1
|
Meisel MK, Merrill JE, Rosen RK, Jones RN, Haikalis M, Carey KB, Orchowski LM, Bradley K, Doucette H, Barnett NP. How Do Bystanders Help in Drinking Situations: The Bystanders to Alcohol Risk Scale--Strategies. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2024; 85:404-415. [PMID: 38270912 PMCID: PMC11095492 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.23-00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bystander intervention (BI) is a promising approach for promoting collective behavior change that has been applied to several domains, including sexual assault, bullying, and more recently, problematic alcohol use. Accurately measuring the strategies that bystanders use to reduce others' alcohol-related risk is an essential step toward improving bystanders' ability to reduce alcohol-related harm in their communities, but current measures of BI are not easily modifiable and applicable for alcohol-related BI. The current study aimed to develop a valid and reliable measure of the bystander construct most proximal to the reduction of risk: bystander strategies. METHOD Young adults (N = 1,011) who reported being around someone who showed signs of alcohol intoxication in the past 3 months were recruited via Qualtrics Panels to participate in an online survey; a subsample (n = 345) completed a 2-week follow-up. Psychometric evaluation included exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, item response theory analyses, convergent validity, and test-retest reliability. RESULTS An initial set of 52 items was reduced to 17 items, representing two different factors. The first factor, Level 1, reflected strategies used during circumstances of acute risk. The second factor, Level 2, reflected strategies used to reduce risk for more longstanding problems with alcohol. Both factors demonstrated good model fit, strong internal consistency, evidence of convergent validity, and moderate test-retest reliability. CONCLUSIONS This novel measure can contribute to the production of knowledge about the use and efficacy of peer-focused strategies and the value of BI training for alcohol use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew K. Meisel
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Jennifer E. Merrill
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Rochelle K. Rosen
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Center for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Richard N. Jones
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Michelle Haikalis
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Kate B. Carey
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Lindsay M. Orchowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Kelli Bradley
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Hannah Doucette
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Nancy P. Barnett
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Waterman EA, Lee KDM, Edwards KM. Bystander opportunity in situations of alcohol and violence risk: Exploring the feasibility of collecting daily diary data. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2024; 72:245-252. [PMID: 35120424 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2022.2032088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Objective: One strategy to address the health issues among college students is through bystander intervention. However, much is still unknown about bystander behavior. The purpose of the current study was to assess the feasibility of daily diary methodology as applied to bystander opportunity. Method: Using a convenience sample, we examined (1) the frequency at which students encounter alcohol use risk and SDV risk bystander opportunities, and (2) the association between participants' daily alcohol use and daily bystander opportunity. Participants were a small group of 32 college students (75% women; 100% heterosexual; 93.7% White; 6.3% multiracial; 3.1% Hispanic) who took up to nine daily diary surveys for a total of 207 days. Results: Over 80% of participants completed the required days. Participants experienced at least one bystander opportunity on 24% of days. Participants were significantly more likely to report an alcohol risk bystander opportunity on days when they drank alcohol, compared to non-drinking days.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Katherine D M Lee
- Psychology Department, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Katie M Edwards
- Educational Psychology, Nebraska Center for Research on Children, Youth, Families, and Schools, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ferrer-Perez VA, Sánchez-Prada A, Bosch-Fiol E, Delgado-Alvarez C, Vázquez-González LI, Nardi-Rodriguez A. The Questionnaire of Intention to Help in VAW Cases (QIHVC): Development and preliminary results. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1153678. [PMID: 37034929 PMCID: PMC10074592 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1153678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Violence against women (VAW) is a worldwide social and health problem of epidemic proportions. This violence is preventable, and bystander programs are one of the possible preventative strategies. The main purpose of this research was to develop a tool that, by applying a contrastive methodology for its application in different forms of violence (forms of gender-based violence, such as intimate partner VAW, sexual harassment at work, and street harassment, and common violence, such as a robbery), would allow measuring the probability of occurrence of bystander response in the face of these types of violence with good evidence of content validity. Method Firstly (Study 1), an initial version of a measure tool, the Questionnaire of Intention to Help in VAW Cases (QIHVC), was developed; secondly (Study 2), a Delphi (modified) study was carried out to obtain valid, content-based evidence; and finally (Study 3), a pilot study was carried out to evaluate the appropriate functioning of the QIHVC and, if required, to make any necessary adjustments. Results and discussion The main result is the development of a set of case scenarios and a questionnaire related to its content which constitutes the QIHVC and, in its initial approximation, seems to constitute an adequate and sensible tool to capture the differences between the characterizations of common violence and VAW and in the possible response of bystanders in the face of such violence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A. Ferrer-Perez
- Faculty of Psychology, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
- *Correspondence: Victoria A. Ferrer-Perez,
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fowler JA, Buckley L. A socioecological review of LGBTQI+ adolescent bias-based bullying: What characterizes a bystander, and where do we go from here? JOURNAL OF GAY & LESBIAN MENTAL HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/19359705.2022.2138669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James A. Fowler
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston Campus, Herston, Australia
| | - Lisa Buckley
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston Campus, Herston, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Banyard VL, Rizzo A, Edwards KM. Community Actionists: Understanding Adult Bystanders to Sexual and Domestic Violence Prevention in Communities. PSYCHOLOGY OF VIOLENCE 2020; 10:531-541. [PMID: 35978583 PMCID: PMC9380616 DOI: 10.1037/vio0000281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Researchers and practitioners are becoming increasingly aware that domestic and sexual violence (DSV) can be addressed at the community level by involving bystanders (or actionists, a term used to specify third parties who help as opposed to those who stand by). Since most research on DSV actionists has been conducted in secondary and higher educational contexts, little is known about actionist behaviors in towns and neighborhoods among adults. The current study examines how groups of actionists with differing levels of proactive and reactive behaviors related to DSV prevention vary in their community perceptions. METHODS We surveyed 1,623 adults (age range = 18 and over; 95% White; 52% female) across four rural communities in New England using direct mail methods. We asked participants about their perceived opportunities for taking action in the face of acute DSV risk and about any such actions they had taken in their communities during the past year. We also asked about participants' perceptions of community prevention-related social norms. From this data, we calculated prevention action ratios that resulted in three groups of actionists: non-responders, occasional responders, and frequent responders. RESULTS Individuals who more consistently responded to DSV reported positive perceptions of community social norms and processes. The most involved group of actionists had stronger perceptions of injunctive community norms. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that prevention strategies that aim to change social norms among adults may enhance prevention outcomes in communities.
Collapse
|