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Grixti L, Lane LC, Pearce SH. The genetics of Graves' disease. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2024; 25:203-214. [PMID: 38108994 PMCID: PMC10808215 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-023-09848-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Graves' disease (GD) is the commonest cause of hyperthyroidism and has a strong female preponderance. Everyday clinical practice suggests strong aggregation within families and twin studies demonstrate that genetic factors account for 60-80% of risk of developing GD. In this review, we collate numerous genetic studies and outline the discoveries over the years, starting with historic candidate gene studies and then exploring more recent genome-wide linkage and association studies, which have involved substantial cohorts of East Asian patients as well as those of European descent. Variants in genes including HLA, CTLA4, and PTPN22 have been shown to have substantial individual effects on disease susceptibility. In addition, we examine emerging evidence concerning the possibility that genetic variants may correlate with relevant clinical phenotypes including age of onset of GD, severity of thyrotoxicosis, goitre size and relapse of hyperthyroidism following antithyroid drug therapy, as well as thyroid eye disease. This review supports the inheritance of GD as a complex genetic trait, with a growing number of more than 80 susceptibility loci identified so far. Future implementation of more targeted clinical therapies requires larger studies investigating the influence of these genetic variants on the various phenotypes and different outcomes of conventional treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Grixti
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, BioMedicine West, Central Parkway, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
- Endocrine Unit, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK
| | - Laura C Lane
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, BioMedicine West, Central Parkway, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, The Great North Children's Hospital, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK
| | - Simon H Pearce
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, BioMedicine West, Central Parkway, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK.
- Endocrine Unit, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK.
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2
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Radziszewski M, Kuś A, Bednarczuk T. Genotype-phenotype correlations in Graves' disease. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 37:101745. [PMID: 36828713 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2023.101745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Graves' disease (GD) is a heterogeneous autoimmune disease affecting with varying degrees of severity the thyroid gland, orbital tissues and skin. The pathogenesis of GD involves a complex interplay between multiple genetic, environmental and endogenous factors. Although the genetic predisposition to GD is well established, the significance of genotype-phenotype correlations and the role of epigenetic modifications in the disease pathogenesis remains largely unknown. In this review, we provide an up-to-date overview of genotype-phenotype correlations and summarize possible clinical implications of genetic and epigenetic markers in GD patients. We will specifically discuss the association of genetic markers and epigenetic modifications with age of GD onset, severity of Graves' hyperthyroidism and the development of clinically evident Graves' orbitopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikołaj Radziszewski
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Aleksander Kuś
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Bednarczuk
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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Regulation of the cellular redox state and the expression of DNA methyltransferase-1 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with Graves’ disease. ENDOCRINOL DIAB NUTR 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.endinu.2021.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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4
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Saban M, Costilla M, Klecha AJ, Di Cugno M, Curria MI, Cremaschi G, Barreiro Arcos ML. Regulation of the cellular redox state and the expression of DNA methyltransferase-1 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with Graves' disease. ENDOCRINOL DIAB NUTR 2022; 69:409-417. [PMID: 35817546 DOI: 10.1016/j.endien.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder characterised by excessive production of thyroid hormones, which induces increased cellular metabolism in most tissues and increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The aim of this work was to analyse the effect of ROS on cell viability and the expression of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPx-1), superoxide dismutase (SOD-1) and DNA methyltransferase-1 (DNMT-1) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients with newly diagnosed Graves' disease or treated with methimazole. PATIENTS AND METHODS For this study, women patients with newly diagnosed Graves' disease (n=18), treated with methimazole (n=6) and healthy subjects (n=15) were recruited. ROS were evaluated by flow cytometry, and the viability/apoptosis of PBMC was analysed by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. Genomic expression of CAT, GPx-1, SOD-1 and DNMT-1 was quantified by real-time PCR. RESULTS We found high levels of ROS and increased expression of CAT, GPx-1, SOD-1 and DNMT-1 in PBMC from patients with newly diagnosed Graves' disease. Methimazole treatment reversed these parameters. Cell viability was similar in all study groups. CONCLUSIONS ROS induces the expression of CAT, GPx-1, and SOD-1. The activity of these enzymes may contribute to the protection of PBMC from the harmful effect of free radicals on cell viability. Increased expression of DNMT-1 may be associated with aberrant methylation patterns in immunoregulatory genes contributing to autoimmunity in Graves' disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Saban
- Unit of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Nutrition and Diabetes, British Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Melisa Costilla
- Institute of Biomedical Research (BIOMED-CONICET), Argentine Catholic University (UCA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia Juana Klecha
- Institute of Biomedical Research (BIOMED-CONICET), Argentine Catholic University (UCA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana Di Cugno
- Unit of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Nutrition and Diabetes, British Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marina Inés Curria
- Unit of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Nutrition and Diabetes, British Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Graciela Cremaschi
- Institute of Biomedical Research (BIOMED-CONICET), Argentine Catholic University (UCA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Laura Barreiro Arcos
- Institute of Biomedical Research (BIOMED-CONICET), Argentine Catholic University (UCA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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5
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Kyrgios I, Giza S, Fragou A, Tzimagiorgis G, Galli-Tsinopoulou A. DNA hypermethylation of PTPN22 gene promoter in children and adolescents with Hashimoto thyroiditis. J Endocrinol Invest 2021; 44:2131-2138. [PMID: 33751486 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-020-01463-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22) is an inhibitor of T-cell activation, regulating intracellular signal transduction and thereby being implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD). The exact molecular mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. The aim of the present study was to quantitate DNA methylation within the PTPN22 gene promoter in children and adolescents with AITD and healthy controls. METHODS 60 Patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT), 25 patients with HT and type 1 diabetes (HT + T1D), 9 patients with Graves' disease (GD) and 55 healthy controls without any individual or family history of autoimmune disease were enrolled. Whole blood DNA extraction, DNA modification using sodium bisulfate and quantification of DNA methylation in the PTPN22 gene promoter, based on melting curve analysis of the selected DNA fragment using a Real-Time PCR assay, were implemented. RESULTS DNA methylation in the PTPN22 gene promoter was found to be significantly higher in HT patients (39.9 ± 3.1%) in comparison with other study groups (20.3 ± 2.4% for HT + T1D, 32.6 ± 7.8% for GD, 27.1 ± 2.4% for controls, p < 0.001). PTPN22 gene promoter DNA methylation was also associated marginally with thyroid autoimmunity in general (p = 0.059), as well as considerably with thyroid volume (p = 0.004) and the presence of goiter (p = 0.001) but not thyroid function tests. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates for the first time that a relationship between autoimmune thyroiditis and PTPN22 gene promoter DNA methylation state is present, thus proposing another possible etiological association between thyroiditis and abnormalities of PTPN22 function. Further expression studies are required to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kyrgios
- 4th Department of Pediatrics, Papageorgiou General Hospital, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - S Giza
- 4th Department of Pediatrics, Papageorgiou General Hospital, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - A Fragou
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - G Tzimagiorgis
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - A Galli-Tsinopoulou
- 2nd Department of Pediatrics, AHEPA General University Hospital, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, St. Kiriakidi 1, Thessaloniki, 54636, Greece.
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Cao JM, Wang N, Hou SY, Qi X, Xiong W. Epigenetics effect on pathogenesis of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. Int J Ophthalmol 2021; 14:1441-1448. [PMID: 34540623 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2021.09.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is an autoimmune disease. Recent studies have found the aberrant epigenetics in TAO, including DNA methylation, non-coding RNAs, and histone modification. Many genes have an aberrant level of methylation in TAO. For example, higher levels are found in CD14, MBP, ANGLE1, LYAR and lower levels in DRD4 and BOLL. Non-coding RNAs are involved in the immune response (miR-146a, miR-155, miR-96, miR-183), fibrosis regulation (miR-146a, miR-21, miR-29), adipogenesis (miR-27) and are thought to play roles in TAO. MicroRNA is also related to the clinical activity score (miR-Let7d-5p) and may be a predictor of glucocorticoid therapy (miR-224-5p). The quantities of H4 in TAO are increased compared with euthyroid control subjects, and the role of histone modifications in Graves' disease may lead to better understanding of its role in TAO. More studies are needed to explain the role of epigenetics in TAO and provide potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Min Cao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Nuo Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Shi-Ying Hou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xin Qi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
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Rotondo Dottore G, Bucci I, Lanzolla G, Dallan I, Sframeli A, Torregrossa L, Casini G, Basolo F, Figus M, Nardi M, Marcocci C, Marinò M. Genetic Profiling of Orbital Fibroblasts from Patients with Graves' Orbitopathy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e2176-e2190. [PMID: 33484567 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Graves' orbitopathy (GO) is an autoimmune disease that persists when immunosuppression is achieved. Orbital fibroblasts from GO patients display peculiar phenotypes even if not exposed to autoimmunity, possibly reflecting genetic or epigenetic mechanisms, which we investigated here. OBJECTIVE We aimed to explore potential genetic or epigenetic differences using primary cultures of orbital fibroblasts from GO and control patients. METHODS Cell proliferation, hyaluronic acid (HA) secretion, and HA synthases (HAS) were measured. Next-generation sequencing and gene expression analysis of the whole genome were performed, as well as real-time-PCR of selected genes and global DNA methylation assay on orbital fibroblasts from 6 patients with GO and 6 control patients from a referral center. RESULTS Cell proliferation was higher in GO than in control fibroblasts. Likewise, HA in the cell medium was higher in GO fibroblasts. HAS-1 and HAS-2 did not differ between GO and control fibroblasts, whereas HAS-3 was more expressed in GO fibroblasts. No relevant gene variants were detected by whole-genome sequencing. However, 58 genes were found to be differentially expressed in GO compared with control fibroblasts, and RT-PCR confirmed the findings in 10 selected genes. We postulated that the differential gene expression was related to an epigenetic mechanism, reflecting diverse DNA methylation, which we therefore measured. In support of our hypothesis, global DNA methylation was significantly higher in GO fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS We propose that, following an autoimmune insult, DNA methylation elicits differential gene expression and sustains the maintenance of GO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Rotondo Dottore
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Unit II, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ilaria Bucci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Unit II, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulia Lanzolla
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Unit II, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Iacopo Dallan
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, ENT Unit I, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Angela Sframeli
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, Ophthalmopathy Unit I, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Liborio Torregrossa
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, Pathology Unit, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giamberto Casini
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, Ophthalmopathy Unit I, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Fulvio Basolo
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, Pathology Unit, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Michele Figus
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, Ophthalmopathy Unit I, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Nardi
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, Ophthalmopathy Unit I, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudio Marcocci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Unit II, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Michele Marinò
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Unit II, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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8
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Wang Y, Ma XM, Wang X, Sun X, Wang LJ, Li XQ, Liu XY, Yu HS. Emerging Insights Into the Role of Epigenetics and Gut Microbiome in the Pathogenesis of Graves' Ophthalmopathy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:788535. [PMID: 35069441 PMCID: PMC8766297 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.788535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Graves' Ophthalmopathy (GO) is an organ-specific autoimmune disease that is often characterized by infiltration of orbital tissues and is considered as the most common extra-thyroid manifestation of Graves' disease (GD). Although genetic susceptibility has been found to be critical for the phenotype of GO, the associated risk alleles in a single gene are generally insufficient to cause the disease. Accruing evidence has shown that epigenetic disorders can act as the potentially missing link between genetic risk and clinically significant disease development. Abnormal epigenetic modifications can lead to pro-inflammatory cascades and activation of orbital fibroblasts (OFs) by promoting the various inflammatory response pathways and regulating the diverse signaling molecules that are involved in the fibrogenesis and adipogenesis, thereby leading to the significant expansion of orbital tissues, fibrosis and inflammation infiltration. Additionally, emerging evidence has shown that the gut microbiome can possibly drive the pathogenesis of GO by influencing the secretion of Thyrotropin receptor antibody (TRAb) and T-helper 17 (Th17)/regulatory T cells (Treg) imbalance. This paper describes the latest epigenetic research evidence and progress made in comprehending the mechanisms of GO development, such as DNA methylation, histone modification, non-coding RNAs, and the gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Immunology, Special Key Laboratory of Ocular Diseases of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xiao-Min Ma
- Department of Immunology, Special Key Laboratory of Ocular Diseases of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xin Sun
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Ling-Jun Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xin-Qi Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Hong-Song Yu
- Department of Immunology, Special Key Laboratory of Ocular Diseases of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- *Correspondence: Hong-Song Yu,
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Huang Y, Fang S, Zhang S, Zhou H. Progress in the pathogenesis of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy and new drug development. Taiwan J Ophthalmol 2020; 10:174-180. [PMID: 33110747 PMCID: PMC7585473 DOI: 10.4103/tjo.tjo_18_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is the most common extrathyroidal manifestation of toxic diffuse goiter (Graves' disease), also known as Graves' ophthalmopathy/orbitopathy. As an organ-specific autoimmune disease, the pathogenesis of TAO is still unclear. In recent years, great progress has been made in revealing the mechanism of TAO. Various biological and immunosuppressive agents have emerged in an endless stream, showing encouraging results. Strengthening the basic research, establishing ideal animal models, deeply understanding the pathogenesis, and developing novel targeted drugs are of great significance to guide the clinical diagnosis and management of TAO and improve the prognosis of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhuo Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Sijie Fang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Huifang Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
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10
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Hu YF, Hua L, Tuo X, Shi TT, Yang YL, Liu YF, Yan ZY, Xin Z. Preliminary evidence of the association between DNAm and orbital volumetry in GO. Endocr Connect 2020; 9:EC-20-0147.R2. [PMID: 32508316 PMCID: PMC7354721 DOI: 10.1530/ec-20-0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis underlying the alterations of orbital architecture in Graves' orbitopathy (GO) is not yet fully understood. The present study aimed to investigate the association of DNA methylation in peripheral blood and orbital volumetry in Chinese patients with GO. METHODS A total of 35 GO subjects (70 orbits) were subjected to computed tomography (CT) scan. The total cross-sectional area of the extraocular muscles (orbital muscles, OM), total orbit area (TOA), and the exophthalmometry were measured, and OM/TOA ratio was calculated. Targeted bisulfite sequencing was performed on seven candidate genes. RESULTS No significant correlation was established between the DNA methylation levels of these genes and exophthalmometry. The MBP methylation level was found to be correlated with OM/TOA ratio (P<0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis on parameters, including age, sex, TRAb, duration of GO, and DNA methylation levels of seven genes with OM/TOA ratio confirmed that MBP and OM/TOA ratio had a significant correlation (P<0.05). The partial least squares analysis showed that the top three genes with the highest loadings were MBP, BOLL, and BECN1, and OM/TOA ratio affected the DNA methylation block than exophthalmometry. CONCLUSIONS This study provided preliminary evidence that MBP is a potential gene associated with OM enlargement in GO patients according to the combination of DNA methylation sequencing and orbital CT measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Fen Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Endocrinology, The People’s Hospital of Daxing District, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Hua
- Department of Mathematics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiu Tuo
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ting-Ting Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Lin Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun-Fu Liu
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong-Yu Yan
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong Xin
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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11
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Kyrgios I, Fragou A, Kotanidou EP, Mouzaki K, Efraimidou S, Tzimagiorgis G, Galli-Tsinopoulou A. DNA methylation analysis within the IL2RA gene promoter in youth with autoimmune thyroid disease. Eur J Clin Invest 2020; 50:e13199. [PMID: 31943147 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alpha-subunit of the interleukin-2 receptor (IL2RA) is involved in the regulation of T-cell function and has been related to autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD). Although the exact mechanisms are not fully understood, promoter methylation might account for differences in gene expression. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there are differences in the percentage of DNA methylation within the IL2RA gene promoter in young patients with AITD. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a cross-sectional design, the presence of DNA methylation in the IL2RA gene promoter was quantified, by real-time PCR and melting curve analysis, in modified genomic DNA isolated from blood samples of a total of 149 children and adolescents with AITD, including patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis (ΗΤ) (n = 60), Graves' disease (GD) (n = 9), concurrent diagnosis of HT and type 1 diabetes (T1DM + HT) (n = 25), and healthy controls (n = 55). RESULTS The percentage of DNA methylation in the IL2RA gene promoter was significantly decreased in patients with GD (26.0 ± 4.2%) but not in those with HT (36.3 ± 1.4%) in comparison with controls (41.3 ± 1.5%). CONCLUSIONS The observed DNA hypomethylation in the IL2RA gene promoter in patients with GD might be related to its increased expression, thus contributing to the etiopathogenesis of GD in childhood and adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Kyrgios
- 4th Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Fragou
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni P Kotanidou
- 4th Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantina Mouzaki
- 4th Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Georgios Tzimagiorgis
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Assimina Galli-Tsinopoulou
- 4th Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
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12
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Shalaby SM, Mackawy AMH, Atef DM, Atef RM, Saeed J. Promoter methylation and expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 gene in blood of autoimmune thyroiditis patients. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:5345-5353. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04990-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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13
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A Pathway Analysis Based on Genome-Wide DNA Methylation of Chinese Patients with Graves' Orbitopathy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:9565794. [PMID: 30733969 PMCID: PMC6348866 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9565794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background The pathogenesis Graves' Orbitopathy (GO) is not yet fully understood. Here, we conducted a pathway analysis based on genome-wide DNA methylation data of Chinese GO patients to explore GO-related pathways and potential feature genes. Methods Six GO patients and 6 age-matched control individuals were recruited, and a genome-scale screen of DNA methylation was measured using their peripheral blood sample. After extracting the differentially methylated regions (DMRs), we classified DMRs into three clusters with respect to median absolute deviation (MAD) for GO and control group, respectively. Then the extract tests were performed to identify significant pathways by comparing the counts of genes in each cluster between GO and control group in a pathway. For each significant pathway, we calculated the Methylation-based Inference of Regulatory Activity (MIRA) score to infer the regulatory activity of genes involved in the pathway. Furthermore, we took the significant pathways as the subsets and applied Random forests (RF) method to extract GO-related feature genes. Results We identified four potential significant pathways associated with the occurrence and development of GO disease. There were Toxoplasmosis, Axon guidance, Focal adhesion, and Proteoglycans in cancer (p<0.001 or p=0.007). The identified genes involved in the significant pathways, such as LDLR (p=0.019), CDK5 (p=0.036), and PIK3CB (p=0.020), were found to be correlated with GO phenotype. Conclusion Our study suggested pathway analyses can help understand the potential relationships between the DNA methylation level of some certain genes and their regulation in Chinese GO patients.
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Shi TT, Hua L, Xin Z, Li Y, Liu W, Yang YL. Identifying and Validating Genes with DNA Methylation Data in the Context of Biological Network for Chinese Patients with Graves' Orbitopathy. Int J Endocrinol 2019; 2019:6212681. [PMID: 31001336 PMCID: PMC6437746 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6212681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM This study investigated the association of DNA methylation with Graves' orbitopathy (GO) incidence through a combined analysis in the context of biological network to identify and validate potential genes for Chinese patients with GO. METHODS A genome-scale screening of DNA methylation was performed on the peripheral blood sample of six patients with GO and six controls. After extracting differentially methylated regions (DMRs), the study focused on two classes of genes with obviously different methylation levels: low methylated genes (LMGs) and high methylated genes (HMGs). Mutual information was applied to construct LMG- and HMG-regulated networks, and the top 10 LMGs and HMGs were extracted based on the topological properties. Then, 9 candidate genes were extracted to validate their association with GO in an expanded population (48 patients with GO vs. 24 normal controls) using single-cell methylation sequencing. RESULTS In the LMG-regulated network, some LMGs displayed a higher degree, such as HIST1H2AL, EFCAB1, and BOLL. Similarly, in the HMG-regulated network, some HMGs, such as MBP, ANGEL1, and LYAR, also showed a higher degree. For validation using an enlarged population, BOLL still displayed the lower methylation level whereas CDK5 and MBP still displayed the higher methylation level in patients with GO in the multivariable logistic regression analysis adjusted by age and gender (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS BOLL, CDK5, and MBP are potential genes associated with GO. This study was novel in clinically investigating the relation of these genomic loci with GO. The findings might provide new insights into understanding this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Hua
- Department of Mathematics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong Xin
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Li
- Physical Examination Department, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Lin Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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