1
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Metras RL, Hanley GP, Carbone MJ. Distance-Based Collaborations for Assessing and Treating Challenging Behavior. J Autism Dev Disord 2024; 54:3587-3604. [PMID: 37620690 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-023-06085-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
An interview-informed synthesized contingency analysis (IISCA; Hanley et al. in J Appl Behav Anal 47:16-36, 2014) and related skill-based treatment process can result in socially valid outcomes for clients exhibiting severe challenging behavior when implemented by professionals and then transferred to parents (e.g., Santiago et al. in J Autism Dev Disord 46:797-811, 2016). However, many families do not have access to professionals trained to implement functional analyses or function-based treatments (Deochand & Fuqua Behav Anal Pract 9:243-252, 2016). Experimenters in the present study coached three parents of children with autism exhibiting severe challenging behavior through implementing an IISCA and resulting skill-based treatment process through distance-based collaborative consulting. All parents achieved differentiated functional analyses, taught their children to emit functional replacement skills, and reduced challenging behavior relative to baseline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Metras
- Virginia Institute of Autism, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Department of Curriculum, Instruction, & Special Education, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| | - Gregory P Hanley
- Department of Psychology, Western New England University, Springfield, MA, USA
- FTF Behavioral Consulting, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Matthew J Carbone
- Department of Psychology, Western New England University, Springfield, MA, USA
- FTF Behavioral Consulting, Worcester, MA, USA
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2
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O'Brien MJ, Pauls AM, Cates AM, Larson PD, Zorn AN. Psychotropic Medication Use and Polypharmacy Among Children and Adolescents Initiating Intensive Behavioral Therapy for Severe Challenging Behavior. J Pediatr 2024; 271:114056. [PMID: 38615943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2024.114056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the prevalence, trends, and factors associated with psychotropic medication use and polypharmacy among children and adolescents initiating intensive behavioral therapy for severe challenging behavior over a 10-year period. STUDY DESIGN In this retrospective observational study, we examined data from caregiver interviews and patient medical records on the number and types of psychotropic medications prescribed to patients initiating intensive behavioral therapy between January 1, 2013, and December 31, 2022. Trends in medication use and polypharmacy across the 10-year period were analyzed using regression analysis, while differences in demographics and clinical factors for patients with use and polypharmacy were analyzed using nonparametric statistical analysis with odds ratios presented for significant factors. RESULTS Data from all 302 pediatric patients initiating intensive behavioral therapy across the 10-year period were analyzed. Among all patients and all years, 83.8% were taking at least 1 psychotropic medication and 68.2% experienced polypharmacy. There were no changes in the prevalence of use, mean number of medications taken, or polypharmacy across the 10-year period. Patients diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or anxiety disorder, as well as those exhibiting self-injurious behavior had higher use of psychotropic medication and polypharmacy and were taking more medications overall. CONCLUSIONS Psychotropic medication use and polypharmacy were extremely high for children and adolescents with severe challenging behavior, but use and polypharmacy did not change over the 10-year period of data collection. Further research is needed to establish the generality of these findings to other regions of the US.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J O'Brien
- The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; The University of Iowa Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Iowa City, IA.
| | | | | | - Priya D Larson
- The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; The University of Iowa Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Iowa City, IA
| | - Alithea N Zorn
- The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Center for Public Health Statistics, Iowa City, IA; College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA
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3
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Mayo MR, Hoffmann AN. A Survey of the State of the Field of Applied Behavior Analysis in Vermont. Behav Anal Pract 2024; 17:581-600. [PMID: 38966264 PMCID: PMC11219634 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-023-00901-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
As the number of and demand for board certified behavior analysts (BCBAs) grows across the United States, it is increasingly important to evaluate the status of the applied behavior analysis (ABA) workforce. The goal of this study was to evaluate the current status of the field of ABA within the state of Vermont. We surveyed practicing RBTs, BCaBAs, BCBAs, BCBA-Ds, and ABA professionals within Vermont. We gathered and analyzed information regarding practitioner training and supervision experiences, current work conditions, strengths and barriers related to education, supervision, and practice within the field of ABA in Vermont, and historical and demographic information. Survey responses were analyzed using quantitative and qualitative methods and themes and results are discussed. This study may serve as a model for other states to conduct similar analyses to better meet the needs of the changing landscape of the field of ABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan R. Mayo
- Antioch University New England, Keene, New Hampshire USA
| | - Audrey N. Hoffmann
- Department of Special Education and Rehabilitation Counseling, Utah State University, 2865 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT USA
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4
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Deochand N, Lanovaz MJ, Costello MS. Assessing Growth of BACB Certificants (1999-2019). Perspect Behav Sci 2024; 47:251-282. [PMID: 38660508 PMCID: PMC11035534 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-023-00370-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Geographic distribution patterns of board certified behavior analysts may be useful in analyzing the growth of the field. First, we present an international snapshot of Behavior Analyst Certification Board (BACB) certificants, then analyze relative growth rates between countries from 1999 to 2019. This is followed by an in depth review of certificant distribution patterns in the United States and Canada, as well as the ratios of experienced behavior analysts to new certificants. These data highlight regions with a potential deficit of qualified supervisors. There are factors that influence different dispersal patterns, and without drilling deeper into the data we may be unable to effectively identify or influence them in order meet the specific needs of a geographic region. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40614-023-00370-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Deochand
- Behavior Analysis Program, College of Education, Criminal Justice, and Human Services, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Marc J. Lanovaz
- École de psychoéducation, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Mack S. Costello
- Department of Psychology, Rider University, Lawrenceville, NJ USA
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5
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Maharjan J, Garikipati A, Dinenno FA, Ciobanu M, Barnes G, Browning E, DeCurzio J, Mao Q, Das R. Machine learning determination of applied behavioral analysis treatment plan type. Brain Inform 2023; 10:7. [PMID: 36862316 PMCID: PMC9981822 DOI: 10.1186/s40708-023-00186-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Applied behavioral analysis (ABA) is regarded as the gold standard treatment for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and has the potential to improve outcomes for patients with ASD. It can be delivered at different intensities, which are classified as comprehensive or focused treatment approaches. Comprehensive ABA targets multiple developmental domains and involves 20-40 h/week of treatment. Focused ABA targets individual behaviors and typically involves 10-20 h/week of treatment. Determining the appropriate treatment intensity involves patient assessment by trained therapists, however, the final determination is highly subjective and lacks a standardized approach. In our study, we examined the ability of a machine learning (ML) prediction model to classify which treatment intensity would be most suited individually for patients with ASD who are undergoing ABA treatment. METHODS Retrospective data from 359 patients diagnosed with ASD were analyzed and included in the training and testing of an ML model for predicting comprehensive or focused treatment for individuals undergoing ABA treatment. Data inputs included demographics, schooling, behavior, skills, and patient goals. A gradient-boosted tree ensemble method, XGBoost, was used to develop the prediction model, which was then compared against a standard of care comparator encompassing features specified by the Behavior Analyst Certification Board treatment guidelines. Prediction model performance was assessed via area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUROC), sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV). RESULTS The prediction model achieved excellent performance for classifying patients in the comprehensive versus focused treatment groups (AUROC: 0.895; 95% CI 0.811-0.962) and outperformed the standard of care comparator (AUROC 0.767; 95% CI 0.629-0.891). The prediction model also achieved sensitivity of 0.789, specificity of 0.808, PPV of 0.6, and NPV of 0.913. Out of 71 patients whose data were employed to test the prediction model, only 14 misclassifications occurred. A majority of misclassifications (n = 10) indicated comprehensive ABA treatment for patients that had focused ABA treatment as the ground truth, therefore still providing a therapeutic benefit. The three most important features contributing to the model's predictions were bathing ability, age, and hours per week of past ABA treatment. CONCLUSION This research demonstrates that the ML prediction model performs well to classify appropriate ABA treatment plan intensity using readily available patient data. This may aid with standardizing the process for determining appropriate ABA treatments, which can facilitate initiation of the most appropriate treatment intensity for patients with ASD and improve resource allocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenish Maharjan
- Montera Inc. dba Forta, 548 Market St, San Francisco, CA PMB 89605 USA
| | - Anurag Garikipati
- Montera Inc. dba Forta, 548 Market St, San Francisco, CA PMB 89605 USA
| | - Frank A. Dinenno
- Montera Inc. dba Forta, 548 Market St, San Francisco, CA PMB 89605 USA
| | - Madalina Ciobanu
- Montera Inc. dba Forta, 548 Market St, San Francisco, CA PMB 89605 USA
| | - Gina Barnes
- Montera Inc. dba Forta, 548 Market St, San Francisco, CA PMB 89605 USA
| | - Ella Browning
- Montera Inc. dba Forta, 548 Market St, San Francisco, CA PMB 89605 USA
| | - Jenna DeCurzio
- Montera Inc. dba Forta, 548 Market St, San Francisco, CA PMB 89605 USA
| | - Qingqing Mao
- Montera Inc. dba Forta, 548 Market St, San Francisco, CA, PMB 89605, USA.
| | - Ritankar Das
- Montera Inc. dba Forta, 548 Market St, San Francisco, CA PMB 89605 USA
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Baires NA, Boydston PS, Redner RN. Pay Equity Among Behavior-Analytic Practitioners Who Serve Children. BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL ISSUES 2023; 32:1-26. [PMID: 38625237 PMCID: PMC9848708 DOI: 10.1007/s42822-022-00118-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Pay disparities have numerous adverse effects upon organizations, employees, and clients, which can affect the organization's ability to deliver services, including culturally responsive services. Evidence is accumulating that pay inequity, particularly among females and males, is present within the field of behavior analysis (Li et al., 2018; Vance & Saini, 2022). The purpose of the present study was to examine the annual income of Board Certified Behavior Analysts (BCBA) and doctoral-level BCBAs (BCBA-Ds) who work with children, with a particular focus on the impact that salary practices have on the provision of services to this age group. A survey was distributed to collect information regarding annual income, demographics, and various aspects of service delivery. The sample included 236 (96.7%) BCBAs and eight (3.3%) BCBA-Ds who had been in the field an average of 11.3 years (N = 244). Annual income for female BCBAs and male BCBAs was $74,888 and $79,140, respectively. For those who served children and adolescents, female respondents earn an annual average of $75,840, while male respondents earn an average of $74, 673. The annual incomes of female BCBAs that served urban, rural, and combined rural and urban regions were $76,931, $69,198, and $77,199, respectively. The observed differences between service regions were statistically significant, whereas the difference observed between females and males was not. Considering this, females made less than male counterparts in nearly every comparison, which is alarming. The present study adds to the growing list of observations indicating that a change in salary practices is needed to improve behavior-analytic service delivery to clients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A. Baires
- Behavior Analysis and Therapy Program, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Illinois 62901 Carbondale, USA
| | - Paige S. Boydston
- Behavior Analysis and Therapy Program, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Illinois 62901 Carbondale, USA
| | - Ryan N. Redner
- Behavior Analysis and Therapy Program, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Illinois 62901 Carbondale, USA
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7
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Burney V, Arnold-Saritepe A, McCann CM. Rethinking the Place of Qualitative Methods in Behavior Analysis. Perspect Behav Sci 2023; 46:185-200. [PMID: 37006599 PMCID: PMC10050534 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-022-00362-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractSingle-case design research is pervasive and dominant in the field of behavior analysis (BA). It allows for effective application of behavior change technologies in a wide variety of real-world settings. However, as the field has grown, behavioral scholars have suggested incorporating other methods into the investigator’s toolbox to supplement single-case design. To date, the call to expand beyond using only variations of single-case design as the standard for behavior analytic research has gone largely unheard. Given the need for behavior analytic work to be more closely aligned with consumer and stakeholder needs and priorities, along with a proliferation of practitioners and researchers in the field, now is the time to consider the benefits of qualitative research methods for behavior analysts. In particular, in areas of social validity and in exploring diverse applied topics, qualitative methods may help the field of behavior analysis to achieve greater success with documenting the outcomes from behavior change interventions. The present article explores areas where behavior analysis may benefit from utilizing qualitative methods, namely social validity and breadth of topics for study, and provides examples of the value of qualitative research from other fields. A brief outline of qualitative research is provided alongside consideration of the seven dimensions of applied behavior analysis. In situations where single-case design does not offer behavior analysts sufficient methodological opportunity, qualitative research methods could form a powerful addition to the field of behavior analysis.
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8
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Yingling ME, Ruther MH, Dubuque EM. Trends in Geographic Access to Board Certified Behavior Analysts Among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder, 2018-2021. J Autism Dev Disord 2022; 52:5483-5490. [PMID: 34985719 PMCID: PMC8727480 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-05402-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Research has documented inequities in geographic access to Board Certified Behavior Analysts (BCBAs) among children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, research on their accessibility is outdated. Between July 1, 2018 and July 1, 2021 the number of BCBAs in the U.S. increased by 65%, from 27,320 to 45,103. In this study we examined trends in geographic access to BCBAs among children with ASD between 2018 and 2021. The sample included all U.S. counties in 50 states and D.C. (N = 3138). Using GIS software we examined change in county-level access to BCBAs between 2018 and 2021 and mapped ASD/BCBA ratios across all counties in both years. Study results indicate that despite modest improvements (e.g., 266 counties added BCBAs), inequitable access persists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa E Yingling
- Kent School of Social Work, University of Louisville, 2217 S 3rd St, Oppenhimer Hall, Louisville, KY, 40208, USA.
| | - Matthew H Ruther
- Department of Urban and Public Affairs, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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9
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Hendrix NM, Pickard KE, Binion GE, Kushner E. A systematic review of emotion regulation in parent-mediated interventions for autism spectrum disorder. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:846286. [PMID: 36213921 PMCID: PMC9544248 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.846286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Autistic individuals are at elevated risk for difficulties with emotion regulation (ER) that emerge early in life and are associated with a range of internalizing and externalizing disorders. Existing interventions that support ER have focused on school-age autistic children and adolescents as well as adults. Proactive approaches to improving ER in early childhood are thus needed, as is understanding the approaches by which ER skills can be feasibly supported in this young population. This review summarizes how ER has been measured within parent-mediated interventions for children at or under the age of 6 years and the extent to which ER is measured concurrently with or distinctly from observable behaviors that have been referenced in existing literature as externalizing or challenging behavior. Using PsycInfo, EBSCOhost, and PubMed databases, we searched for peer-reviewed journal articles published through August 2021, that focused on the use of parent-mediated interventions targeting ER and/or challenging behavior. The systematic search resulted in 4,738 publications; following multi-stage screening, the search yielded 20 studies. Eighteen of 20 studies were designed to target challenging behavior using manualized curricula or behavior analytic methodologies and assessed child outcomes through validated caregiver rating scales and/or direct behavioral observation. One study measured changes in ER as secondary to the social communication skills that were targeted in the intervention. Only one study specifically supported ER skill development and measured changes in ER as the primary intervention outcome. Findings highlight the need for better assessment of ER outcomes within the context of parent-mediated interventions for toddlers and young autistic children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M. Hendrix
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Katherine E. Pickard
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Grace E. Binion
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Elizabeth Kushner
- Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
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10
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Dubuque EM, Kazemi E. An Investigation of BCBA Exam Pass Rates as a Quality Indicator of Applied Behavior Analysis Training Programs. Behav Anal Pract 2022; 15:909-923. [PMID: 36457830 PMCID: PMC9582067 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-021-00660-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of colleges and universities offering behavior analytic training has grown rapidly over the last decade and it is time for our profession to evaluate the rigor of such trainings and to gain quality control. In this study we set out to investigate first-time pass rates on the Board Certified Behavior Analyst (BCBA) examinations across Verified Course Sequences (VCSs) using publicly available data between 2013 to 2020. We evaluated outcomes related to overall first-time pass rates; the small number of programs contributing the greatest number of BCBA exam candidates; and the difference in first-time pass rates by mode of instruction and ABAI accreditation. We discuss the use of first-time pass rate data as a quality indicator and provide some recommendations based on the outcomes evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick M. Dubuque
- The Council of Autism Service Providers, University of Louisville, 401 Edgewater Place, Suite 600, Wakefield, MA 01880 USA
- Department of Special Education, Early Childhood, & Prevention Science, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292 USA
| | - Ellie Kazemi
- Department of Psychology, California State University, CA 91330 Northridge, USA
- Behavioral Health Center of Excellence, 8033 Sunset Blvd #1093, CA 90046 Los Angeles, USA
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11
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Deochand N, Costello MS. Building a Social Justice Framework for Cultural and Linguistic Diversity in ABA. Behav Anal Pract 2022; 15:893-908. [PMID: 36465600 PMCID: PMC9582066 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-021-00659-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
ABA may be uniquely positioned to have broader impacts with culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) client populations, not only due to its growth and increased social acceptability, but also because a segment of the field practices within the education system. Decades of misinformation have potentially reduced the widespread reliance on learning pedagogies derived from behavior analytic research. Disseminating ABA technologies depends on an advocacy-based approach to close gaps from research-to-practice. Social justice is both an approach and a framework that can be integrated into our strategic planning for the field. This article describes how to apply social justice guidelines when working with CLD students and families. There are culturally relevant considerations that can be included in our research, training, and service delivery, in particular if we want the field to grow in a sustainable fashion. Behavior analysts must consider it an ongoing long-term objective to engage in culturally informed assessment, culturally and linguistically relevant intervention, culturally focused advocacy and collaboration with families, and use self-assessment of their cultural competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Deochand
- Behavior Analysis Program, University of Cincinnati, 450H Teachers-Dyer Complex, Cincinnati, OH 45244 USA
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12
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Akers JS, Davis TN, McGinnis K, Swensson RM. Effectiveness of Remote Delayed Performance Feedback on Accurate Implementation of Caregiver Coaching. JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL EDUCATION 2022; 33:1-24. [PMID: 35971548 PMCID: PMC9365676 DOI: 10.1007/s10864-022-09487-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The supervision of field experiences is an indispensable component of Board-Certified Behavior Analyst (BCBA®) training. During the supervised field experience, supervisors regularly provide performance feedback to trainees for the purpose of improving fidelity of implementation of various assessments and interventions. Emerging evidence supports the efficacy of using telehealth to train teachers and parents to implement interventions, but no study has evaluated the effectiveness of the remote delayed performance feedback among individuals completing BCBA® training. We used videoconference equipment and software to deliver remote delayed performance feedback to seven participants enrolled in a graduate program and completing supervised field experience. Remote delayed performance feedback was provided regarding participants' implementation of caregiver coaching. The results indicate that delayed performance feedback provided remotely increased the correct implementation of caregiver coaching. These preliminary results indicate the efficacy of remote supervision and delayed performance feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S. Akers
- Department of Educational Psychology, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97301, Waco, TX 76798 USA
| | - Tonya N. Davis
- Department of Educational Psychology, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97301, Waco, TX 76798 USA
| | - Kristina McGinnis
- Department of Educational Psychology, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97301, Waco, TX 76798 USA
| | - Remington M. Swensson
- Department of Educational Psychology, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97301, Waco, TX 76798 USA
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13
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Ignorance and Cultural Diversity: the Ethical Obligations of the Behavior Analyst. Behav Anal Pract 2022; 16:23-39. [PMID: 37006425 PMCID: PMC10050298 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-022-00701-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Applied behavior analysis (ABA) has featured an increasing concern for understanding and considering the cultural diversity of the populations behavior analysts serve in recent years. As an expression of that concern, the new BACB's Ethics Code for Behavior Analysts is more explicit and comprehensive in its inclusion of ethical obligations concerning cultural diversity. The purpose of this paper is to offer a discussion on the limitations of both our capacity and willingness to know and overcome our ignorance about our own and other cultures. We examine different ways in which our ignorance of other cultures plays out even in willful compliance with the BACB ethics code. We suggest part of the problem is that the BACB ethics code seems to operate under the assumption that practitioners are always aware or can be aware of what they do not know and of their biases. In contrast, we offer a reflection on a more complex picture of our understanding of ourselves and other cultures, where we cannot assume people are aware of what they ignore and of their biases. Ethically, we find that in some cases these blindspots are accounted for by the BACB ethics code and should be foreseen and addressed by the behavior analyst (BA). But in other cases, when a person is not aware of what they ignore, understanding the connection between cultural diversity ignorance and professional behavior requires a different approach. Our analysis suggests an attitude of being thoughtfully diligent and humble while learning about cultural diversity issues and examining the areas where we might be ignorant and not aware of our ignorance. We argue that BAs' obligations to respect the dignity of clients and their families and to provide effective treatment call for this attitude of diligence and humility that goes beyond mere compliance.
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14
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Wine B. More Musings on Ethics: A Response to Weatherly (2021). JOURNAL OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR MANAGEMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/01608061.2021.1957744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Byron Wine
- The Faison Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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15
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Turgeon S, Lanovaz MJ. Perceptions of Behavior Analysis in France: Accuracy and Tone of Posts in an Internet Forum on Autism. BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL ISSUES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42822-021-00057-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Brown K, Rosales R, Brown M, Flora S. The Use of a Brief Treatment Package to Increase Session Note Completion in an ABA Agency. JOURNAL OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR MANAGEMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/01608061.2021.1922125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristopher Brown
- Youngstown State University, Department of Psychology, Youngstown, Ohio, USA
| | - Rocio Rosales
- University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mary Brown
- Youngstown State University, Department of Psychology, Youngstown, Ohio, USA
| | - Stephen Flora
- Youngstown State University, Department of Psychology, Youngstown, Ohio, USA
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Shepley C, Shepley SB, Allday RA, Tyner-Wilson M, Larrow D. Evaluation of a Brief Family-Centered Service Provision Model for Treating Children's Severe Behavior: A Retrospective Consecutive Case Series Analysis. Behav Anal Pract 2021; 14:86-96. [PMID: 33732579 PMCID: PMC7900314 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-020-00487-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This article serves as an initial program evaluation of a service provision model for providing applied behavior analysis services to families with severe behavior needs. A retrospective consecutive case series design was used to evaluate the effectiveness, feasibility, and cost of the model. We analyzed records for all families served through the model from summer 2017 to fall 2018. A total of 55 families received services, with 87% of children having autism and 63% having an intellectual disability. Within-participant single-case experimental designs were used to evaluate the clinic's assessment procedures, and caregiver interviews were used to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of developed and implemented treatments. Conclusive assessment results were obtained for approximately 69% of children. For families that received treatment, 92% reported improved child behavior. Intent-to-treat analyses that included families that withdrew from services prior to receiving treatment indicated that 61% of families experienced improved child behavior. Assessment and treatment outcomes for families that attended all appointments are commensurate with those of other similar clinics reported in the literature; however, the percentage of families that withdrew from services is substantially higher. For families adhering to the clinic's services, children's challenging behavior may be effectively assessed and treated through brief outpatient contacts utilizing services based on applied behavior analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin Shepley
- Department of Early Childhood, Special Education, and Rehabilitation Counseling, College of Education, University of Kentucky, 229 Taylor Education Building, Lexington, KY 40506 USA
| | - Sally B. Shepley
- Department of Early Childhood, Special Education, and Rehabilitation Counseling, College of Education, University of Kentucky, 229 Taylor Education Building, Lexington, KY 40506 USA
| | - R. Allan Allday
- Department of Early Childhood, Special Education, and Rehabilitation Counseling, College of Education, University of Kentucky, 229 Taylor Education Building, Lexington, KY 40506 USA
| | - Melanie Tyner-Wilson
- Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY USA
| | - Daniel Larrow
- Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY USA
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Yingling ME, Ruther MH, Dubuque EM, Bell BA. Impact of County Sociodemographic Factors and State Policy on Geographic Access to Behavior Analysts Among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. ADMINISTRATION AND POLICY IN MENTAL HEALTH AND MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH 2021; 48:1105-1114. [PMID: 33620610 PMCID: PMC7900801 DOI: 10.1007/s10488-021-01120-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To examine the relationship between geographic access to Board Certified Behavior Analysts (BCBAs) among children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and county sociodemographic factors and state policy, we integrated publicly available data from the U.S. Department of Education’s Civil Rights Data Collection, Behavior Analyst Certification Board’s certificant registry, and U.S. Census. The study sample included U.S. counties and county equivalents (e.g., parishes, independent cities) in 49 states and D.C. (N = 3040). Using GIS software, we assigned BCBAs to counties based on their residence, allocated children via school districts to counties, and generated per-capita children with ASD/BCBA ratios. We distributed counties into five categories based on these ratios: no BCBAs (reference), ≥ 31, 21–30, 11–20, > 0–10. We used a generalized logit model to conduct analyses. Highly affluent and urban counties had the highest access to BCBAs with odds ratio estimates for affluence ranging from 2.26 to 5.26. County-level poverty was positively associated with access, yet this relationship was moderated by urbanicity. Race-ethnicity and healthcare insurance coverage were negatively related to access. Other variables were not significant. Targeting non-urban and less affluent counties for provider recruitment and maintenance could most improve access to BCBAs. In addition to strategies specific to BCBAs for improving geographic access, traditional strategies used for other healthcare providers could be useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa E Yingling
- Kent School of Social Work, University of Louisville, 2217 S 3rd St, Oppenhimer Hall, Louisville, KY, 40208, USA.
| | - Matthew H Ruther
- College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Urban and Public Affairs, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Erick M Dubuque
- College of Education and Human Development, Department of Special Education, Early Childhood & Prevention Science, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Bethany A Bell
- College of Social Work, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
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19
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Deochand N, Eldridge RR, Peterson SM. Toward the Development of a Functional Analysis Risk Assessment Decision Tool. Behav Anal Pract 2020; 13:978-990. [PMID: 33269209 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-020-00433-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Risk-benefit analyses are essential in the decision-making process when selecting the most effective and least restrictive assessment and treatment options for our clients. Clinical expertise, informed by the client's preferences and the research literature, is needed in order to weigh the potential detrimental effects of a procedure against its expected benefits. Unfortunately, safety recommendations pertaining to functional analyses (FAs) are scattered or not consistently reported in the literature, which could lead some practitioners to misjudge the risks of FA. We surveyed behavior analysts to determine their perceived need for a risk assessment tool to evaluate risks prior to conducting an FA. In a sample of 664 Board Certified Behavior Analysts (BCBAs) and doctoral-level Board Certified Behavior Analysts (BCBA-Ds), 96.2% reported that a tool that evaluated the risks of proceeding with an FA would be useful for the professional practice of applied behavior analysis. We then developed an interactive tool to assess risk, which provides suggestions to mitigate the risks of an FA and validity recommendations. Subsequently, an expert panel of 10 BCBA-Ds reviewed the tool. Experts suggested that it was best suited as an instructional resource for those learning about the FA process and as a supporting resource for early practitioners' clinical decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Deochand
- Behavior Analysis Program, School of Human Services, University of Cincinnati, 450H Teachers-Dyer Complex, 2610 McMicken Cir., Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA
| | - Rebecca R Eldridge
- Department of Psychology, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI USA
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20
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McBain RK, Cantor JH, Kofner A, Stein BD, Yu H. State Insurance Mandates and the Workforce for Children With Autism. Pediatrics 2020; 146:peds.2020-0836. [PMID: 32900876 PMCID: PMC7546088 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2020-0836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND State mandates have required insurance companies to provide coverage for autism-related child health care services; however, it has not been determined if insurance mandates have improved the supply of child health care providers. We investigate the effect of state insurance mandates on the supply of child psychiatrists, pediatricians, and board-certified behavioral analysts (BCBAs). METHODS We used data from the National Conference of State Legislatures and Health Resources and Services Administration's Area Health Resource Files to examine child psychiatrists, pediatricians, and BCBAs in all 50 states from 2003 to 2017. Fixed-effects regression models compared change in workforce density before versus one year after mandate implementation and the effect of mandate generosity across 44 US states implementing mandates between 2003 and 2017. RESULTS From 2003 to 2017, child psychiatrists increased from 7.40 to 10.03 per 100 000 children, pediatricians from 62.35 to 68.86, and BCBAs from 1.34 to 29.88. Mandate introduction was associated with an additional increase of 0.77 BCBAs per 100 000 children (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.18 to 1.42) one year after mandate enactment. Mandate introduction was also associated with a more modest increase among child psychiatrists (95% CI: 0.10 to 0.91) and was not associated with the prevalence of pediatricians (95% CI: -0.76 to 1.13). We also found evidence that more generous mandate benefits were associated with larger effects on workforce supply. CONCLUSIONS State insurance mandates were associated with an ∼16% increase in BCBAs from 2003 to 2017, but the association with child psychiatrists was smaller and nonsignificant among pediatricians. In these findings, it is suggested that policies are needed that specifically address workforce constraints in the provision of services for children with autism spectrum disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hao Yu
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
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21
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Lotfizadeh AD, Carter C, Schroeder-Mackay C, Poling A. Hiring Behavior Analysts: Free Gifts at a Booth Increase Verbal Contacts with a Recruiter, but Not Serious Job Inquiries. JOURNAL OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR MANAGEMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/01608061.2020.1746473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amin D. Lotfizadeh
- Easterseals Southern California, Autism Services Research Division, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Chelsea Carter
- Easterseals Southern California, Autism Services Research Division, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Alan Poling
- Department of Psychology, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA
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22
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Acceptability and willingness to pay for contingency management interventions among parents of young adults with problematic opioid use. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 206:107687. [PMID: 31753735 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a need for new research addressing the cost prohibitive nature of maintaining contingency management (CM) in community settings. While researchers propose managed care as an option to support costs, there is no research on self-pay models. To inform such research, it is important first to understand client willingness to pay for CM services. We examine acceptability and willingness to pay for CM services among parents with and without young adult children with problematic opioid use. METHODS A web-based survey was administered to a sample of parents of adult children ages 18-35 with (target sample) and without (comparison sample) a history of problematic opiate use. RESULTS One hundred thirty parents participated (ntarget = 30; ncomparison = 100) and were predominately white, college educated, and of higher income. Findings showed a high proportion of participants had positive opinions of using incentives for substance use treatment and would consider incentive-based treatments for their child. Most participants reported they would be willing to pay for CM at levels consistent with amounts used in efficacious programs but expressed worry that incentives would be used to buy drugs. Most participants reported this worry would be eased if incentives were delivered via reloadable gift cards and if incentives were only delivered during periods of abstinence. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to examine parent perceptions of incentives and acceptability and willingness to pay for CM services. Results suggest self-pay models for disseminating CM to young adults with problematic opioid use may be an option.
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Kornack J, Cernius A, Persicke A. The Diversity Is in the Details: Unintentional Language Discrimination in the Practice of Applied Behavior Analysis. Behav Anal Pract 2019; 12:879-886. [PMID: 31976300 PMCID: PMC6834813 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-019-00377-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with limited English proficiency face more challenges accessing applied behavior analysis (ABA) than their English-speaking counterparts. Many federal and state laws have been enacted to ensure the civil rights of protected classes, and Section 1557 of the Affordable Care Act (ACA, 2010) builds on those laws and explicitly establishes a cause of action (i.e., a basis to sue) against health care providers, including ABA providers, who discriminate against patients on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, age, or disability. A patient's language falls under the scope of national origin, and most health care providers, including behavior analysts who deliver ABA as medically necessary treatment, have a duty to ensure that patients who are Limited English Proficient (LEP) have the same access to the provider's services as English-speaking patients. Knowledge of this provision of the ACA is critical to its compliance and, more importantly, to ensuring that behavior analysts rise to the challenge that the goal of true diversity represents. Note: Many terms are used interchangeably to describe insurance carriers, insurance issuers, health plans, and managed care organizations, as well as practitioners of applied behavior analysis. In this article, insurance carriers, insurance issuers, health plans, and managed care organizations are referred to as payors, and practitioners of applied behavior analysis are referred to as behavior analysts or ABA providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Kornack
- Center for Autism and Related Disorders, 21600 Oxnard Street, 18th Floor, Woodland Hills, CA 91367 USA
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24
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Tsami L, Lerman D, Toper-Korkmaz O. Effectiveness and acceptability of parent training via telehealth among families around the world. J Appl Behav Anal 2019; 52:1113-1129. [PMID: 31565804 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Teaching parents to conduct functional analyses and to implement functional communication training is an efficacious approach for treating socially maintained problem behavior (Derby et al., 1997). Research has found that delivering this assessment and intervention package via telehealth technologies is efficient and acceptable to caregivers in the United States (Wacker et al., 2013b). We replicated this work with families residing in rural and urban areas of eight countries. Two behavior therapists located in the United States conducted appointments in the participants' native languages, using interpreters as needed. Parent-implemented functional analyses and treatment with functional communication training were highly effective in reducing problem behavior in children diagnosed with autism. Furthermore, parents rated the procedures as acceptable and indicated that the treatment would be effective with their children. These findings indicate that telehealth technologies are a viable option for clinicians to provide behavior analysis services to families around the world.
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25
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Mahoney A, Li A, Curiel H, Plattner C, Poling A. Self‐ and cross‐citations in theJournal of Applied Behavior Analysisand theJournal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior: 2004‐2018. J Appl Behav Anal 2019; 52:1130-1139. [DOI: 10.1002/jaba.585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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26
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Conners B, Johnson A, Duarte J, Murriky R, Marks K. Future Directions of Training and Fieldwork in Diversity Issues in Applied Behavior Analysis. Behav Anal Pract 2019; 12:767-776. [PMID: 31976288 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-019-00349-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper examines the perceptions of behavior-analytic professionals holding credentials through the Behavior Analyst Certification Board® (BACB®)-including Board Certified Behavior Analysts-Doctoral™, Board Certified Behavior Analysts®, and Board Certified Assistant Behavior Analysts®-regarding multiculturalism and diversity issues in their graduate training, fieldwork, and supervision. This paper predominantly focuses on future directions for improving graduate training, fieldwork, and supervision requirements in the field of applied behavior analysis (ABA) to produce more culturally competent professionals. Results from a preliminary survey of BACB® certificants (N = 575) are included to provide a context for recommendations on how to move the field of ABA forward to enhance the training and preparation of future credentialed professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Conners
- Department of Educational Studies, College of Education and Human Services, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, Jubilee Hall Rm. 431, South Orange, NJ 07079 USA
| | - Ashlynn Johnson
- Department of Educational Studies, College of Education and Human Services, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, Jubilee Hall Rm. 431, South Orange, NJ 07079 USA
| | - Jacqueline Duarte
- Department of Educational Studies, College of Education and Human Services, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, Jubilee Hall Rm. 431, South Orange, NJ 07079 USA
| | - Ranim Murriky
- Department of Educational Studies, College of Education and Human Services, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, Jubilee Hall Rm. 431, South Orange, NJ 07079 USA
| | - Kevin Marks
- Department of Educational Studies, College of Education and Human Services, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, Jubilee Hall Rm. 431, South Orange, NJ 07079 USA
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27
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Trump CE, Ayres KM. Autism, Insurance, and Discrimination: The Effect of an Autism Diagnosis on Behavior-Analytic Services. Behav Anal Pract 2019; 13:282-289. [PMID: 32231991 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-018-00327-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper discusses variables contributing to behavior analysis's growth within the autism community and the effect of an autism diagnosis on behavior-analytic services and access to those services. Recent insurance reforms in 47 states, the District of Columbia, and the U.S. Virgin Islands require insurance companies to offer, or cover, behavior-analytic services to individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. However, despite many benefits associated with increased coverage for individuals with autism, potential limitations exist, such as age and disability discrimination. Furthermore, this paper examines factors influencing the growing number of behavior analysts practicing in the area of autism and steps to ensure the field's growth beyond autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cary E Trump
- Department of Communication Sciences and Special Education, University of Georgia, 514 Aderhold, 110 Carlton St, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Kevin M Ayres
- Department of Communication Sciences and Special Education, University of Georgia, 514 Aderhold, 110 Carlton St, Athens, GA 30602 USA
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Brodhead MT, Quigley SP, Wilczynski SM. A Call for Discussion About Scope of Competence in Behavior Analysis. Behav Anal Pract 2018; 11:424-435. [PMID: 30538919 PMCID: PMC6269378 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-018-00303-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of behavior analysis has defined its scope of practice through credentialing and licensure efforts. However, scope of competence in behavior analysis has received little discussion. Scope of competence refers to activities that the individual practitioner can perform at a certain criterion level (e.g., the functional analysis is conducted accurately and safely, a skill acquisition program includes critical program components and establishes accurate stimulus control). Given the successful efforts of behavior analysts in growth and recognition of the field, it is time for a robust conversation about scope of competence for the field of behavior analysis. This discussion can clarify how behavior analysts self-evaluate their own scope of competence and how they might expand their scope of competence if the needs of consumers require practitioners to expand into new areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. Brodhead
- Department of Counseling, Educational Psychology, and Special Education, Michigan State University, 620 Farm Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
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Abstract
This article serves as a brief primer on planaria for behavior scientists. In the 1950s and 1960s, McConnell's planarian laboratory posited that conditioned behavior could transfer after regeneration, and through cannibalization of trained planaria. These studies, the responses, and replications have been collectively referred to as the "planarian controversy." Successful behavioral assays still require refinement with this organism, but they could add valuable insight into our conceptualization of memory and learning. We discuss how the planarian's distinctive biology enables an examination of biobehavioral interaction models, and what behavior scientists must consider if they are to advance behavioral research with this organism. Suggestions for academics interested in building planaria learning laboratories are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Deochand
- Health and Human Services Department, University of Cincinnati, 450H Teachers-Dyer Complex, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA
| | - Mack S. Costello
- Department of Psychology, Rider University, 2083 Lawrenceville Road, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648 USA
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Detrich R. Rethinking Dissemination: Storytelling as a Part of the Repertoire. Perspect Behav Sci 2018; 41:541-549. [PMID: 31976410 PMCID: PMC6701735 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-018-0160-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ronnie Detrich
- Wing Institute, 2102 Dennison Street, Suite B, Oakland, CA 94606 USA
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31
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Rosenberg NE, Schwartz IS. Guidance or Compliance: What Makes an Ethical Behavior Analyst? Behav Anal Pract 2018; 12:473-482. [PMID: 31976255 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-018-00287-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2016, the Behavior Analyst Certification Board (BACB) made effective a new, revised ethical code for behavior analysts, the Professional and Ethical Compliance Code for Behavior Analysts, replacing the code that had been in effect since 2001. In this revised code, the certification board has shifted the language of the code from that of a set of guidelines to that of a set of enforceable rules. This important shift has not been well discussed in the field. This article explores the potential implications and possible consequences of such a shift and describes other ways that ethical behavior has been approached historically. The authors then propose an ethical decision-making process that might provide a better area of focus for the field of behavior analysis in seeking to develop the highest levels of ethical behavior in its professionals and provide a case example using that process to resolve an ethical dilemma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy E Rosenberg
- 1Special Education, College of Education, University of Washington, Box 357925, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.,2Haring Center, University of Washington, Box 357925, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Ilene S Schwartz
- 1Special Education, College of Education, University of Washington, Box 357925, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.,2Haring Center, University of Washington, Box 357925, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
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Brodhead MT, Quigley SP, Cox DJ. How to Identify Ethical Practices in Organizations Prior to Employment. Behav Anal Pract 2018; 11:165-173. [PMID: 29868343 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-018-0235-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavior analysts likely can evaluate multiple organizations prior to accepting a job due to recent increases in the number of organizations providing ABA services. We argue that evaluating the ethical values of an organization is paramount during the job search process. We provide strategies for evaluating the ethical values of an organization prior to employment and describe considerations from the pre-application process through contract negotiations. Ultimately, we add to the growing body of literature that provides guidance for common problems behavior analysts may face over the course of their careers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Brodhead
- 1Department of Counseling, Educational Psychology, and Special Education, Michigan State University, 620 Farm Lane, East Lansing, MI 48820 USA
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33
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Dubuque EM, Dubuque ML. Guidelines for the Establishment of a University-Based Practical Training System. Behav Anal Pract 2016; 11:51-61. [PMID: 29556449 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-016-0154-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals interested in applying to sit for a Behavior Analyst Certification Board® (BACB) examination are required to accumulate a predetermined number of experience and supervision hours under the BACB Experience Standards (BACB, 2015c). Currently, the BACB allows students to accumulate these hours while enrolled in a higher education training program that contains a BACB-Approved Course Sequence (ACS). There are numerous professional and financial benefits for programs offering practical training opportunities to students. However, creating a viable practical training system requires careful planning and organization. The purpose of this paper is to provide some guidelines and recommendations for establishing one type of university-based practical training system using community-based sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick M Dubuque
- 1Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY USA.,2Department of Special Education, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY USA
| | - Molly L Dubuque
- 3University of Louisville Autism Center at Kosair Charities, 14105 East Burnett Street, Louisville, KY 40217 USA
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