co-regulate plant growth, differentiation and defense responses. PSKs signal through a plasma membrane localized leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase (phytosulfokine receptor 1, PSKR1) that also contains a functional cytosolic guanylate cyclase with its cyclase catalytic center embedded within the kinase domain. To functionally characterize this novel type of overlapping dual catalytic function, we investigated the phosphorylation of PSKR1 in vitro Tandem mass spectrometry of the cytoplasmic domain of PSKR1 (PSKR1cd) revealed at least 11 phosphorylation sites (8 serines, 2 threonines and 1 tyrosine) within the PSKR1cd. Phosphomimetic mutations of three serine residues (Ser686, Ser696 and Ser698) in tandem at the juxta-membrane position resulted in enhanced kinase activity in the on-mutant that was suppressed in the off-mutant, but both mutations reduced guanylate cyclase activity. Both the on and off phosphomimetic mutations of the phosphotyrosine (Tyr888) residue in the activation loop suppressed kinase activity, while neither mutation affected guanylate cyclase activity. Size exclusion and analytical ultracentrifugation analysis of the PSKR1cd suggest that it is reversibly dimeric in solution, which was further confirmed by biflourescence complementation. Taken together, these data suggest that in this novel type of receptor domain architecture, specific phosphorylation and dimerization are possibly essential mechanisms for ligand-mediated catalysis and signaling.
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