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Cunanan J, Rajyam SS, Sharif B, Udwan K, Rana A, De Gregorio V, Ricardo S, Elia A, Brooks B, Weins A, Pollak M, John R, Barua M. Mice with a Pax2 missense variant display impaired glomerular repair. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2024; 326:F704-F726. [PMID: 38482556 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00259.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
PAX2 regulates kidney development, and its expression persists in parietal epithelial cells (PECs), potentially serving as a podocyte reserve. We hypothesized that mice with a Pax2 pathogenic missense variant (Pax2A220G/+) have impaired PEC-mediated podocyte regeneration. Embryonic wild-type mouse kidneys showed overlapping expression of PAX2/Wilms' tumor-1 (WT-1) until PEC and podocyte differentiation, reflecting a close lineage relationship. Embryonic and adult Pax2A220G/+ mice have reduced nephron number but demonstrated no glomerular disease under baseline conditions. Pax2A220G/+ mice compared with wild-type mice were more susceptible to glomerular disease after adriamycin (ADR)-induced podocyte injury, as demonstrated by worsened glomerular scarring, increased podocyte foot process effacement, and podocyte loss. There was a decrease in PAX2-expressing PECs in wild-type mice after adriamycin injury accompanied by the occurrence of PAX2/WT-1-coexpressing glomerular tuft cells. In contrast, Pax2A220G/+ mice showed no changes in the numbers of PAX2-expressing PECs after adriamycin injury, associated with fewer PAX2/WT-1-coexpressing glomerular tuft cells compared with injured wild-type mice. A subset of PAX2-expressing glomerular tuft cells after adriamycin injury was increased in Pax2A220G/+ mice, suggesting a pathological process given the worse outcomes observed in this group. Finally, Pax2A220G/+ mice have increased numbers of glomerular tuft cells expressing Ki-67 and cleaved caspase-3 compared with wild-type mice after adriamycin injury, consistent with maladaptive responses to podocyte loss. Collectively, our results suggest that decreased glomerular numbers in Pax2A220G/+ mice are likely compounded with the inability of their mutated PECs to regenerate podocyte loss, and together these two mechanisms drive the worsened focal segmental glomerular sclerosis phenotype in these mice.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract comprise some of the leading causes of kidney failure in children, but our previous study showed that one of its genetic causes, PAX2, is also associated with adult-onset focal segmental glomerular sclerosis. Using a clinically relevant model, our present study demonstrated that after podocyte injury, parietal epithelial cells expressing PAX2 are deployed into the glomerular tuft to assist in repair in wild-type mice, but this mechanism is impaired in Pax2A220G/+ mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Cunanan
- Division of Nephrology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Advanced Diagnostics Department, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarada Sriya Rajyam
- Division of Nephrology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Advanced Diagnostics Department, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bedra Sharif
- Division of Nephrology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Advanced Diagnostics Department, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Khalil Udwan
- Division of Nephrology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Advanced Diagnostics Department, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Akanchaya Rana
- Division of Nephrology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Advanced Diagnostics Department, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vanessa De Gregorio
- Division of Nephrology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Advanced Diagnostics Department, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Samantha Ricardo
- Division of Nephrology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Advanced Diagnostics Department, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew Elia
- Department of Pathology, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian Brooks
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Astrid Weins
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Martin Pollak
- Division of Nephrology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Rohan John
- Department of Pathology, Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Moumita Barua
- Division of Nephrology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Advanced Diagnostics Department, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Muntean C, Chirtes C, Baczoni B, Banescu C. PAX2 Gene Mutation in Pediatric Renal Disorders-A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12737. [PMID: 37628926 PMCID: PMC10454596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The PAX2 gene is a transcription factor that is essential for the development of the urinary system among other transcription factors. The role of PAX2 is highlighted from the seventh week of gestation, when it is involved in development processes and the emergence of nephrons and collecting tubes. Being an important factor in renal development, mutations of this gene can produce severe alterations in the development of the urinary tract, namely congenital anomalies of the kidneys and urinary tract. The first reported cases described with the PAX2 mutation included both renal anomalies and the involvement of other organs, such as the eyes, producing renal coloboma syndrome. Over the years, numerous cases have been reported, including those with only renal and urinary tract anomalies. The aim of this review is to present a summary of pediatric patients described to have mutations in the PAX2 gene to contribute to a better understanding of the genetic mechanism causing anomalies of the kidneys and urinary tract. In this review, we have included only pediatric cases with renal and urinary tract disorders, without the involvement of other organs. From what we know so far from the literature, this is the first review gathering pediatric patients presenting the PAX2 mutation who have been diagnosed exclusively with renal and urinary tract disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Muntean
- Department of Pediatrics I, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania;
| | - Camelia Chirtes
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Genetics, Emergency County Hospital, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania; (C.C.); (B.B.)
| | - Balazs Baczoni
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Genetics, Emergency County Hospital, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania; (C.C.); (B.B.)
| | - Claudia Banescu
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Genetics, Emergency County Hospital, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania; (C.C.); (B.B.)
- Center for Advanced Medical and Pharmaceutical Research, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
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Lin L, Tian E, Ren J, Wu Z, Deng J, Yang J. Traditional Chinese Medicine in Treating Primary Podocytosis: From Fundamental Science to Clinical Research. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:932739. [PMID: 36003509 PMCID: PMC9393213 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.932739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Podocytes form a key component of the glomerular filtration barrier. Damage to podocytes is referred to as “podocyte disease.” There are many causes of podocyte injury, including primary injury, secondary injury, and gene mutations. Primary podocytosis mostly manifests as nephrotic syndrome. At present, first-line treatment is based on glucocorticoid administration combined with immunosuppressive therapy, but some patients still progress to end-stage renal disease. In Asia, especially in China, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) still plays an important role in the treatment of kidney diseases. This study summarizes the potential mechanism of TCM and its active components in protecting podocytes, such as repairing podocyte injury, inhibiting podocyte proliferation, reducing podocyte apoptosis and excretion, maintaining podocyte skeleton structure, and upregulating podocyte-related protein expression. At the same time, the clinical efficacy of TCM in the treatment of primary podocytosis (including idiopathic membranous nephropathy, minimal change disease, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis) is summarized to support the development of new treatment strategies for primary podocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirong Lin
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (General Hospital), Chongqing, China
| | - En Tian
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (General Hospital), Chongqing, China
| | - Jiangwen Ren
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatism and Immunology, Jiulongpo District People’s Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhifeng Wu
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (General Hospital), Chongqing, China
| | | | - Jurong Yang
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (General Hospital), Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Jurong Yang,
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Lieberman KV, Chang AR, Block GA, Robinson K, Bristow SL, Morales A, Mitchell A, McCalley S, McKay J, Pollak MR, Aradhya S, Warady BA, Pollak MR, Aradhya S, Warady BA. The KIDNEYCODE Program: Diagnostic Yield and Clinical Features of Individuals with CKD. KIDNEY360 2022; 3:900-909. [PMID: 36128480 PMCID: PMC9438426 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0004162021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background Despite increasing recognition that CKD may have underlyi ng genetic causes, genetic testing remains limited. This study evaluated the diagnostic yield and phenotypic spectrum of CKD in individuals tested through the KIDNEYCODE sponsored genetic testing program. Methods Unrelated individuals who received panel testing (17 genes) through the KIDNEYCODE sponsored genetic testing program were included. Individuals had to meet at least one of the following eligibility criteria: eGFR ≤90 ml/min per 1.73m2 and hematuria or a family history of kidney disease; or suspected/biopsy-confirmed Alport syndrome or FSGS in tested individuals or relatives. Results Among 859 individuals, 234 (27%) had molecular diagnoses in genes associated with Alport syndrome (n=209), FSGS (n=12), polycystic kidney disease (n=6), and other disorders (n=8). Among those with positive findings in a COL4A gene, the majority were in COL4A5 (n=157, 72 hemizygous male and 85 heterozygous female individuals). A positive family history of CKD, regardless of whether clinical features were reported, was more predictive of a positive finding than was the presence of clinical features alone. For the 248 individuals who had kidney biopsies, a molecular diagnosis was returned for 49 individuals (20%). Most (n=41) individuals had a molecular diagnosis in a COL4A gene, 25 of whom had a previous Alport syndrome clinical diagnosis, and the remaining 16 had previous clinical diagnoses including FSGS (n=2), thin basement membrane disease (n=9), and hematuria (n=1). In total, 491 individuals had a previous clinical diagnosis, 148 (30%) of whom received a molecular diagnosis, the majority (89%, n=131) of which were concordant. Conclusions Although skewed to identify individuals with Alport syndrome, these findings support the need to improve access to genetic testing for patients with CKD-particularly in the context of family history of kidney disease, hematuria, and hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth V. Lieberman
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Joseph M. Sanzari Children's Hospital of the Hackensack Meridian Health Network, Hackensack, New Jersey
| | - Alexander R. Chang
- Division of Nephrology, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania
| | - Geoffrey A. Block
- Division of Clinical Research, Reata Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Plano, Texas
| | | | - Sara L. Bristow
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Invitae, San Francisco, California,Department of Medical Affairs, Invitae, San Francisco, California
| | - Ana Morales
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Invitae, San Francisco, California,Department of Medical Affairs, Invitae, San Francisco, California
| | - Asia Mitchell
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Invitae, San Francisco, California,Department of Medical Affairs, Invitae, San Francisco, California
| | - Stephen McCalley
- Division of Medical Affairs, Reata Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Plano, Texas
| | - Jim McKay
- Division of Medical Affairs, Reata Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Plano, Texas
| | - Martin R. Pollak
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Swaroop Aradhya
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Invitae, San Francisco, California,Department of Medical Affairs, Invitae, San Francisco, California
| | - Bradley A. Warady
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Children’s Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
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