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Silva EO, Cruz-Borges PF, Jensen BB, Santana RB, Pinheiro FG, Moura HSD, Porto E, Malheiro A, Costa AG, Barcellos JFM, Espir TT, Franco AMR. Immunoregulatory effects of soluble antigens of Leishmania sp. in human lymphocytes in vitro. BRAZ J BIOL 2024; 84:e284001. [PMID: 39319928 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.284001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The clinical manifestations of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) depend not only on the infecting species involved, but also on the immune response of the individual. Although not yet well understood in humans, parasite survival and persistence are related to the cytokine profile and T cell proliferation, with the Th1 profile being related to cure, and the Th2 profile to disease progression. Considering the need for studies focused on the species with the highest circulation in the state of Amazonas, this study aimed to analyze the immunoregulation stimulated by soluble antigens (SLAs) of Leishmania (L.) amazonensis and Leishmania (V.) guyanensis in human lymphocytes in vitro, in order to understand the immune response of patients with CL. Lymphoproliferation was evaluated against stimuli of SLAs from L. amazonensis (100 µg/mL), SLAs from L. guyanensis (100 µg/mL) and phytohemagglutinin (10 µg/mL) using a BrdU Cell Proliferation ELISA kit after 72 h of incubation. Quantification of the cytokines IL-1b, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12 and TNF was performed using the BD™ cytometric bead array human Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokine kit. Our results demonstrated that soluble antigens from L. amazonensis and L. guyanensis stimulated the lymphoproliferation of PBMCs from patients primo-infected with CL. Among the cytokines dosed, the highest concentrations were of IL-6 and IL-8, thus demonstrating that the soluble antigens evaluated are capable of inducing regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- E O Silva
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - P F Cruz-Borges
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - B B Jensen
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - R B Santana
- Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - F G Pinheiro
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - H S D Moura
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - E Porto
- Instituto de Educação Particular Brasileiro, Polo Pocinhos, PB, Brasil
| | - A Malheiro
- Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia, Manaus, AM, Brasil
- Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - A G Costa
- Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia, Manaus, AM, Brasil
- Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - J F M Barcellos
- Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Morfologia, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - T T Espir
- Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - A M R Franco
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brasil
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Seyed N, Peters NC, Rafati S. Translating Observations From Leishmanization Into Non-Living Vaccines: The Potential of Dendritic Cell-Based Vaccination Strategies Against Leishmania. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1227. [PMID: 29922288 PMCID: PMC5996938 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a health-threatening vector-borne disease in almost 90 different countries. While a prophylactic human vaccine is not yet available, the fact that recovery from leishmaniasis establishes lifelong immunity against secondary infection suggests that a vaccine is attainable. In the past, deliberate infection with virulent parasites, termed Leishmanization, was used as a live-vaccine against cutaneous leishmaniasis and effectively protected against vector-transmitted disease in endemic areas. However, the practice was discontinued due to major complications including non-healing skin lesions, exacerbation of skin diseases, and the potential impact of immunosuppression. Instead, tremendous effort has been made to develop killed, live attenuated, and non-living subunit formulations. Many of these formulations produce promising experimental results but have failed in field trials or against experimental challenge with infected sand flies. Recently, experimental models of leishmanization have unraveled the critical role of parasite persistence in maintaining the circulating CD4+ effector T cells responsible for mitigating the inflammatory response early after sand fly challenge and mediating protective immunity. Here, we put forward the notion that for effective vaccine design (especially non-living vaccines), the role of antigen persistence and pre-existing effector CD4+ T cells should be taken into consideration. We propose that dendritic cell-based vaccination strategies warrant greater attention because of their potential to act as long-term antigen depots, thereby emulating this critical requirement of naturally acquired protective immunity against infected sand fly challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Seyed
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nathan C. Peters
- Cumming School of Medicine, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases of Canada, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Sima Rafati
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Duthie MS, Favila M, Hofmeyer KA, Tutterrow YL, Reed SJ, Laurance JD, Picone A, Guderian J, Bailor HR, Vallur AC, Liang H, Mohamath R, Vergara J, Howard RF, Coler RN, Reed SG. Strategic evaluation of vaccine candidate antigens for the prevention of Visceral Leishmaniasis. Vaccine 2016; 34:2779-86. [PMID: 27142329 PMCID: PMC4889780 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.04.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Infection with Leishmania parasites results in a range of clinical manifestations and outcomes, the most severe of which is visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Vaccination will likely provide the most effective long-term control strategy, as the large number of vectors and potential infectious reservoirs renders sustained interruption of Leishmania parasite transmission extremely difficult. Selection of the best vaccine is complicated because, although several vaccine antigen candidates have been proposed, they have emerged following production in different platforms. To consolidate the information that has been generated into a single vaccine platform, we expressed seven candidates as recombinant proteins in E. coli. After verifying that each recombinant protein could be recognized by VL patients, we evaluated their protective efficacy against experimental L. donovani infection of mice. Administration in formulation with the Th1-potentiating adjuvant GLA-SE indicated that each antigen could elicit antigen-specific Th1 responses that were protective. Considering the ability to reduce parasite burden along with additional factors such as sequence identity across Leishmania species, we then generated a chimeric fusion protein comprising a combination of the 8E, p21 and SMT proteins. This E. coli –expressed fusion protein was also demonstrated to protect against L. donovani infection. These data indicate a novel recombinant vaccine antigen with the potential for use in VL control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm S Duthie
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102, USA.
| | - Michelle Favila
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Kimberley A Hofmeyer
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Yeung L Tutterrow
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Steven J Reed
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - John D Laurance
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Alessandro Picone
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Jeffrey Guderian
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - H Remy Bailor
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Aarthy C Vallur
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Hong Liang
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Raodoh Mohamath
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Julie Vergara
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Randall F Howard
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Rhea N Coler
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Steven G Reed
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
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Joshi S, Rawat K, Yadav NK, Kumar V, Siddiqi MI, Dube A. Visceral Leishmaniasis: Advancements in Vaccine Development via Classical and Molecular Approaches. Front Immunol 2014; 5:380. [PMID: 25202307 PMCID: PMC4141159 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or kala-azar, a vector-borne protozoan disease, shows endemicity in larger areas of the tropical, subtropical and the Mediterranean countries. WHO report suggested that an annual incidence of VL is nearly 200,000 to 400,000 cases, resulting in 20,000 to 30,000 deaths per year. Treatment with available anti-leishmanial drugs are not cost effective, with varied efficacies and higher relapse rate, which poses a major challenge to current kala-azar control program in Indian subcontinent. Therefore, a vaccine against VL is imperative and knowing the fact that recovered individuals developed lifelong immunity against re-infection, it is feasible. Vaccine development program, though time taking, has recently gained momentum with the emergence of omic era, i.e., from genomics to immunomics. Classical as well as molecular methodologies have been overtaken with alternative strategies wherein proteomics based knowledge combined with computational techniques (immunoinformatics) speed up the identification and detailed characterization of new antigens for potential vaccine candidates. This may eventually help in the designing of polyvalent synthetic and recombinant chimeric vaccines as an effective intervention measures to control the disease in endemic areas. This review focuses on such newer approaches being utilized for vaccine development against VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Joshi
- Division of Parasitology, Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , India
| | - Keerti Rawat
- Division of Parasitology, Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , India
| | | | - Vikash Kumar
- Division of Molecular and Structural Biology, Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , India
| | - Mohammad Imran Siddiqi
- Division of Molecular and Structural Biology, Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , India
| | - Anuradha Dube
- Division of Parasitology, Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , India
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