1
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Li M, Lai X, Liu J, Yu Y, Li X, Liu X. Prediction model for treatment response of primary membranous nephropathy with nephrotic syndrome. Clin Exp Nephrol 2024:10.1007/s10157-024-02470-1. [PMID: 38709377 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-024-02470-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the predictors and establish a nomogram model for the prediction of the response to treatment in primary membranous nephropathy (PMN) with nephrotic syndrome (NS). METHODS The clinical, laboratory, pathological and follow-up data of patients with biopsy-proven membranous nephropathy at the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University were collected. A total of 373 patients were randomly assigned into development group (n = 262) and validation group (n = 111). Logistic regression analysis was performed in the development group to determine the predictors of treatment response. A nomogram model was established based on the multivariate logistic regression analysis and validated in the validation group. The C-index and calibration plots were used for the evaluation of the discrimination and calibration performance, respectively. RESULTS Serum albumin levels (OR = 1.151, 95% CI 1.078-1.229, P < 0.001) and glomerular C3 deposition (OR = 0.407, 95% CI 0.213-0.775, P = 0.004) were identified as independent predictive factors for treatment response in PMN with NS, then a nomogram was established combining the above indicators and treatment regimen. The C-indices of this model were 0.718 (95% CI 0.654-0.782) and 0.789 (95% CI 0.705-0.873) in the development and validation groups, respectively. The calibration plots showed that the predicted probabilities of the model were consistent with the actual probabilities (P > 0.05), which indicated favorable performance of this model in predicting the treatment response probability. CONCLUSIONS Serum albumin levels and glomerular C3 deposition were predictors for treatment response of PMN with NS. A novel nomogram model with good discrimination and calibration was constructed to predict treatment response probability at an early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoying Lai
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yahuan Yu
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xianyi Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xuemei Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
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2
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Liu F, Ryan ST, Fahnoe KC, Morgan JG, Cheung AE, Storek MJ, Best A, Chen HA, Locatelli M, Xu S, Schmidt E, Schmidt-Jiménez LF, Bieber K, Henderson JM, Lian CG, Verschoor A, Ludwig RJ, Benigni A, Remuzzi G, Salant DJ, Kalled SL, Thurman JM, Holers VM, Violette SM, Wawersik S. C3d-Targeted factor H inhibits tissue complement in disease models and reduces glomerular injury without affecting circulating complement. Mol Ther 2024; 32:1061-1079. [PMID: 38382529 PMCID: PMC11163200 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Complement-mediated diseases can be treated using systemic inhibitors. However, complement components are abundant in circulation, affecting systemic inhibitors' exposure and efficacy. Furthermore, because of complement's essential role in immunity, systemic treatments raise infection risk in patients. To address these challenges, we developed antibody fusion proteins combining the alternative-pathway complement inhibitor factor H (fH1-5) with an anti-C3d monoclonal antibody (C3d-mAb-2fH). Because C3d is deposited at sites of complement activity, this molecule localizes to tissue complement while minimizing circulating complement engagement. These fusion proteins bind to deposited complement in diseased human skin sections and localize to activated complement in a primate skin injury model. We further explored the pharmacology of C3d-mAb-2fH proteins in rodent models with robust tissue complement activation. Doses of C3d-mAb-2fH >1 mg/kg achieved >75% tissue complement inhibition in mouse and rat injury models while avoiding circulating complement blockade. Glomerular-specific complement inhibition reduced proteinuria and preserved podocyte foot-process architecture in rat membranous nephropathy, indicating disease-modifying efficacy. These data indicate that targeting local tissue complement results in durable and efficacious complement blockade in skin and kidney while avoiding systemic inhibition, suggesting broad applicability of this approach in treating a range of complement-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liu
- Q32 Bio, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hui A Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine at Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Monica Locatelli
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, 24126 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Shuyun Xu
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Enno Schmidt
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Leon F Schmidt-Jiménez
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Katja Bieber
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Joel M Henderson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine at Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Christine G Lian
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Admar Verschoor
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technische Universität München and Klinikum Rechts der Isar, 81675 Munich, Germany; Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ralf J Ludwig
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ariela Benigni
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, 24126 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Remuzzi
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, 24126 Bergamo, Italy
| | - David J Salant
- Department of Medicine, Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine at Boston University and Section of Nephrology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | | | - Joshua M Thurman
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - V Michael Holers
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Yin Y, Shan C, Han Q, Chen C, Wang Z, Huang Z, Chen H, Sun L, Fei S, Tao J, Han Z, Tan R, Gu M, Ju X. Causal effects of human serum metabolites on occurrence and progress indicators of chronic kidney disease: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Front Nutr 2024; 10:1274078. [PMID: 38260086 PMCID: PMC10800733 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1274078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is often accompanied by alterations in the metabolic profile of the body, yet the causative role of these metabolic changes in the onset of CKD remains a subject of ongoing debate. This study investigates the causative links between metabolites and CKD by leveraging the results of genomewide association study (GWAS) from 486 blood metabolites, employing bulk two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses. Building on the metabolites that exhibit a causal relationship with CKD, we delve deeper using enrichment analysis to identify the metabolic pathways that may contribute to the development and progression of CKD. Methods In conducting the Mendelian randomization analysis, we treated the GWAS data for 486 metabolic traits as exposure variables while using GWAS data for estimated glomerular filtration rate based on serum creatinine (eGFRcrea), microalbuminuria, and the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) sourced from the CKDGen consortium as the outcome variables. Inverse-variance weighting (IVW) analysis was used to identify metabolites with a causal relationship to outcome. Using Bonferroni correction, metabolites with more robust causal relationships are screened. Additionally, the IVW-positive results were supplemented with the weighted median, MR-Egger, weighted mode, and simple mode. Furthermore, we performed sensitivity analyses using the Cochran Q test, MR-Egger intercept test, MR-PRESSO, and leave-one-out (LOO) test. Pathway enrichment analysis was conducted using two databases, KEGG and SMPDB, for eligible metabolites. Results During the batch Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses, upon completion of the inverse-variance weighted (IVW) approach, sensitivity analysis, and directional consistency checks, 78 metabolites were found to meet the criteria. The following four metabolites satisfy Bonferroni correction: mannose, N-acetylornithine, glycine, and bilirubin (Z, Z), and mannose is causally related to all outcomes of CKD. By pathway enrichment analysis, we identified eight metabolic pathways that contribute to CKD occurrence and progression. Conclusion Based on the present analysis, mannose met Bonferroni correction and had causal associations with CKD, eGFRcrea, microalbuminuria, and UACR. As a potential target for CKD diagnosis and treatment, mannose is believed to play an important role in the occurrence and development of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yin
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Conghui Shan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qianguang Han
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Congcong Chen
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zijie Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengkai Huang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuang Fei
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Tao
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhijian Han
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruoyun Tan
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Gu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaobing Ju
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Duan S, Sun L, Zhang C, Zeng M, Sun B, Yuan Y, Mao H, Xing C, Zhang B. The thickness of glomerular basement membrane predicts complete remission in primary membranous nephropathy. Ren Fail 2023; 45:2179335. [PMID: 36856323 PMCID: PMC9980401 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2023.2179335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Glomerular basement membrane (GBM) thickening is a typical and essential histopathological characteristic for the diagnosis of primary membranous nephropathy (PMN). The present study aimed to explore the relationship between GBM thickness and treatment response in PMN patients.Methods: A total of 128 patients with nephrotic syndrome concurrent with PMN were studied. The highest GBM thickness was measured from at least five glomerular capillary loops using an electron microscope, and the mean value was obtained. Patients were categorized into three groups according to the tertiles of GBM thickness as follows: Group 1 (GBM thickness ≤ 1100 nm, n = 48), Group 2 (1100 nm < GBM thickness ≤ 1300 nm, n = 40), Group 3 (GBM thickness >1300 nm, n = 40). Clinicopathological features and treatment response were compared among the three groups. The associations of GBM thickness with complete remission (CR) were assessed by Cox proportional hazard analyses and a cubic spline curve.Results: During a median follow-up period of 25.80 months, 69 (53.9%) patients achieved CR. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the non-CR probability was significantly higher in the highest tertile of GBM thickness (p˂0.001). Univariate Cox proportional hazard analysis indicated that GBM thickness was associated with CR (HR per SD 0.617, 95% CI [0.471-0.809], p˂0.001). After adjusting for age, duration of PMN, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), urinary protein excretion, grade of C3 deposition, and titer of serum anti-phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R) antibody, GBM thickness remained an independent predictor of CR (HR per SD 0.580, 95% CI [0.436-0.772], p˂0.001). Further multivariable-adjusted restricted cubic spline analysis confirmed a significant reverse linear association between GBM thickness and CR (p for nonlinear = 0.1261).Conclusions: GBM thickness is an independent risk factor of CR. PMN patients with an increased level of GBM thickening at diagnosis have a lower probability of achieving CR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyan Duan
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Lianqin Sun
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Chengning Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Ming Zeng
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Bin Sun
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Yanggang Yuan
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Huijuan Mao
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Changying Xing
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China,Changying Xing, Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China,Department of Nephrology, Pukou Branch of JiangSu Province Hospital (Nanjing Pukou Central Hospital), Nanjing, P.R. China,CONTACT Bo Zhang
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5
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Claudio P. Primary membranous nephropathy: an endless story. J Nephrol 2023; 36:563-574. [PMID: 36251213 DOI: 10.1007/s40620-022-01461-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Primary membranous nephropathy (PMN) is an autoimmune disease caused by the attack of autoantibodies against podocyte antigens leading to the in situ production of immune complexes. However, the etiology is unknown and the pathogenesis is still far from being completely elucidated. MN is prevalently idiopathic or primary, but in about 20-30% of cases it is secondary to chronic infections, systemic diseases, exposure to drugs, or malignancy. The differentiation between primary and secondary MN may be difficult, particularly when MN precedes signs and symptoms of the original disease, as in some cases of cancer or systemic lupus erythematosus. The natural course of PMN is variable, but in the long term 40-60% of patients with nephrotic syndrome progress to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) or die from thrombotic or cardiovascular events. PMN is a treatable disease. Patients with asymptomatic proteinuria should receive supportive care. Immunosuppressive treatments should be given to patients with nephrotic syndrome or risk of progression. The most frequently adopted treatments rely on cyclical therapy alternating steroids with a cytotoxic agent every other month, i.e., rituximab at different doses, or calcineurin inhibitors plus low-dose steroids. A good rate of response may be obtained but relapses can occur. Randomized controlled trials, with adequate size, long-term follow-up, and fair definition of endpoints are needed to identify treatment with the best therapeutic index.
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Abstract
Uncontrolled alternative pathway activation is the primary driver of several diseases, and it contributes to the pathogenesis of many others. Consequently, diagnostic tests to monitor this arm of the complement system are increasingly important. Defects in alternative pathway regulation are strong risk factors for disease, and drugs that specifically block the alternative pathway are entering clinical use. A range of diagnostic tests have been developed to evaluate and monitor the alternative pathway, including assays to measure its function, expression of alternative pathway constituents, and activation fragments. Genetic studies have also revealed many disease-associated variants in alternative pathway genes that predict the risk of disease and prognosis. Newer imaging modalities offer the promise of non-invasively detecting and localizing pathologic complement activation. Together, these various tests help in the diagnosis of disease, provide important prognostic information, and can help guide therapy with complement inhibitory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M. Thurman
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Veronique Fremeaux-Bacchi
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, European Hospital Georges Pompidou, Department of Immunology Biology and INSERM UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Team "Inflammation, Complement and Cancer", Paris, France
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Ryu J, Baek E, Son HE, Ryu JY, Jeong JC, Kim S, Na KY, Chae DW, Kim SP, Kim SH, Jhee JH, Chang TI, Choi BS, Chin HJ. Comparison of dominant and nondominant C3 deposition in primary glomerulonephritis. Kidney Res Clin Pract 2023; 42:98-108. [PMID: 36747358 PMCID: PMC9902730 DOI: 10.23876/j.krcp.22.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alternative complement pathway dysregulation plays a key role in glomerulonephritis (GN) and is associated with C3 deposition. Herein, we examined pathological and clinical differences between cases of primary GN with C3-dominant (C3D-GN) and nondominant (C3ND-GN) deposition. METHODS We extracted primary GN data from the Korean GlomeruloNEphritis sTudy (KoGNET). C3D-GN was defined as C3 staining two grades greater than C1q, C4, and immunoglobulin via immunofluorescence analysis. To overcome a large difference in the number of patients between the C3D-GN and C3ND-GN groups (31 vs. 9,689), permutation testing was used for analysis. RESULTS The C3D-GN group exhibited higher serum creatinine (p ≤ 0.001), a greater prevalence of estimated glomerular filtration rate of <60 mL/min/1.72 m2 (p ≤ 0.001), higher (but not significantly so) C-reactive protein level, and lower serum C3 level (p ≤ 0.001). Serum albumin, urine protein/creatinine ratio, number of patients who progressed to end-stage renal disease, and all-cause mortality were comparable between groups. Interstitial fibrosis and mesangial cellularity were greater in the C3D-GN group (p = 0.04 and p = 0.01, respectively) than in the C3ND-GN group. C3 deposition was dominant in the former group (p < 0.001), in parallel with increased subendothelial deposition (p ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSION Greater progression of renal injury and higher mortality occurred in patients with C3D-GN than with C3ND-GN, along with pathologic differences in interstitial and mesangial changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Ryu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunji Baek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Eun Son
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Ryu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Cheol Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea,Department of Internal Medicine, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Sejoong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea,Department of Internal Medicine, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Young Na
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea,Department of Internal Medicine, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Wan Chae
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea,Department of Internal Medicine, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Pyo Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program of Medical Informatics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Hwan Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hyun Jhee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Ik Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Bum Soon Choi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Jun Chin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Correspondence: Ho Jun Chin Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82 Gumi-ro 173beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea. E-mail:
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So BYF, Chan GCW, Yap DYH, Chan TM. The role of the complement system in primary membranous nephropathy: A narrative review in the era of new therapeutic targets. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1009864. [PMID: 36353636 PMCID: PMC9639362 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1009864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary membranous nephropathy (MN) is an important cause of nephrotic syndrome and chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the adult population. Although the discovery of different autoantibodies against glomerular/podocytic antigens have highlighted the role of B cells in the pathogenesis of MN, suboptimal response or even resistance to B cell-directed therapies occurs, suggesting that other pathophysiological mechanisms are involved in mediating podocyte injury. The complement system plays an important role in the innate immune response to infection, and dysregulation of the complement system has been observed in various kidney diseases. There is compelling evidence of complement cascade activation in primary MN, with the mannose-binding lectin (MBL) and alternative pathways particularly implicated. With appropriate validation, assays of complements and associated activation products could hold promise as adjunctive tools for non-invasive disease monitoring and prognostication. While there is growing interest to target the complement system in MN, there is concern regarding the risk of infection due to encapsulated organisms and high treatment costs, highlighting the need for clinical trials to identify patients most likely to benefit from complement-directed therapies.
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Miao H, Zhang Y, Yu X, Zou L, Zhao Y. Membranous nephropathy: Systems biology-based novel mechanism and traditional Chinese medicine therapy. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:969930. [PMID: 36176440 PMCID: PMC9513429 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.969930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Membranous nephropathy (MN) is a renal-limited non-inflammatory autoimmune disease in the glomerulus, which is the second or third main cause of end-stage kidney diseases in patients with primary glomerulonephritis. Substantial achievements have increased our understanding of the aetiology and pathogenesis of murine and human MN. The identification of nephritogenic autoantibodies against neutral endopeptidase, phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R) and thrombospondin type-1 domain-containing 7A (THSD7A) antigens provide more specific concept-driven intervention strategies for treatments by specific B cell-targeting monoclonal antibodies to inhibit antibody production and antibody-antigen immune complex deposition. Furthermore, additional antibody specificities for antigens have been discovered, but their pathogenic effects are uncertain. Although anti-PLA2R and anti-THSD7A antibodies as a diagnostic marker is widely used in MN patients, many questions including autoimmune response development, antigenic epitopes, and podocyte damage signalling pathways remain unresolved. This review describes the current available evidence regarding both established and novel molecular mechanisms based on systems biology approaches (gut microbiota, long non-coding RNAs, metabolite biomarkers and DNA methylation) in MN, with an emphasis on clinical findings. This review further summarizes the applications of traditional Chinese medicines such as Tripterygium wilfordii and Astragalus membranaceus for MN treatment. Lastly, this review considers how the identification of novel antibodies/antigens and unresolved questions and future challenges reveal the pathogenesis of MN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Miao
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yamei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Genetics & Key Disciplines of Clinical Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital and Clinical Medical College of Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoyong Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Shaanxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoyong Yu, ; Liang Zou, ; Yingyong Zhao,
| | - Liang Zou
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoyong Yu, ; Liang Zou, ; Yingyong Zhao,
| | - Yingyong Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Genetics & Key Disciplines of Clinical Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital and Clinical Medical College of Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoyong Yu, ; Liang Zou, ; Yingyong Zhao,
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Chen X, Chen S, Li Z, Pan X, Jia Y, Hu Z, Niu K, Liu B, Ren Q. Correlation of Body Mass Index with Clinicopathologic Parameters in Patients with Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2022; 15:1897-1909. [PMID: 35757192 PMCID: PMC9231685 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s366100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between body mass index (BMI) and clinicopathologic parameters in patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN). METHODS This study was retrospective and included patients with biopsy-proven IMN from 2018 to 2021 in Hebei General Hospital. Patients were categorized into two groups based on BMI. Clinical and histopathologic data were analyzed at the time of renal biopsy. Pathological data included immunofluorescence staining, glomerulosclerosis (GS, 0-2), mesangial cell proliferation (MCP, 0-1), tubular atrophy (TA, 0-1), interstitial fibrosis (IF, 0-1), vascular wall thickness (VWT, 0-1) and a combination score (GMTIV) graded from 0 to 5. RESULTS Our study revealed that the obese group had a higher prevalence of hypertension and diabetes than the overweight/normal weight group (P=0.001, P=0.002). Systolic blood pressure (P=0.005), diastolic blood pressure (P<0.001), haemoglobin (P=0.006), triglycerides (P<0.001), serum uric acid (P=0.05), 24 h urine proteinuria concentration (UP) (P=0.012), MCP (P=0.042), IF (P=0.033), and GMITV (P=0.033) score were higher in obese group compared to the other group, while the high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (P=0.034) and immunoglobulin A deposition score (P=0.005) were lower. Factors significantly associated with UP were the ratio of lymphocyte count to white blood cell count, serum pre-albumin, immunoglobulin G, microscopic hematuria, anti-phospholipase A2 receptor (anti-PLA2R), C3 deposit on multivariable analysis (adjusted R 2=0.343). Binary logistic regression analysis illustrated that MCP was correlated to BMI (OR=2.528, P=0.036). Ordinal logistic regression analysis demonstrated that GMTIV was associated with BMI (OR=1.114, P=0.010) and C3 deposit (OR=1.655, P=0.001). CONCLUSION High BMI was associated with MCP and GMTIV score in IMN patients. Obesity may play an essential role in mesangial lesions of IMN. This study emphasized the relation between BMI and histological parameters under the universal usage of anti-PLA2R antibodies for diagnosis and prognosis in IMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuchun Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Shuchun Chen, Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, 348 Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, People’s Republic of China, Tel/Fax +86 311 85988406, Email
| | - Zelin Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Pan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yujiao Jia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhijuan Hu
- Department of Nephrology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kai Niu
- Department of Nephrology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bing Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingjuan Ren
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People’s Republic of China
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11
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Caliskan Y, Demir E, Karatay E, Ozluk Y, Mirioglu S, Dirim AB, Artan AS, Usta Akgul S, Oto OA, Savran Oguz F, Turkmen A, Lentine KL, Yazici H. Oxidative stress and macrophage infiltration in IgA nephropathy. J Nephrol 2021; 35:1101-1111. [PMID: 34787798 DOI: 10.1007/s40620-021-01196-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate the interactions among serum levels of galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1), oxidative stress and macrophage infiltration and their clinical correlates in patients with IgA Nephropathy (IgAN). METHODS A total of 47 patients with biopsy-proven primary IgAN, aged between 16 and 79 years, with a follow-up period ≥ 1 year or who showed progression to end stage kidney disease (ESKD) regardless the duration of follow-up were included. Study endpoint was the progression to ESKD. Serum Gd-IgA1 and advanced oxidation protein product (AOPP) levels were measured using ELISA assays. Kidney biopsies were evaluated according to the Oxford MEST-C scoring, with C4d and CD68 staining. RESULTS Seventeen patients (36%) experienced ESKD during a median follow-up time of 6 years (IQR 3.7-7.5). Serum AOPP levels were correlated with the intensity of glomerular C3 deposition (r = 0.325, p = 0.026), glomerular (r = 0.423, p = 0.003) and interstitial CD68 + cell count (r = 0.298, p = 0.042) and Gd-IgA1 levels (r = 0.289, p = 0.049). Serum Gd-IgA1 levels were correlated with the intensity of C3 deposition (r = 0.447, p = 0.002). eGFR at biopsy (adjusted HR (aHR) 0.979 p = 0.011), and E score (aHR, 8.305, p = 0.001) were associated with progression to ESKD in multivariate analysis. 5-year ESKD-free survival rate was significantly lower in patients with higher E score compared to patients with E score 0 [p = 0.021]. CONCLUSIONS An increased number of macrophages in the glomerular and tubulointerstitial area may play a role in oxidative stress and complement system activation. Endocapillary hypercellularity is a predictive factor for poor prognosis in IgAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasar Caliskan
- Division of Nephrology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 3660 Vista Ave, Saint Louis, MO, USA. .,Division of Nephrology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Erol Demir
- Division of Nephrology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ecem Karatay
- Department of Pathology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Ozluk
- Department of Pathology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Safak Mirioglu
- Division of Nephrology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Division of Nephrology, Bezmialem Vakif University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Burak Dirim
- Division of Nephrology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayse Serra Artan
- Division of Nephrology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sebahat Usta Akgul
- Department of Medical Biology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozgur Akin Oto
- Division of Nephrology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatma Savran Oguz
- Department of Medical Biology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aydin Turkmen
- Division of Nephrology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Krista L Lentine
- Division of Nephrology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 3660 Vista Ave, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Halil Yazici
- Division of Nephrology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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