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Macias-Konstantopoulos WL, Collins KA, Diaz R, Duber HC, Edwards CD, Hsu AP, Ranney ML, Riviello RJ, Wettstein ZS, Sachs CJ. Race, Healthcare, and Health Disparities: A Critical Review and Recommendations for Advancing Health Equity. West J Emerg Med 2023; 24:906-918. [PMID: 37788031 PMCID: PMC10527840 DOI: 10.5811/westjem.58408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
An overwhelming body of evidence points to an inextricable link between race and health disparities in the United States. Although race is best understood as a social construct, its role in health outcomes has historically been attributed to increasingly debunked theories of underlying biological and genetic differences across races. Recently, growing calls for health equity and social justice have raised awareness of the impact of implicit bias and structural racism on social determinants of health, healthcare quality, and ultimately, health outcomes. This more nuanced recognition of the role of race in health disparities has, in turn, facilitated introspective racial disparities research, root cause analyses, and changes in practice within the medical community. Examining the complex interplay between race, social determinants of health, and health outcomes allows systems of health to create mechanisms for checks and balances that mitigate unfair and avoidable health inequalities. As one of the specialties most intertwined with social medicine, emergency medicine (EM) is ideally positioned to address racism in medicine, develop health equity metrics, monitor disparities in clinical performance data, identify research gaps, implement processes and policies to eliminate racial health inequities, and promote anti-racist ideals as advocates for structural change. In this critical review our aim was to (a) provide a synopsis of racial disparities across a broad scope of clinical pathology interests addressed in emergency departments-communicable diseases, non-communicable conditions, and injuries-and (b) through a race-conscious analysis, develop EM practice recommendations for advancing a culture of equity with the potential for measurable impact on healthcare quality and health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy L Macias-Konstantopoulos
- Center for Social Justice and Health Equity, Department of Emergency Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Emergency Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Rosemarie Diaz
- University of California-Los Angeles, Department of Emergency Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Herbert C Duber
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Seattle, Washington
- Washington State Department of Health, Tumwater, Washington
| | - Courtney D Edwards
- Samford University, Moffett & Sanders School of Nursing, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Antony P Hsu
- Trinity Health Ann Arbor Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine, Ypsilanti, Michigan
| | - Megan L Ranney
- Yale University, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Ralph J Riviello
- University of Texas Health San Antonio, Department of Emergency Medicine, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Zachary S Wettstein
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Carolyn J Sachs
- Ronald Reagan-UCLA Medical Center and David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Department of Emergency Medicine, Los Angeles, California
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3
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Gaynor KM, Azevedo T, Boyajian C, Brun J, Budden AE, Cole A, Csik S, DeCesaro J, Do-Linh H, Dudney J, Galaz García C, Leonard S, Lyon NJ, Marks A, Parish J, Phillips AA, Scarborough C, Smith J, Thompson M, Vargas Poulsen C, Fong CR. Ten simple rules to cultivate belonging in collaborative data science research teams. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010567. [PMID: 36327241 PMCID: PMC9632775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn M. Gaynor
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
- Departments of Zoology and Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Therese Azevedo
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Clarissa Boyajian
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Julien Brun
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Amber E. Budden
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
- Main Library, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Allie Cole
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Samantha Csik
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Joe DeCesaro
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Halina Do-Linh
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Joan Dudney
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Carmen Galaz García
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Scout Leonard
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Nicholas J. Lyon
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Althea Marks
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Julia Parish
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Alexandra A. Phillips
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Courtney Scarborough
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Joshua Smith
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Marcus Thompson
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Camila Vargas Poulsen
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Caitlin R. Fong
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
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4
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Nastasi JA, Crowe A, Gravina NE. Reporting Demographic Variables in JOBM and JAP: A Comparison and Call to Action. JOURNAL OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR MANAGEMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/01608061.2022.2082624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alyssa Crowe
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Nicole E. Gravina
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Deochand N, Costello MS. Building a Social Justice Framework for Cultural and Linguistic Diversity in ABA. Behav Anal Pract 2022; 15:893-908. [PMID: 36465600 PMCID: PMC9582066 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-021-00659-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
ABA may be uniquely positioned to have broader impacts with culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) client populations, not only due to its growth and increased social acceptability, but also because a segment of the field practices within the education system. Decades of misinformation have potentially reduced the widespread reliance on learning pedagogies derived from behavior analytic research. Disseminating ABA technologies depends on an advocacy-based approach to close gaps from research-to-practice. Social justice is both an approach and a framework that can be integrated into our strategic planning for the field. This article describes how to apply social justice guidelines when working with CLD students and families. There are culturally relevant considerations that can be included in our research, training, and service delivery, in particular if we want the field to grow in a sustainable fashion. Behavior analysts must consider it an ongoing long-term objective to engage in culturally informed assessment, culturally and linguistically relevant intervention, culturally focused advocacy and collaboration with families, and use self-assessment of their cultural competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Deochand
- grid.24827.3b0000 0001 2179 9593Behavior Analysis Program, University of Cincinnati, 450H Teachers-Dyer Complex, Cincinnati, OH 45244 USA
| | - Mack S. Costello
- grid.262557.10000 0001 0683 8240Rider University, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648 USA
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Castro-Hostetler M, Greenwald AE, Lewon M. Increasing Access and Quality of Behavior-Analytic Services for the Latinx Population. BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL ISSUES 2021; 30:13-38. [PMID: 38624718 PMCID: PMC8437337 DOI: 10.1007/s42822-021-00064-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Latinxs are the largest minority group in the United States, making up approximately 18% of the total population. Although there is a critical need for the behavioral health care system, including behavior analysts, to provide services to support the needs of the Latinx community, access to quality behavioral and mental health services continues to be lacking for the Black, Indigenous, and people of color populations. This article highlights some of the cultural and language factors that should be considered by behavior-analytic providers who have a shared responsibility to make culturally and linguistically appropriate services available to this population. Additionally, recommendations for systemic action across service providers, professional organizations, behavior-analytic training programs, and researchers are suggested to address these barriers. Recommendations for bringing about this systemic change are suggested across three domains: (a) increasing diversity in the behavior-analytic workforce, (b) enhancing training in cultural- and language-related issues, and (c) conducting research on cultural and language adaptations to behavior-analytic evidence-based treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariela Castro-Hostetler
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, MS 296, 1664 North Virginia Street, Reno, NV 89557 USA
| | | | - Matthew Lewon
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, MS 296, 1664 North Virginia Street, Reno, NV 89557 USA
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Akpapuna M, Choi E, Johnson DA, Lopez JA. Encouraging Multiculturalism and Diversity within Organizational Behavior Management. JOURNAL OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR MANAGEMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/01608061.2020.1832014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Merrilyn Akpapuna
- Department of Psychology, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA
| | - Eunju Choi
- Department of Psychology, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA
| | - Douglas A. Johnson
- Department of Psychology, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA
| | - Juan A. Lopez
- Department of Psychology, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA
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