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Ma H, Hu Z, Wang Z, Ma Y, Zhai H, Li J. Development and Validation of a New Comprehensive Assessment Scale of HIV-Related Psychological Distress in China: A Methodological Study. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 2023; 34:292-306. [PMID: 37067998 DOI: 10.1097/jnc.0000000000000402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Instruments evaluating HIV-related psychological distress (HRPD) in people living with HIV may lack sensitivity to capture patients' psychological burden. We developed a comprehensive scale measuring HRPD and evaluated its psychometric properties. A mixed-method study was conducted from July 2021 to April 2022; it involved a literature review, semistructured interviews (n = 15), three rounds of panel discussions, two rounds of Delphi studies (n = 20), a pilot test (n = 20) to generate new scale items, and a cross-sectional survey (n = 659) to evaluate the psychometric properties of the HIV-related psychological distress scale. The scale contains 22 items across 4 subscales (i.e., disease-related distress, treatment adherence distress, identity distress, and disclosure distress). The confirmatory factor analysis revealed high goodness of fit (χ2/df = 2.412, comparative fit index = 0.916, incremental fit index = 0.917, and Tucker‒Lewis index = 0.902), showing that the HIV-related psychological distress scale is a reliable (Cronbach's α = 0.871 overall) and valid scale for evaluating HRPD in China and can be used to dynamically evaluate and monitor HRPD levels during patient follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqi Ma
- Haiqi Ma, MSN, RN, is a Graduate Student, School of Nursing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. Zhiguang Hu, BA, is a General Practitioner, Hongshan Street Community Health Service Center, Huangpu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. Zhongqing Wang, MSN, is a Social Worker, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Education Foundation, Beijing, China. Yue Ma, MSN, RN, is a Lecturer, School of Nursing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. Huimin Zhai, MSN, RN, is a Professor, School of Nursing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. Juan Li, MSN, RN, is a Lecturer, School of Nursing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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The Impact of Perceptions of Community Stigma on Utilization of HIV Care Services. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2019; 7:383-391. [PMID: 31808137 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-019-00667-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between perceived community stigma and treatment adherence has been established in previous literature. Yet, less is known about explicit circumstances in which perceived community stigma deters people living with HIV (PLWH) from maintaining care. This research examines the impact of perceived community stigma against PLWH on self-reported barriers and supports to remain in HIV care services. We used survey data from a 3-year study of the HIV test and treat (T&T) continuum of services in Hartford, CT, surveying 200 PLWH. Logistic regression was used to determine if perceived community stigma had a statistically significant effect on the willingness of PLWH to utilize HIV care services. Results revealed that an increase in perceived stigma predicted willingness to see a doctor in 6 months for those who 'had a fear of poor treatment' (χ2(6) = 21.995, p < 0.001) and 'were concerned about privacy' (χ2(6) = 16.670, p < 0.01). An increase in perceived stigma was also a significant factor in the belief that supportive case managers helped with accessing HIV care services (χ2(1) = 6.817, p < 0.01). Our findings suggest that having a high degree of perceived community stigma is impactful in instances where individuals anticipate stigma or discrimination.
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