One-year caloric restriction and 12-week exercise training intervention in obese adults with type 2 diabetes: emphasis on metabolic control and resting metabolic rate

Effects of Caloric Restriction and Rope-Skipping Exercise on Cardiometabolic Health: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial in Young Adults

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of calorie restriction (CR), rope-skipping (RS) exercise, and their joint effects on cardiometabolic health in young adults. An 8-week randomized trial was conducted on 46 undergraduates aged 19–21 y from South China. The participants were randomized into the following three groups: Calorie restriction (CR) group (n = 14), Rope-skipping (RS) group (n = 14), and CR plus RS (CR–RS) group (n = 12). At both allocation and the end of the intervention, data on anthropometry, serum metabolic, and inflammatory markers were collected. A total of 40 participants completed the intervention and were included in the analysis. After the 8-week intervention, the participants from the CR group and the CR–RS group reduced in body weight (−1.1 ± 1.7 kg, −1.3 ± 2.0 kg), body mass index (−0.4 ± 0.6 kg/m², −0.5 ± 0.7 kg/m²), body fat percentage (−1.2 ± 1.6%, −1.7 ± 1.8%), and body fat mass (−1.1 kg (−2.2, −0.3), −1.1 kg (−2.5, −0.4)) compared to the baseline (p < 0.05 or p = 0.051). For metabolic and inflammatory factors, the participants in the CR–RS group showed significant decreases in low density lipoprotein cholesterol (−0.40 mmol/L) and interleukin-8 (−0.73 mmol/L). While all the above markers showed no significant difference among the groups after intervention, in the subgroup of overweight/obese participants (n = 23), the CR–RS group had significantly lower blood pressure, fasting insulin, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-8 levels than the CR or RS groups (p < 0.05). In conclusion, both CR and CR–RS could reduce weight and improve body composition in young adults. More importantly, in those with overweight or obesity, CR–RS intervention might be superior to either CR or RS in improving cardiometabolic health.

Antidiabetic Effects of Physical Activity: How It Helps to Control Type 2 Diabetes

Despite the improvements in clinical care of the patients, research updates, and public health interventions, there is still an increase in the prevalence, incidence, and mortality because of diabetes mellitus (DM). DM is a public health problem in both developed and developing countries. It has increased alarmingly, putting this disease in the dimension of an epidemic. Diabetes is associated with several complications which increase the risk of many serious health problems on the other side. Therefore, this review was aimed to discuss the antidiabetic effects of physical activity (PA) on type 2 DM (T2DM) by summarizing the significant studies on this topic. This review found that several studies have recommended the utilization of PA for the effective management of T2DM. PA is a non-pharmacologic therapy which is a significant strategy for the management of T2DM and is an appropriate lifestyle modification approach to be practiced by these patients. The studies showed that PA has antidiabetic effects which are evidenced by its substantial role in improving the blood glucose (BG) levels of the individuals with T2DM where it helps them to control their levels of glucose in the blood. It plays a significant role in glycemic control of this disease by lowering the BG levels through possible mechanisms such as decreasing insulin resistance, increasing production of glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT-4), lowering visceral adipose tissue (VAT), increasing pancreatic β-cell functions, using glucose for energy, and so on. In turn, the controlled glycemia helps to prevent the complications associated with uncontrolled T2DM and this would further improve the overall health of the patients and the burden on the health professionals as well. Finally, this review concludes that PA is the cornerstone in the management of T2DM. It also suggests that more attention is needed to its significance in the prevention, glycemic control, and its role in the management of the morbidity and mortality associated with T2DM. Practical PA recommendations and suggestions for the future direction of research in this area are also provided.

n-3 PUFA and caloric restriction diet alters lipidomic profiles in obese men with metabolic syndrome: a preliminary open study

PURPOSE

For people with metabolic syndrome (MetS), altering the macronutrient composition of their diets might ameliorate metabolic abnormalities. The common method of clinical assessment only measures total lipid concentrations but ignores the individual species that contribute to these total concentrations. Thus, to predict the amelioration of MetS following caloric restriction (CR) and the intake of fish oil, we used lipidomics to investigate changes in plasma lipids and identify potential lipid metabolites.

METHODS

Lipidomics was performed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry on plasma samples from a clinical trial conducted over 12 weeks. Subjects were randomized into two groups: CR (n = 12) and CR with fish oil (CRF, n = 9). Anthropometric and clinical parameters were measured and correlated with plasma lipidomics data.

RESULTS

Compared with baseline, significant differences were observed in body weight, waist circumference, blood pressure and interleukin-6 in both groups, but triglyceride (TG) levels significantly decreased in only the CRF group (all p < 0.05). A total of 138 lipid species were identified. Levels of species containing long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids were significantly elevated-greater than twofold-following fish oil intake, these included TG (60:9) and phosphatidylcholine (p40:6) (all q < 0.05). TG (60:9) tended to correlate negatively with body weight, body mass index, blood pressure, and HbA1c following fish oil intake.

CONCLUSION

CR and fish oil can ameliorate MetS features, including anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, and blood lipid concentrations. The levels of particular lipid species such as TG-containing docosapentaenoic acid were elevated post-intervention and negatively associated with MetS features. TG (60:9) may be proposed as a lipid metabolite to predict amelioration in MetS following the intake of CR and fish oil.