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Wang L, Xie H, Zhou X, Lin Y, Qin Y, Yang J, Zhao J, Li G. An electrochemical biosensor to identify the phenotype of aggressive breast cancer cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:3890-3893. [PMID: 36916831 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc00611e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Identifying the phenotype of aggressive breast cancer (BC) cells is vital for the effectiveness of surgical intervention and standard-of-care therapy. HER-2 is overexpressed in aggressive BC and MMP-2 is a crucial indicator of invasiveness and metastasis of BC, so we have proposed an electrochemical biosensor in this work to identify the phenotype of aggressive BC cells via detection of HER-2 together with MMP-2 by designing a dual-trapping peptide and a metal organic framework (MOF)-based probe. Specifically, the designed peptide contains both a HER-2 recognition sequence and MMP-2-specific substrate, while the MOF-based probe (AuNPs@HRP@ZIF-8), prepared by loading horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on ZIF-8, can also combine with the peptide. Consequently, sensitive and specific detection of both HER-2 and MMP-2 can be achieved in the wide range from 50 fg mL-1 to 50 ng mL-1 and 10 fg mL-1 to 10 ng mL-1, respectively, and the biosensor can distinguish HER-2+ BC cells and evaluate the invasion capability, which might be extended to provide a method for the accurate identification of tumor features in BC subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Haojie Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Xinyi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Yuxin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Yujia Qin
- Center for Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.
| | - Jie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Jing Zhao
- Center for Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.
| | - Genxi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China. .,Center for Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.
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Hayat A, Carter EP, King HW, Ors A, Doe A, Teijeiro SA, Charrot S, Godinho S, Cutillas P, Mohammed H, Grose RP, Ficz G. Low HER2 expression in normal breast epithelium enables dedifferentiation and malignant transformation via chromatin opening. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:dmm049894. [PMID: 36661191 PMCID: PMC9922733 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of the HER2 protein in breast cancer patients is a predictor of poor prognosis and resistance to therapies. We used an inducible breast cancer transformation system that allows investigation of early molecular changes. HER2 overexpression to similar levels as those observed in a subtype of HER2-positive breast cancer patients induced transformation of MCF10A cells and resulted in gross morphological changes, increased anchorage-independent growth of cells, and altered the transcriptional programme of genes associated with oncogenic transformation. Global phosphoproteomic analysis during HER2 induction predominantly detected an increase in protein phosphorylation. Intriguingly, this correlated with chromatin opening, as measured by ATAC-seq on acini isolated from 3D cell culture. HER2 overexpression resulted in opening of many distal regulatory regions and promoted reprogramming-associated heterogeneity. We found that a subset of cells acquired a dedifferentiated breast stem-like phenotype, making them likely candidates for malignant transformation. Our data show that this population of cells, which counterintuitively enriches for relatively low HER2 protein abundance and increased chromatin accessibility, possesses transformational drive, resulting in increased anchorage-independent growth in vitro compared to cells not displaying a stem-like phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ateequllah Hayat
- Institute of Medical and Biomedical Education, St George’s, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, Tooting, London SW17 0RE, UK
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Edward P. Carter
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Hamish W. King
- Epigenetics and Development Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Aysegul Ors
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
| | - Aaron Doe
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
| | - Saul A. Teijeiro
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Sarah Charrot
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Susana Godinho
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Pedro Cutillas
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Hisham Mohammed
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
| | - Richard P. Grose
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Gabriella Ficz
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
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Zhao D, Hu C, Fu Q, Lv H. Combined chemotherapy for triple negative breast cancer treatment by paclitaxel and niclosamide nanocrystals loaded thermosensitive hydrogel. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 167:105992. [PMID: 34517104 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most dangerous subtype of breast cancer accompanying by unfavorable prognosis due to lack of specific therapeutic targets. Paclitaxel (PTX) is the first-line chemotherapeutic drug for TNBC and niclosamide (NLM) was identified as an inhibitor for TNBC and breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs). Intratumoral drug delivery system was a hopeful alternative for chemotherapeutic drug administration due to its targeting efficiency with lower systemic toxicity. Herein, an injectable PTX nanocrystals (PTX-NCs) and NLM nanocrystals (NLM-NCs) co-loaded PLGA-PEG-PLGA thermosensitive hydrogel (PNNCs-Ts Gel) was designed for TNBC intratumoral treatment. The final formulation realized high drug loading and appropriate particle size. PNNCs-Ts Gel displayed sustained drug release for up to 8 days in vitro. In vitro antitumor tests observed synergetic effects of combined therapy in terms of inhibiting cell proliferation and migration, inducing apoptosis. In vivo combined therapy presented a tumor growth inhibition rate about 68.8% and desired safety. Moreover, tumors after PNNCs-Ts Gel intratumoral injection possessed the lowest ratio of BCSCs, exhibiting this formulation had good ability in suppressing BCSCs and therefore could possibly prevent TNBC recurrence and metastasis. These results suggested that PNNCs-Ts Gel could be a promising strategy for TNBC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deqian Zhao
- Beijing Leadingpharm Medical technology development Co. Ltd, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Chenlu Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Huixia Lv
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
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Nongenotoxic ABCB1 activator tetraphenylphosphonium can contribute to doxorubicin resistance in MX-1 breast cancer cell line. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6556. [PMID: 33753859 PMCID: PMC7985213 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86120-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperactivation of ABC transporter ABCB1 and induction of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) are the most common mechanism of acquired cancer chemoresistance. This study describes possible mechanisms, that might contribute to upregulation of ABCB1 and synergistically boost the acquisition of doxorubicin (DOX) resistance in breast cancer MX-1 cell line. DOX resistance in MX-1 cell line was induced by a stepwise increase of drug concentration or by pretreatment of cells with an ABCB1 transporter activator tetraphenylphosphonium (TPP+) followed by DOX exposure. Transcriptome analysis of derived cells was performed by human gene expression microarrays and by quantitative PCR. Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of ABCB1 regulation were evaluated by pyrosequencing and gene copy number variation analysis. Gradual activation of canonical EMT transcription factors with later activation of ABCB1 at the transcript level was observed in DOX-only treated cells, while TPP+ exposure induced considerable activation of ABCB1 at both, mRNA and protein level. The changes in ABCB1 mRNA and protein level were related to the promoter DNA hypomethylation and the increase in gene copy number. ABCB1-active cells were highly resistant to DOX and showed morphological and molecular features of EMT. The study suggests that nongenotoxic ABCB1 inducer can possibly accelerate development of DOX resistance.
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Biomimetic nanovesicles made from iPS cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells for targeted therapy of triple-negative breast cancer. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 24:102146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2019.102146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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WWOX Possesses N-Terminal Cell Surface-Exposed Epitopes WWOX 7-21 and WWOX 7-11 for Signaling Cancer Growth Suppression and Prevention In Vivo. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11111818. [PMID: 31752354 PMCID: PMC6895976 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane hyaluronidase Hyal-2 supports cancer cell growth. Inhibition of Hyal-2 by specific antibody against Hyal-2 or pY216-Hyal-2 leads to cancer growth suppression and prevention in vivo. By immunoelectron microscopy, tumor suppressor WWOX is shown to be anchored, in part, in the cell membrane by Hyal-2. Alternatively, WWOX undergoes self-polymerization and localizes in the cell membrane. Proapoptotic pY33-WWOX binds Hyal-2, and TGF-β induces internalization of the pY33-WWOX/Hyal-2 complex to the nucleus for causing cell death. In contrast, when pY33 is downregulated and pS14 upregulated in WWOX, pS14-WWOX supports cancer growth in vivo. Here, we investigated whether membrane WWOX receives extracellular signals via surface-exposed epitopes, especially at the S14 area, that signals for cancer growth suppression and prevention. By using a simulated 3-dimentional structure and generated specific antibodies, WWOX epitopes were determined at amino acid #7 to 21 and #286 to 299. Synthetic WWOX7-21 peptide, or truncation to 5-amino acid WWOX7-11, significantly suppressed and prevented the growth and metastasis of melanoma and skin cancer cells in mice. Time-lapse microscopy revealed that WWOX7-21 peptide potently enhanced the explosion and death of 4T1 breast cancer stem cell spheres by ceritinib. This is due to rapid upregulation of proapoptotic pY33-WWOX, downregulation of prosurvival pERK, prompt increases in Ca2+ influx, and disruption of the IkBα/WWOX/ERK prosurvival signaling. In contrast, pS14-WWOX7-21 peptide dramatically increased cancer growth in vivo and protected cancer cells from ceritinib-mediated apoptosis in vitro, due to a prolonged ERK phosphorylation. Further, specific antibody against pS14-WWOX significantly enhanced the ceritinib-induced apoptosis. Together, the N-terminal epitopes WWOX7-21 and WWOX7-11 are potent in blocking cancer growth in vivo. WWOX7-21 and WWOX7-11 peptides and pS14-WWOX antibody are of therapeutic values in suppressing and preventing cancer growth in vivo.
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Hu B, Yan W, Wang M, Cui X, Hu Y, Chen Q, Zhang Y, Qi X, Jiang J. Huaier polysaccharide inhibits the stem-like characteristics of ERα-36 high triple negative breast cancer cells via inactivation of the ERα-36 signaling pathway. Int J Biol Sci 2019; 15:1358-1367. [PMID: 31337967 PMCID: PMC6643138 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.27360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly aggressive cancer and lack of targeting therapies. It is believed that the breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) are responsible for the aggressive characteristics of TNBC. Hence, developing BCSC-targeting agents may provide new therapeutic strategies for the patients. Huaier polysaccharide (HP), an active ingredient extracted from the mushroom Trametes robiniophila Murr, has been widely used in clinical anti-cancer treatments in China. Here we demonstrated that HP could target BCSCs in TNBC cells, resulting in decreased mammosphere formation, downregulated expression of stem-related genes and reduced proportion of aldehyde dehydrogenase positive cells in vitro, and inhibited xenograft tumor formation in vivo. Mechanically, HP markedly reduced the expression of estrogen receptor α-36 (ERα-36), a recently identified subtype of estrogen receptor α, and attenuated ERα-36-mediated activation of AKT/β-catenin signaling in ERα-36high TNBC cells. This study provides a new insight into the mechanism of HP on BCSC-targeting therapy and new ideas for comprehensive treatment strategies for TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoquan Hu
- Breast Disease Center, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Wenting Yan
- Breast Disease Center, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Minghao Wang
- Breast Disease Center, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xiang Cui
- Breast Disease Center, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Ying Hu
- Breast Disease Center, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Qingqiu Chen
- Breast Disease Center, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Breast Disease Center, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xiaowei Qi
- Breast Disease Center, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Breast Disease Center, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
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The Stem Cell Phenotype of Aggressive Breast Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11030340. [PMID: 30857267 PMCID: PMC6468512 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11030340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggressive cancer cells are characterized by their capacity to proliferate indefinitely and to propagate a heterogeneous tumor comprised of subpopulations with varying degrees of metastatic propensity and drug resistance properties. Particularly daunting is the challenge we face in the field of oncology of effectively targeting heterogeneous tumor cells expressing a variety of markers, especially those associated with a stem cell phenotype. This dilemma is especially relevant in breast cancer, where therapy is based on traditional classification schemes, including histological criteria, differentiation status, and classical receptor markers. However, not all patients respond in a similar manner to standard-of-care therapy, thereby necessitating the need to identify and evaluate novel biomarkers associated with the difficult-to-target stem cell phenotype and drug resistance. Findings related to the convergence of embryonic and tumorigenic signaling pathways have identified the embryonic morphogen Nodal as a promising new oncofetal target that is reactivated only in aggressive cancers, but not in normal tissues. The work presented in this paper confirms previous studies demonstrating the importance of Nodal as a cancer stem cell molecule associated with aggressive breast cancer, and advances the field by providing new findings showing that Nodal is not targeted by standard-of-care therapy in breast cancer patients. Most noteworthy is the linkage found between Nodal expression and the drug resistance marker ATP-binding cassette member 1 (ABCA1), which may provide new insights into developing combinatorial approaches to overcome drug resistance and disease recurrence.
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Synergistic Activity of Paclitaxel, Sorafenib, and Radiation Therapy in advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma and Breast Cancer. Transl Oncol 2018; 12:381-388. [PMID: 30522045 PMCID: PMC6279801 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced cancer has been shown to be associated with a higher percentage of epigenetic changes than with genetic mutations. Preclinical models have shown that the combination of paclitaxel, sorafenib, and radiation therapy (RT) plays a crucial role in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and breast cancer. This study aimed to investigate the involvement of mitochondrial cytochrome c-dependent apoptosis in the mechanism of action of a combination of paclitaxel, sorafenib, and RT in RCC and breast cancer. RCC and breast cancer cell lines were exposed to paclitaxel and sorafenib alone or combined in the presence of radiation, and cell viability was determined using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. The synergistic anticancer effects of the combination therapy on cell cycle and intracellular signaling pathways were estimated using flow cytometry and immunoblot analysis. RCC and breast cancer cell line xenograft models were used to examine the antitumor activity in vivo. Our results suggest that paclitaxel, sorafenib, and RT synergistically decreased the viability of RCC and breast cancer cells and significantly induced their apoptosis, as shown by caspase-3 cleavage. Paclitaxel, sorafenib, and radiation cotreatment reduced antiapoptotic factor levels in these cells and, thereby, significantly reduced the tumor volume of RCC and breast cancer cell xenografts. The current study suggests that paclitaxel, sorafenib, and radiation cotreatment was more effective than cotreatment with paclitaxel or sorafenib and radiation. These findings may offer a new therapeutic approach to RCC and breast cancer.
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Illiano M, Sapio L, Salzillo A, Capasso L, Caiafa I, Chiosi E, Spina A, Naviglio S. Forskolin improves sensitivity to doxorubicin of triple negative breast cancer cells via Protein Kinase A-mediated ERK1/2 inhibition. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 152:104-113. [PMID: 29574069 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an invasive, metastatic, highly aggressive tumor. Cytotoxic chemotherapy represents the current treatment for TNBC. However, relapse and chemo-resistance are very frequent. Therefore, new therapeutic approaches that are able to increase the sensitivity to cytotoxic drugs are needed. Forskolin, a natural cAMP elevating agent, has been used for several centuries in medicine and its safeness has also been demonstrated in modern studies. Recently, forskolin is emerging as a possible novel molecule for cancer therapy. Here, we investigate the effects of forskolin on the sensitivity of MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 TNBC cells to doxorubicin through MTT assay, flow cytometry-based assays (cell-cycle progression and cell death), cell number counting and immunoblotting experiments. We demonstrate that forskolin strongly enhances doxorubicin-induced antiproliferative effects by cell death induction. Similar effects are observed with IBMX and isoproterenol cAMP elevating agents and 8-Br-cAMP analog, but not by using 8-pCPT-2'-O-Me-cAMP Epac activator. It is important to note that the forskolin-induced potentiation of sensitivity to doxorubicin is accompanied by a strong inhibition of ERK1/2 phosphorylation, is mimicked by ERK inhibitor PD98059 and is prevented by pre-treatment with Protein Kinase A (PKA) and adenylate cyclase inhibitors. Altogether, our data indicate that forskolin sensitizes TNBC cells to doxorubicin via a mechanism depending on the cAMP/PKA-mediated ERK inhibition. Our findings sustain the evidence of anticancer activity mediated by forskolin and encourage the design of future in-vivo/clinical studies in order to explore forskolin as a doxorubicin sensitizer for possible use in TNBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Illiano
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Medical School, Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Luigi Sapio
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Medical School, Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Alessia Salzillo
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Medical School, Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Lucia Capasso
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Medical School, Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Caiafa
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Medical School, Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Emilio Chiosi
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Medical School, Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Annamaria Spina
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Medical School, Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Silvio Naviglio
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Medical School, Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy.
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