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Deng H, Zhang Y, Ding J, Wang F. Detection of Very Low-Level Somatic Mosaic COL4A5 Splicing Variant in Asymptomatic Female Using Droplet Digital PCR. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:847056. [PMID: 35360741 PMCID: PMC8963732 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.847056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alport syndrome is a hereditary glomerulopathy featured by haematuria, proteinuria, and progressive renal failure. X-linked Alport syndrome (XLAS) due to COL4A5 disease-causing variants is the most common form. In the case of XLAS resulting from 10–18% presumed de novo COL4A5 disease-causing variants, there are only a few studies for mosaicism in the probands or parents. Very low-level (<1.0%) somatic mosaicism for COL4A5 disease-causing variants has not been published. Materials and Methods Chinese XLAS families with suspected parental mosaicism were enrolled in the present study to evaluate the forms of mosaicism, to offer more appropriate genetic counseling. PCR and direct sequencing were used to detect COL4A5 disease-causing variants harbored by the affected probands in parental multi-tissue DNAs (peripheral blood, urine sediments, saliva, hair), and droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) was used to quantify the mutant COL4A5 allelic fractions in parental different samples such as peripheral blood, saliva, and urine sediments. Results A Chinese asymptomatic female with suspected somatic and germline mosaicism was enrolled in the present study. She gave birth to two boys with XLAS caused by a hemizygous disease-causing variant c. 2245-1G>A in COL4A5 (NM_033380) intron 28, whereas this disease-causing variant was not detected in genomic DNA extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes in the woman using Sanger sequencing. She had multiple normal urine test results, and continuous linear immunofluorescence staining of α2 (IV) and α5 (IV) chains of skin tissue. Sanger sequencing demonstrated that COL4A5 disease-causing variant c. 2245-1G>A was not detected in her genomic DNAs isolated from urine sediments, saliva, and hair roots. Using ddPCR, the wild-type and mutant-type (c.2245-1G>A) COL4A5 was identified in the female's genomic DNAs isolated from peripheral blood, saliva, and urine sediments. The mutant allelic fractions in these tissues were 0.26% (peripheral blood), 0.73% (saliva), and 1.39% (urine), respectively. Conclusions Germline and very low-level somatic mosaicism for a COL4A5 splicing variant was detected in an asymptomatic female, which highlights that parental mosaicism should be excluded when a COL4A5 presumed de novo disease-causing variant is detected.
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Oliveira Netto AB, Brusius-Facchin AC, Leistner-Segal S, Kubaski F, Josahkian J, Giugliani R. Detection of Mosaic Variants in Mothers of MPS II Patients by Next Generation Sequencing. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:789350. [PMID: 34805285 PMCID: PMC8602069 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.789350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type II is an X-linked lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations in the IDS gene that encodes the iduronate-2-sulfatase enzyme. The IDS gene is located on the long arm of the X-chromosome, comprising 9 exons, spanning approximately 24 kb. The analysis of carriers, in addition to detecting mutations in patients, is essential for genetic counseling, since the risk of recurrence for male children is 50%. Mosaicism is a well-known phenomenon described in many genetic disorders caused by a variety of mechanisms that occur when a mutation arises in the early development of an embryo. Sanger sequencing is limited in detecting somatic mosaicism and sequence change levels of less than 20% may be missed. The Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) has been increasingly used in diagnosis. It is a sensitive and fast method for the detection of somatic mosaicism. Compared to Sanger sequencing, which represents a cumulative signal, NGS technology analyzes the sequence of each DNA read in a sample. NGS might therefore facilitate the detection of mosaicism in mothers of MPS II patients. The aim of this study was to reanalyze, by NGS, all MPS II mothers that showed to be non-carriers by Sanger analysis. Twelve non-carriers were selected for the reanalysis on the Ion PGM and Ion Torrent S5 platform, using a custom panel that includes the IDS gene. Results were visualized in the Integrative Genomics Viewer (IGV). We were able to detected the presence of the variant previously found in the index case in three of the mothers, with frequencies ranging between 13 and 49% of the reads. These results suggest the possibility of mosaicism in the mothers. The use of a more sensitive technology for detecting low-level mosaic mutations is essential for accurate recurrence-risk estimates. In our study, the NGS analysis showed to be an effective methodology to detect the mosaic event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Brinckmann Oliveira Netto
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Medical Genetics Service, HCPA, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Brusius-Facchin
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Medical Genetics Service, HCPA, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,National Institute on Population Medical Genetics, INAGEMP, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,BioDiscovery Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, HCPA, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Sandra Leistner-Segal
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Medical Genetics Service, HCPA, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Francyne Kubaski
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Medical Genetics Service, HCPA, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,National Institute on Population Medical Genetics, INAGEMP, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,BioDiscovery Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, HCPA, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Juliana Josahkian
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Hospital Universitario de Santa Maria (HUSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Roberto Giugliani
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Medical Genetics Service, HCPA, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,National Institute on Population Medical Genetics, INAGEMP, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,BioDiscovery Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, HCPA, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Genetics, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Chen GL, Li DZ. Germline mosaicism in a collagen VI-related myopathy family: A cause of autosomal recessive inheritance. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2021; 61:197-198. [PMID: 33837583 DOI: 10.1111/cga.12418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Lan Chen
- Prenatal Diagnostic Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dong-Zhi Li
- Prenatal Diagnostic Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Detection of Cryptic Mosaicism in X-linked Alport Syndrome Prompts to Re-evaluate Living-donor Kidney Transplantation. Transplantation 2021; 104:2360-2364. [PMID: 31895869 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000003104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alport syndrome is a hereditary nephropathy caused by mutations in collagen IV genes and characterized by ultrastructural lesions of the glomerular basement membrane. Some patients have a negative family history with apparently de novo mutations. Although somatic mosaicism has been postulated, as cryptic mosaicism cannot be detected from mutational screening on peripheral blood samples, cases in kidney-confined mosaic form have been missed. METHODS We report the case of a 24-year-old male patient with X-linked Alport syndrome diagnosis due to a COL4A5 pathogenic mutation (c.3334_3337dup [p.Gly1113Alafs25]). The same mutation had not been previously detected on a peripheral blood sample of maternal DNA. However, the mother, who was undertaking a clinical re-evaluation to take in consideration the possibility of a living-kidney transplantation, had experienced persistent microhematuria since the age of 10 years. RESULTS A next-generation sequencing approach performed on maternal DNA from both peripheral blood sample and urine-derived podocyte-lineage cells unmasked the COL4A5 mutation only in the podocyte-lineage cells. CONCLUSIONS This finding unveils an early postzygotic event which can explain both the renal involvement and germline mosaicism. It changes the inheritance risk for each pregnancy raising it to 50% and underlines the need for different clinical management in the mother. This seems to indicate that a case-by-case more cautious approach is needed with mother-to-son kidney transplants.
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Xiong S, Jia Y, Li S, Huang P, Xiong J, Mao D, He Q, Liu L. The First Case Report of X-Linked Sideroblastic Anemia With Ataxia of Chinese Origin and Literature Review. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:692459. [PMID: 34354969 PMCID: PMC8329551 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.692459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked sideroblastic anemia with ataxia (XLSA/A) is a rare X-liked inherited disease, which was linked to the ABCB7 gene mutations. So far, five families have been reported worldwide. We present the first Chinese family of XLSA/A with novel ABCB7 gene mutation (c.2024A > G) and make a retrospective literature review. All affected patients were male. Age of symptom onset was <2 years old. The main symptoms included ataxia, delay in motor development, and mild sideroblastic anemia with obviously increased erythrocyte protoporphyrin. In this case, he had new symptoms that had not been reported in other cases such as epilepsy and cryptorchidism. We also discuss the possible molecular mechanism linking ABCB7 gene mutations to sideroblastic anemia and ataxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqiu Xiong
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yang Jia
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shijun Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Peng Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Children's Brain Development and Brain Injury Research Office, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Xiong
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Children's Brain Development and Brain Injury Research Office, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dingan Mao
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Children's Brain Development and Brain Injury Research Office, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qingnan He
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Liqun Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Children's Brain Development and Brain Injury Research Office, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Helle OMB, Pedersen TH, Ousager LB, Thomassen M, Hertz JM. Low frequency of parental mosaicism in de novo COL4A5 mutations in X-linked Alport syndrome. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2020; 8:e1452. [PMID: 32812400 PMCID: PMC7549549 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alport syndrome is a progressive hereditary kidney disease clinically presenting with haematuria, proteinuria, and early onset end‐stage renal disease, and often accompanied by hearing loss and ocular abnormalities. The inheritance is X‐linked in the majority of families and caused by sequence variants in the COL4A5 gene encoding the α5‐chain of type‐IV collagen. The proportion of de novo COL4A5 sequence variants in X‐linked Alport syndrome has been reported between 12 and 15% in previous studies. Methods In the present study we have systematically investigated the mosaic status of asymptomatic parents of six patients with X‐linked Alport syndrome using next‐generation sequencing of DNA extracted from different tissues. The deleterious COL4A5 sequence variants in these patients were previously assumed to be de novo, based on Sanger sequencing of the parents. Results A low‐grade (1%) parental mosaicism was detected in only one out of six families (17%). In addition, in one out of six families (17%), we found that the mutational event probably occurred postzygotic. Conclusion These findings highlight the importance of testing for mosaicism in unaffected parents of patients with sequence variants considered to be de novo, as it may have implications for the recurrence risk and thereby for the genetic counseling of the family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Magnus Bjorgaas Helle
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Torkild Høieggen Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lilian Bomme Ousager
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mads Thomassen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jens Michael Hertz
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Dai C, Cheng D, Li W, Zeng S, Lu G, Zhang Q. Identification of paternal germline mosaicism by MicroSeq and targeted next-generation sequencing. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2020; 8:e1394. [PMID: 32643877 PMCID: PMC7507370 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prezygotic de novo mutations may be inherited from parents with germline mosaicism and are often overlooked when the resulting phenotype affects only one child. We aimed to identify paternal germline mosaicism in an index family and provide a strategy to determine germline mosaicism.' METHODS Whole-exome sequencing was performed on an Alport syndrome-affected child. Variants were validated using Sanger sequencing in the pedigree analysis. An apparent de novo mutation was tested by next-generation sequencing (NGS) following chromosome microdissection of the mutant region (MicroSeq) to clarify its homologous chromosome source. Mosaic mutation in sperm samples was detected using targeted next-generation sequencing (TNGS). Self-prepared mosaic DNA samples of the 3% and 0.1% mutant fractions were used to evaluate the TNGS detection sensitivity. RESULTS Two novel heterozygous variants, maternally inherited c.1322delT (p.Ile441Thrfs*17) and the de novo mutation c.2939T>A (p.Leu980Ter), in the COL4A3 gene were discovered in the propositus. MicroSeq identified c.2939T>A in the paternal chromosome, which was in trans with c.1322delT. The frequency of c.2937A was 2.65% in the father's sperm sample. We also showed that a 500X depth coverage may detect a mosaic mutation with an allele frequency as low as 2%-3% using TNGS. CONCLUSION MicroSeq is a valuable tool to identify the allele source of de novo mutations in a single patient. TNGS can be used to assess the mosaic ratios of known sites. We provided a systematic algorithm to detect germinal mosaicism in a single patient. This algorithm may have implications for genetic and reproductive counseling on germline mosaicism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congling Dai
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Dehua Cheng
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Hunan, China.,Reproductive and Genetic Hospital ofCITIC-Xiangya, Hunan, China
| | - Weina Li
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital ofCITIC-Xiangya, Hunan, China
| | - Sicong Zeng
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital ofCITIC-Xiangya, Hunan, China.,School of medicine, Hunan Normal University, Hunan, China
| | - Guangxiu Lu
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Hunan, China.,Reproductive and Genetic Hospital ofCITIC-Xiangya, Hunan, China.,School of medicine, Hunan Normal University, Hunan, China.,Hunan Guangxiu Hospital, Hunan, China
| | - Qianjun Zhang
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Hunan, China.,Reproductive and Genetic Hospital ofCITIC-Xiangya, Hunan, China.,Hunan Guangxiu Hospital, Hunan, China
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Lundquist AL, Kalim S, Mojtahed A, Tomaszewski KJ. Case 13-2020: A 29-Year-Old Man with High Blood Pressure, Renal Insufficiency, and Hematuria. N Engl J Med 2020; 382:1639-1647. [PMID: 32320573 DOI: 10.1056/nejmcpc1916254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L Lundquist
- From the Departments of Medicine (A.L.L., S.K.), Radiology (A.M.), and Pathology (K.J.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine (A.L.L., S.K.), Radiology (A.M.), and Pathology (K.J.T.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
| | - Sahir Kalim
- From the Departments of Medicine (A.L.L., S.K.), Radiology (A.M.), and Pathology (K.J.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine (A.L.L., S.K.), Radiology (A.M.), and Pathology (K.J.T.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
| | - Amirkasra Mojtahed
- From the Departments of Medicine (A.L.L., S.K.), Radiology (A.M.), and Pathology (K.J.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine (A.L.L., S.K.), Radiology (A.M.), and Pathology (K.J.T.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
| | - Kristen J Tomaszewski
- From the Departments of Medicine (A.L.L., S.K.), Radiology (A.M.), and Pathology (K.J.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine (A.L.L., S.K.), Radiology (A.M.), and Pathology (K.J.T.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
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SATB2-associated syndrome: first report of a gonadal and somatic mosaicism for an intragenic copy number variation. Clin Dysmorphol 2020; 28:205-210. [PMID: 31425298 DOI: 10.1097/mcd.0000000000000293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gonadal mosaicism has been reported in a variety of dominant or X-linked conditions and should be considered in all cases of apparent de-novo variation. Recently, some cases of supposed parental germline mosaicism have been shown to result from low-level somatic mosaicism. In most of the cases, mosaicism has been reported for pathogenic single nucleotide variants with only a few cases of copy number variation mosaicism described so far. Herein, we present the first case of parental somatic and gonadal copy number variation mosaicism in the SATB2 gene. We report three brothers presenting with the SATB2-associated syndrome. They all carry the same 121-kb heterozygous intragenic deletion of SATB2. Parental somatic mosaicism was detected by array-comparative genomic hybridization on a maternal blood sample and confirmed by Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis on blood and buccal cells. This clinical report highlights the importance of investigating for parental somatic mosaicism to estimate the proper recurrence risk for subsequent pregnancy.
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