Clinical, biochemical and genetic findings in adult patients with chronic hypophosphatasemia

Do alkaline phosphatases have great potential in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of tumors?

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is a group of enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis of phosphate esters at an alkaline pH, resulting in the generation of inorganic phosphate. These enzymes are widely distributed, and their activity is found in various tissues including bone, liver, intestine, and placenta. However, abnormalities in ALP expression and activity have been observed in certain types of cancer. In some cases, elevated serum levels of ALP are observed in patients with liver and bone metastasis. In other cases, increased levels of ALP have been observed in patients with pancreatic and lung cancer. On the other hand, low expression of ALP has also been associated with poor prognosis in patients with certain types of tumors, including colorectal cancer (CRC), breast cancer, and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In these cases, low ALP activity may be associated with decreased differentiation of cancer cells and increased cancer cell proliferation. Overall, the role of ALP in cancer is complex and context-dependent. This article reviews application progress of ALP in cancer, and we hypothesize that ALP might be a potential tumor biomarker, combined detection of aspartate aminotransferase (AST)/alanine aminotransferase (ALT), bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BSAP), carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and ALP isozymes levels can be used for more accurate diagnosis of a particular tumor. Further research is needed to better understand the mechanisms underlying ALP dysregulation in cancer and to identify potential therapeutic targets.

Clinical and molecular description of the first Italian cohort of 33 subjects with hypophosphatasia

Introduction

Hypophosphatasia (HPP) is a rare genetic disease caused by inactivating variants of the ALPL gene. Few data are available on the clinical presentation in Italy and/or on Italian HPP surveys.

Methods

There were 30 suspected HPP patients recruited from different Italian tertiary cares. Biological samples and related clinical, biochemical, and anamnestic data were collected and the ALPL gene sequenced. Search for large genomic deletions at the ALPL locus (1p36) was done. Phylogenetic conservation and modeling were applied to infer the effect of the variants on the protein structure.

Results

There were 21 ALPL variants and one large genomic deletion found in 20 out of 30 patients. Unexpectedly, NGS-driven differential diagnosis allowed uncovering three hidden additional HPP cases, for a total of 33 HPP subjects. Eight out of 24 coding variants were novel and classified as "pathogenic", "likely pathogenic", and "variants of uncertain significance". Bioinformatic analysis confirmed that all the variants strongly destabilize the homodimer structure. There were 10 cases with low ALP and high VitB6 that resulted negative to genetic testing, whereas two positive cases have an unexpected normal ALP value. No association was evident with other biochemical/clinical parameters.

Discussion

We present the survey of HPP Italian patients with the highest ALPL mutation rate so far reported and confirm the complexity of a prompt recognition of the syndrome, mostly for HPP in adults. Low ALP and high VitB6 values are mandatory for the genetic screening, this latter remaining the gold standard not only to confirm the clinical diagnosis but also to make differential diagnosis, to identify carriers, to avoid likely dangerous therapy in unrecognized cases.

Diagnostic Approach to Patients with Low Serum Alkaline Phosphatase

Increased serum levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) are widely recognized as a biochemical marker of many disorders affecting the liver or bone. However, the approach for patients with low ALP phosphatase is not well-established. Low serum ALP is an epiphenomenon of many severe acute injuries and diseases. Persistently low serum ALP may be secondary to drug therapy (including antiresorptives) or a variety of acquired disorders, such as malnutrition, vitamin and mineral deficiencies, endocrine disorders, etc. Hypophosphatasia, due to pathogenic variants of the ALPL gene, which encodes tissue non-specific ALP, is the most common genetic cause of low serum ALP. Marked bone hypomineralization is frequent in severe pediatric-onset cases. However, adult forms of hypophosphatasia usually present with milder manifestations, such as skeletal pain, chondrocalcinosis, calcific periarthritis, dental problems, and stress fractures. The diagnostic approach to these patients is discussed. Measuring several ALP substrates, such as pyrophosphate, pyridoxal phosphate, or phosphoethanolamine, may help to establish enzyme deficiency. Gene analysis showing a pathogenic variant in ALPL may confirm the diagnosis. However, a substantial proportion of patients show normal results after sequencing ALPL exons. It is still unknown if those patients carry unidentified mutations in regulatory regions of ALPL, epigenetic changes, or abnormalities in other genes.

Pain and health-related quality of life in patients with hypophosphatasemia with and without ALPL gene mutations

BACKGROUND

Low serum alkaline phosphatase levels are the hallmark of hypophosphatasia, a disorder due to pathogenic variants of the ALPL gene. However, some patients do not carry ALPL variants and the cause of low alkaline phosphatase remains unknown. We aimed to determine health-related quality of life in adults with low alkaline phosphatase and explore the differences between patients with and without ALPL mutations.

METHODS

We studied 35 adult patients with persistently low alkaline phosphatase unrelated to secondary acquired causes who had ALPL sequenced, and 35 controls of similar age. Three questionnaires about body pain (Brief Pain Inventory, BPI), physical disability (Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index, HAQ-DI), and health-related quality of life (36-item Short-Form Health Survey, SF-36) were delivered by telephone interviews.

RESULTS

The mean BPI intensity and interference scores were higher in the patient group (p=0.04 and 0.004, respectively). All domains of the HAQ instrument tended to score better in the control group, with significant differences in the "reach" score (p=0.037) and the overall mean score (0.23 vs 0.09; p=0.029). Patients scored worse than controls in several SF-36 dimensions (Role physical, p=0.039; Bodily pain p=0.046; Role emotional, p=0.025). Patients with and without pathogenic variants scored similarly across all tests, without between-group significant differences.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with persistently low levels of alkaline phosphatase have significantly worse scores in body pain and other health-related quality of life dimensions, without differences between patients with and without pathogenic variants identified in ALPL gene. This is consistent with the latter ones carrying mutations in regulatory regions.