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Aiello EN, Mameli F, Ruggiero F, Zirone E, Zago S, Piacentini S, Poletti B, Reitano MR, Santangelo G, Ticozzi N, Silani V, Priori A, Ferrucci R. Psychometrics and diagnostics of the Italian version of the Alternate Verbal Fluency Battery (AVFB) in non-demented Parkinson's disease patients. Neurol Sci 2024; 45:3767-3774. [PMID: 38467953 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-024-07436-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Verbal fluency (VF) tasks are known as suitable for detecting cognitive impairment (CI) in Parkinson's disease (PD). This study thus aimed to evaluate the psychometrics and diagnostics of the Alternate Verbal Fluency Battery (AVFB) by Costa et al. (2014) in an Italian cohort of non-demented PD patients, as well as to derive disease-specific cut-offs for it. METHODS N = 192 non-demented PD patients were screened with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and underwent the AVFB-which includes phonemic, semantic and alternate VF tests (PVF; SVF; AVF), as well as a Composite Shifting Index (CSI) reflecting the "cost" of shifting from a single- to a double-cued VF task. Construct validity and diagnostics were assessed for each AVFB measure against the MoCA. Internal reliability and factorial validity were also tested. RESULTS The MoCA proved to be strongly associated with PVF, SVF and AVF scores, whilst moderately with the CSI. The AVFB was internally consistent and underpinned by a single component; however, an improvement in both internal reliability and fit to its factorial structure was observed when dropping the CSI. Demographically adjusted scores on PVF, SVF and AVF tests were diagnostically sound in detecting MoCA-defined cognitive impairment, whilst this was not true for the CSI. Disease-specific cut-offs for PVF, SVF and AVF tests were derived. DISCUSSION In conclusion, PVF, SVF and AVF tests are reliable, valid and diagnostically sound instruments to detect cognitive impairment in non-demented PD patients and are therefore recommended for use in clinical practice and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Nicolò Aiello
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Mameli
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabiana Ruggiero
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Eleonora Zirone
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Zago
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Barbara Poletti
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Santa Sofia 9, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Gabriella Santangelo
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Nicola Ticozzi
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, "Dino Ferrari" Center, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Silani
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, "Dino Ferrari" Center, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Priori
- ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo University Hospital, Milan, Italy
- "Aldo Ravelli" Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Ferrucci
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Santa Sofia 9, 20122, Milan, Italy.
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Cammisuli DM, Marchesi G, Bellocchio V, Aiello EN, Poletti B, Verde F, Silani V, Ticozzi N, Zago S, Difonzo T, Isella V, Pomati S, Granese V, Vignati B, Prete LA, Castelnuovo G. Behavioral Disorders of Spatial Cognition in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment Due to Alzheimer's Disease (The BDSC-MCI Project): Ecological Validity of the Corsi Learning Suvra-Span Test. J Pers Med 2024; 14:539. [PMID: 38793121 PMCID: PMC11122154 DOI: 10.3390/jpm14050539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spatial navigation deficits are reported as early symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) alongside episodic memory ones. The aim of the present study was to ascertain whether neuropsychological deficits of visuospatial long-term memory can predict behavioral alterations during the navigation of older adults in novel urban environments along the normal aging-dementia continuum of the Alzheimer's type. METHODS A total of 24 community-dwelling patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) due to AD, 27 individuals with subjective cognitive decline (SCD), and 21 healthy controls were assessed in terms of their sequential egocentric and allocentric navigation abilities by using a modified version of the Detour Navigation Test, and neuropsychologically tested by the Corsi learning suvra-span (CLSS) test. Generalized linear models were adopted to verify whether the scores obtained by the three groups in the CLSS test predicted wrong turns and moments of hesitation during the navigation task, with the results presented as topographical disorientation scores. RESULTS Higher scores in the CLSS test predicted fewer wrong turns (b = -0.05; z = -2.91; p = 0.004; net of between-groups differences) and moments of hesitation for patients with MCI due to AD (b = -0.14; z = -2.43; p = 0.015), and individuals with SCD (b = -0.17; z = -3.85; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Since the CLSS test has been reported to be a reliable measure of ecological navigational abilities in the progression towards AD dementia, we recommend its use in clinical practice and highlight implications for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gloria Marchesi
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University, 20123 Milan, Italy; (G.M.); (G.C.)
| | | | - Edoardo Nicolò Aiello
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20149 Milan, Italy; (E.N.A.); (B.P.); (F.V.); (V.S.); (N.T.)
| | - Barbara Poletti
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20149 Milan, Italy; (E.N.A.); (B.P.); (F.V.); (V.S.); (N.T.)
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Verde
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20149 Milan, Italy; (E.N.A.); (B.P.); (F.V.); (V.S.); (N.T.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Dino Ferrari Center, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Silani
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20149 Milan, Italy; (E.N.A.); (B.P.); (F.V.); (V.S.); (N.T.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Dino Ferrari Center, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Ticozzi
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20149 Milan, Italy; (E.N.A.); (B.P.); (F.V.); (V.S.); (N.T.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Dino Ferrari Center, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Zago
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (S.Z.); (T.D.)
| | - Teresa Difonzo
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (S.Z.); (T.D.)
| | - Valeria Isella
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy;
- Milan Centre for Neurosciences, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Pomati
- Neurology Unit, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, 20157 Milan, Italy;
| | - Valentina Granese
- Catholic University, 20123 Milan, Italy; (V.B.); (V.G.); (B.V.); (L.A.P.)
| | - Benedetta Vignati
- Catholic University, 20123 Milan, Italy; (V.B.); (V.G.); (B.V.); (L.A.P.)
| | | | - Gianluca Castelnuovo
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University, 20123 Milan, Italy; (G.M.); (G.C.)
- IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Clinical Psychology Research Laboratory, 20149 Milan, Italy
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Andreatta Maduro P, Guimarães MP, de Sousa Rodrigues M, Pereira Rolim Coimbra Pinto AP, da Mota Junior AA, Lima Rocha AS, Matoso JMD, Bavaresco Gambassi B, Schwingel PA. Comparing the Efficacy of Two Cognitive Screening Tools in Identifying Gray and White Matter Brain Damage among Older Adults. J Aging Res 2024; 2024:5527225. [PMID: 38690079 PMCID: PMC11060871 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5527225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Ageing is associated with structural changes in brain regions and functional decline in cognitive domains. Noninvasive tools for identifying structural damage in the brains of older adults are relevant for early treatment. Aims This study aims to evaluate and compare the accuracy of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA©) in identifying gray and white matter brain damage in older individuals with varying degrees of cognitive impairment. Methods Ninety older adults (62 women) with an average age of 69 ± 7 years were enrolled and categorized as having no cognitive impairment (NCI), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), or moderate cognitive impairment (MoCI). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was utilized to assess the number, volume, and distribution of brain damage. The Fazekas and Scheltens scales were applied to the brain MRIs, and inferential statistics were employed to compare variables among the groups. Results Cognitive impairment was observed in 56.7% of the participants (95% confidence interval (CI): 46.4-66.4%), with thirty-six older adults (40%) classified as MCI and 15 (17%) as MoCI. Cognitive impairment and medial temporal lobe (MTL) atrophy were found to be associated (p=0.001), exhibiting higher mean volume scales of the MTL atrophied area in the MoCI group (p < 0.001). The MMSE accurately revealed MTL atrophy based on the Scheltens (p < 0.05) and Fazekas (p < 0.05) scales. At the same time, the MoCA accurately identified periventricular white matter (PWM) abnormalities according to the Fazekas scale (p < 0.05). Conclusions The MMSE and MoCA screening tools effectively identified gray and white matter brain damage in older adults with varying degrees of cognitive impairment. Lower MMSE scores are associated with MTL atrophy and lesions, and lower MoCA scores are related to PWM lesions. The concurrent use of MMSE and MoCA is recommended for assessing structural changes in distinct brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Andreatta Maduro
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences (PPGCS), University of Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, PE 50100-130, Brazil
- Human Performance Research Laboratory (LAPEDH), UPE, Petrolina, PE 56328-900, Brazil
- University Hospital of the Federal University of Vale do São Francisco (HU-UNIVASF), Brazilian Hospital Services Company (EBSERH), Petrolina, PE 56304-205, Brazil
| | | | - Mateus de Sousa Rodrigues
- Human Performance Research Laboratory (LAPEDH), UPE, Petrolina, PE 56328-900, Brazil
- University Hospital of the Federal University of Vale do São Francisco (HU-UNIVASF), Brazilian Hospital Services Company (EBSERH), Petrolina, PE 56304-205, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Pereira Rolim Coimbra Pinto
- University Hospital of the Federal University of Vale do São Francisco (HU-UNIVASF), Brazilian Hospital Services Company (EBSERH), Petrolina, PE 56304-205, Brazil
| | - Américo Alves da Mota Junior
- Human Performance Research Laboratory (LAPEDH), UPE, Petrolina, PE 56328-900, Brazil
- University Hospital of the Federal University of Vale do São Francisco (HU-UNIVASF), Brazilian Hospital Services Company (EBSERH), Petrolina, PE 56304-205, Brazil
| | - Alaine Souza Lima Rocha
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences (PPGCS), University of Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, PE 50100-130, Brazil
- Human Performance Research Laboratory (LAPEDH), UPE, Petrolina, PE 56328-900, Brazil
- Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, CE 60430-450, Brazil
| | - Juliana Magalhães Duarte Matoso
- Human Performance Research Laboratory (LAPEDH), UPE, Petrolina, PE 56328-900, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Pedro Ernesto University Hospital, State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20551-030, Brazil
| | - Bruno Bavaresco Gambassi
- Human Performance Research Laboratory (LAPEDH), UPE, Petrolina, PE 56328-900, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program in Management of Health Programs and Services (PPGGPSS), CEUMA University (UNICEUMA), São Luís, MA 65075-120, Brazil
| | - Paulo Adriano Schwingel
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences (PPGCS), University of Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, PE 50100-130, Brazil
- Human Performance Research Laboratory (LAPEDH), UPE, Petrolina, PE 56328-900, Brazil
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Meneghetti C, Murroni V, Borella E, Melendugno A, Carbone E, Goldin G, Cavalli R, Basso A, Pazzaglia F. Psychological impacts of intervention to improve a therapeutic garden for older adults with dementia: a case study conducted at a care facility. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1183934. [PMID: 37234215 PMCID: PMC10206005 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1183934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Exposure to nature is known to support psychological wellbeing, and can support People with Dementia (PwD). Here we describe a case study conducted at a care facility for PwD to examine the effect of their exposure to nature after intervention to renovate an existing Therapeutic Garden (TG). Changes in frequency of attendance and behavior in the TG were examined. A single case was also considered to assess individual benefits. Materials and methods Twenty-one PwD participated in the study. Their behavior in the TG was observed for 4 weeks before and after the intervention (using behavioral mapping), and measures of individual characteristics (general cognitive functioning, behavioral/neuropsychiatric symptoms, depression, and quality of life) were administered. Results Ten of the 21 PwD visited the TG more often after the intervention, their social behaviors (e.g., talking to others) increased, and their active isolated behavior in the garden (e.g., smelling, touching flowers) tended to increase. The increase in social behavior related to less severe baseline depressive symptoms. Passive isolated behaviors related to more impaired baseline cognitive functioning. The case of Mrs. A extended the findings for the whole sample: although her dementia symptoms (apathy, motor disturbances) worsened, she visited the TG more often after the intervention, her social exchanges and active isolated actions increased, and her agitation and wandering decreased. Discussion These results support the benefits of exposure to nature for PwD, and underscore the importance of considering users' profiles to optimize their use of a TG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Meneghetti
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Inter-University Research Center in Environmental Psychology (CIRPA), Roma, Italy
| | - Veronica Murroni
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Erika Borella
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Elena Carbone
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giulia Goldin
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Raffaele Cavalli
- Department of Land Environment Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Pazzaglia
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Inter-University Research Center in Environmental Psychology (CIRPA), Roma, Italy
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Aiello EN, Solca F, Greco LC, Torre S, Carelli L, Morelli C, Doretti A, Colombo E, Messina S, Pain D, Radici A, Lizio A, Casiraghi J, Cerri F, Woolley S, Murphy J, Tremolizzo L, Appollonio I, Verde F, Sansone VA, Lunetta C, Silani V, Ticozzi N, Poletti B. Equating norms between the ALS Cognitive Behavioral Screen (ALS-CBS™) and the Edinburgh Cognitive and Behavioural ALS Screen (ECAS) in non-demented ALS patients. J Neurol 2023:10.1007/s00415-023-11749-4. [PMID: 37147520 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-11749-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study aimed at deriving equating norms to estimate scores on the Edinburgh Cognitive and Behavioural ALS Screen (ECAS) based on those on the ALS Cognitive Behavioral Screen (ALS-CBS™) in an Italian cohort of non-demented ALS patients. METHODS ALS-CBS™ and ECAS scores of 293 ALS patients without frontotemporal dementia were retrospectively retrieved. Concurrent validity of the ALS-CBS™ towards the ECAS was tested by covarying for demographics, disease duration and severity, presence of C9orf72 hexanucleotide repeat expansion and behavioural features. A linear-smoothing equipercentile equating (LSEE) model was employed to derive ALS-CBS™-to-ECAS cross-walks. Gaps in LSEE-based estimation were managed via a linear regression-based equating approach. Equivalence between empirical and derived ECAS scores was tested via a two-one-sided test (TOST) procedure for the dependent sample. RESULTS The ALS-CBS™ predicted the ECAS (β = 0.75), accounting for the vast majority of its variance (60% out of an R2 = 0.71). Consistently, a strong, one-to-one linear association between ALS-CBS™ and ECAS scores was detected (r = 0.84; R2 = 0.73). The LSEE was able to estimate conversions for the full range of the ALS-CBS™, except for raw scores equal to 1 and 6 - for whom a linear equating-based equation was derived. Empirical ECAS scores were equivalent to those derived with both methods. DISCUSSION Italian practitioners and researchers have been herewith provided with valid, straightforward cross-walks to estimate the ECAS based on ALS-CBS™ scores in non-demented ALS patients. Conversions herewith provided will help avoid cross-sectional/longitudinal inconsistencies in test adoption within research, and possibly clinical, settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Nicolò Aiello
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Piazzale Brescia 20, 20149, Milan, MI, Italy
- PhD Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Federica Solca
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Piazzale Brescia 20, 20149, Milan, MI, Italy
| | - Lucia Catherine Greco
- Neuromuscular Omnicentre (NEMO), Fondazione Serena Onlus, Milan, Italy
- NeMO Lab, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Torre
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Piazzale Brescia 20, 20149, Milan, MI, Italy
| | - Laura Carelli
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Piazzale Brescia 20, 20149, Milan, MI, Italy
| | - Claudia Morelli
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Piazzale Brescia 20, 20149, Milan, MI, Italy
| | - Alberto Doretti
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Piazzale Brescia 20, 20149, Milan, MI, Italy
| | - Eleonora Colombo
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Piazzale Brescia 20, 20149, Milan, MI, Italy
| | - Stefano Messina
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Piazzale Brescia 20, 20149, Milan, MI, Italy
| | - Debora Pain
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Neurorehabilitation Department of Milan Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alice Radici
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Neurorehabilitation Department of Milan Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Lizio
- Neuromuscular Omnicentre (NEMO), Fondazione Serena Onlus, Milan, Italy
| | - Jacopo Casiraghi
- Neuromuscular Omnicentre (NEMO), Fondazione Serena Onlus, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Cerri
- Neuromuscular Omnicentre (NEMO), Fondazione Serena Onlus, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Lucio Tremolizzo
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | | | - Federico Verde
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Piazzale Brescia 20, 20149, Milan, MI, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, "Dino Ferrari" Center, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Ada Sansone
- Neuromuscular Omnicentre (NEMO), Fondazione Serena Onlus, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Christian Lunetta
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Neurorehabilitation Department of Milan Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Silani
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Piazzale Brescia 20, 20149, Milan, MI, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, "Dino Ferrari" Center, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Ticozzi
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Piazzale Brescia 20, 20149, Milan, MI, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, "Dino Ferrari" Center, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Poletti
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Piazzale Brescia 20, 20149, Milan, MI, Italy.
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