1
|
Sasaki N, Watanabe K, Kanamori Y, Tabuchi T, Fujiwara T, Nishi D. Effects of expanded adverse childhood experiences including school bullying, childhood poverty, and natural disasters on mental health in adulthood. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12015. [PMID: 38797740 PMCID: PMC11128446 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62634-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to examine the association of expanded adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) with psychological distress in adulthood. The data from nation-wide online cohort was used for analysis. Community dwelling adults in Japan were included. The ACEs was assessed by 15 items of ACE-J, including childhood poverty and school bullying. Severe psychological distress was determined as the score of Kessler 6 over 13. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted, by using sample weighting. A total of 28,617 participants were analyzed. About 75% of Japanese people had one or more ACEs. The prevalence of those with ACEs over 4 was 14.7%. Those with ACEs over 4 showed adjusted odds ratio = 8.18 [95% CI 7.14-9.38] for severe psychological distress. The prevalence of childhood poverty was 29% for 50-64 year old participants and 40% of 65 or older participants. The impact of childhood poverty on psychological distress was less than other ACEs in these age cohorts. Bullying was experienced 21-27% in young generations, but 10% in 65 or older participants. However, the impact on psychological distress in adulthood was relatively high in all age groups. ACEs have impacted mental health for a long time. Future research and practice to reduce ACEs are encouraged.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natsu Sasaki
- Department of Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 1130033, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Watanabe
- Department of Public Health, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kanamori
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tabuchi
- Cancer Control Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
- The Tokyo Foundation for Policy Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeo Fujiwara
- Department of Public Health, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Nishi
- Department of Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 1130033, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wambua GN, Kilian S, Chiliza B. A qualitative study of coping strategies and resilience in the aftermath of childhood adversity in first-episode psychosis. Early Interv Psychiatry 2024. [PMID: 38764159 DOI: 10.1111/eip.13551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
AIM Exposure to adversity during childhood is associated with elevated risk for commonly occurring forms of psychopathology, especially psychotic disorders. Despite the noteworthy consequences associated with adverse childhood experiences, an inconsistent and unpredictable number of at-risk populations present with remarkably good physical and mental health outcomes that can be attributed to resilience. This study aimed to qualitatively explore the experience of childhood adverse events and coping strategies employed by individuals that promote resilience and better mental health outcomes. METHODS Fourteen individuals with a history of childhood adversity were recruited to participate using a case-study approach. A semi-structured interview guide was developed based on empirical evidence and theoretical background, and the interviews were analysed using a reflexive thematic approach. RESULTS Our findings showed that the type of adversity impacted the experience of trauma, for example, the death of a caregiver versus emotional abuse or witnessing violence at home. Five coping strategies were identified (social support, religious coping, problem or emotion-focused coping, and meaning-making), with healthy controls found to identify and use these resources more than the psychosis group to promote individual well-being and better mental health outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide insights into experiences in the aftermath of childhood adversity, emphasising the need to assess the history of trauma systematically. They further underscore the importance of mental health prevention programmes bolstering individual-level coping strategies and the resources available within our environments to help them manage adversity, improve overall outcomes, and promote resilience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G N Wambua
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - S Kilian
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape town, South Africa
| | - B Chiliza
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang X, Jiang L, Barry L, Zhang X, Vasilenko SA, Heath RD. A Scoping Review on Adverse Childhood Experiences Studies Using Latent Class Analysis: Strengths and Challenges. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2024; 25:1695-1708. [PMID: 37594222 DOI: 10.1177/15248380231192922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) studies reveal the profound impacts of experiencing trauma and hardships in childhood. However, the cumulative risk approach of treating ACEs obscures the heterogeneity of ACEs and their consequences, making actionable interventions impossible. latent class analysis (LCA) has increasingly been used to address these concerns by identifying underlying subgroups of people who experience distinctive patterns of co-occurring ACEs. Though LCA has its strengths, the existing research produces few comparable findings because LCA results are dependent on ACEs measures and indicators, which vary widely by study. Therefore, a scoping review of ACEs studies using LCA that focuses on ACEs measures, indicators, and findings is needed to inform the field. Following Arksey and O'Malley's five-stage scoping review methodological framework, we first identified 211 articles from databases of EBSCOhost, PubMed, and Scopus using "adverse childhood experiences" for title search and "latent class analysis" for abstract search. Based on the inclusion criteria of peer-reviewed articles written in English published from 2012 to 2022 and the exclusion criteria of nonempirical studies and the LCA not analyzing ACEs, we finally selected 58 articles in this scoping review. Results showed LCA has been increasingly endorsed in the ACEs research community to examine the associations between ACEs and human health and well-being across culturally diverse populations. LCA overcame the limitations of the traditional methods by revealing specific ACEs clusters that exert potent effects on certain outcomes. However, the arbitrary nature of selecting ACEs indicators, measures, and the limited use of theory impedes the field from moving forward.
Collapse
|
4
|
Smith SR, Banuelos L, Trujillo N, Farihi D, Lee S, Truong S, Ly T, Dadiomov D, Kawahara N, Gavaza P. Adverse childhood experiences among California student pharmacists. Ment Health Clin 2024; 14:1-9. [PMID: 38312442 PMCID: PMC10836563 DOI: 10.9740/mhc.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with higher mental and physical illness and substance use disorders in adulthood. However, little is known about the prevalence of ACEs among student pharmacists and the factors associated with exposure. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of ACEs, resilience, and maladaptive coping strategies among student pharmacists in California. Methods Student pharmacists from 14 California pharmacy schools completed a 24-item online survey in 2020. This survey instrument comprised the ACEs questionnaire and collected data on the students' demographic characteristics, coping strategies, and resilience. Results Most respondents were Asian/Pacific Islander (n = 186, 61.0%), female (n = 216, 70.8%), and aged between 25 and 31 years (n = 154, 50.7%). Many (n = 137, 44.9%) students had more than 1 ACE exposure; 66 students (21.6%) had more than 3 ACEs. Many students indicated that they were diagnosed or suspected to be diagnosed with a mental health condition (n = 105, 34.4%) and agreed/strongly agreed that they struggled to manage the workload of pharmacy school (n = 119, 39.9%). Respondents with higher ACE scores (> 3) were more likely to report struggling with managing the workload of pharmacy school, have or suspect having a mental health condition, drink alcohol in the last 12 months, and/or have multiple sexual partners than students with lower ACE scores. Discussion More than 1 in 5 student pharmacists in this study were exposed to more than 3 ACEs. The student pharmacists' ACE exposure was associated with higher likelihood of mental health conditions and high-risk health behaviors. Further studies are needed to investigate this topic among student pharmacists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shawn R Smith
- PGY1 Pharmacy Resident, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
- PGY1 Acute Care Pharmacy Resident, Stanford Health Care, Palo Alto, California
- PGY1 Pharmacy Resident, MemorialCare Long Beach Medical Center, Long Beach, California
- PGY2 Critical Care Pharmacy Resident, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, California
- PGY1 Pharmacy Resident, Veterans Affairs Sierra Nevada Health Care System, Reno, Nevada
- Ambulatory Care Pharmacist, Kaiser Permanente-San Bernardino County, Fontana, California
- Assistant Professor of Clinical Pharmacy; Director, PGY2 Psychiatric Residency, University of Southern California Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Los Angeles, California
- Associate Professor/Associate Dean, Community Engagement, Loma Linda University School of Pharmacy, Loma Linda, California
- Associate Professor/Department Chair, Loma Linda University School of Pharmacy, Loma Linda, California
| | - Leslie Banuelos
- PGY1 Pharmacy Resident, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nalea Trujillo
- PGY1 Acute Care Pharmacy Resident, Stanford Health Care, Palo Alto, California
| | - Destiny Farihi
- PGY1 Pharmacy Resident, MemorialCare Long Beach Medical Center, Long Beach, California
| | - Stephanie Lee
- PGY2 Critical Care Pharmacy Resident, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, California
| | - Sharon Truong
- PGY1 Pharmacy Resident, Veterans Affairs Sierra Nevada Health Care System, Reno, Nevada
| | - Tracy Ly
- Ambulatory Care Pharmacist, Kaiser Permanente-San Bernardino County, Fontana, California
| | - David Dadiomov
- Assistant Professor of Clinical Pharmacy; Director, PGY2 Psychiatric Residency, University of Southern California Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Los Angeles, California
| | - Nancy Kawahara
- Associate Professor/Associate Dean, Community Engagement, Loma Linda University School of Pharmacy, Loma Linda, California
| | - Paul Gavaza
- Associate Professor/Department Chair, Loma Linda University School of Pharmacy, Loma Linda, California
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bond N, McLafferty M, Lapsley C, Ennis E, Murray E, Heenan D, O’Neill S. Familial and Bullying Victimisation: The Impact of Early Adversity Within the Home and Peer Settings on Late Adolescence and Adult Psychopathology. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2023; 16:43-53. [PMID: 36776629 PMCID: PMC9908779 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-022-00481-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Awareness of adverse childhood experiences and their impact on adult psychopathology primarily focuses on adversities within the home. There is limited insight into the impact of adversities across peer environments. OBJECTIVE This study investigates 19 items related to adverse experiences across the home, school and peer environments and their relationship to 12-month and lifetime psychopathology. DATA Secondary analysis of the Ulster University Student Well-being Study. The dataset included completed responses across all selected variables for 729 participants. METHOD AND RESULTS Latent profile analysis identified a low adversity profile, bullying adversity profile and higher prevalence adversity profile. Regression analysis of the three profiles and demographics variables indicated their impact on adult psychopathology lifetime and 12-month prevalence rates. CONCLUSION Schools and HE institutions should acknowledge the impact of childhood adversities. In doing so, it is important to consider the deeper impact of bullying due to its links with psychopathology across the lifespan. Educational institutions should take appropriate steps to mitigate continued exposure as students' progress through the education system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N.I. Bond
- School of Psychology, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland
| | - M. McLafferty
- Centre for Personalised Medicine, Ulster University, Derry/Londonderry, Northern Ireland
| | - C. Lapsley
- Centre for Personalised Medicine, Ulster University, Derry/Londonderry, Northern Ireland
| | - E. Ennis
- School of Psychology, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland
| | - E. Murray
- Centre for Personalised Medicine, Ulster University, Derry/Londonderry, Northern Ireland
| | - D. Heenan
- School of Applied Social and Policy Sciences, Ulster University, Jordanstown, Northern Ireland
| | - S.M. O’Neill
- School of Psychology, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Redican E, Murphy J, McBride O, Bunting L, Shevlin M. The Prevalence, Patterns and Correlates of Childhood Trauma Exposure in a Nationally Representative Sample of Young People in Northern Ireland. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2022; 15:963-976. [PMID: 35571535 PMCID: PMC9077031 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-022-00449-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Childhood trauma (CT) exposure is common, with many young people affected by multiple co-occurring traumas. METHODS Participants were a representative sample of 11-19-year-olds (n = 1293), who participated in the largest ever representative survey of youth mental health in Northern Ireland (NI) - the NI Youth Wellbeing Prevalence Survey 2020. This study used latent class analysis (LCA) to identify typologies that were most representative of trauma experience and co-occurrence among young people living in NI. Demographic, parental and deprivation variables were then used within a multinomial logistic regression analysis to describe trauma class membership. RESULTS Over 35% (n = 478) of participants reported exposure to at least one CT, with over 50% (n = 259) of trauma-exposed young people reporting multiple trauma exposure. LCA results provided support for a three-class model; 'low-exposure', 'moderate-exposure: community-victimization' and 'high-exposure: sexual-trauma'. While none of the child, parental or familial covariates differentiated members of the 'moderate-exposure: community-victimization' from 'low-exposure', those in 'high-exposure: sexual-trauma' were over four and a half times more likely to belong to a family in receipt of income benefits and over ten times more likely to have experienced some form of out-of-home care. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the presence of three distinct trauma classes in the NI adolescent population. In particular, this study identifies a small minority of young people who have experienced multiple CT's, including sexually based traumas, with these traumas most likely to have occurred in the context of out-of-home care and familial poverty.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enya Redican
- School of Psychology, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - Jamie Murphy
- School of Psychology, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - Orla McBride
- School of Psychology, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | | | - Mark Shevlin
- School of Psychology, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kallay E, Cheie L. “Can I still blame my parents?” Links between perceived parenting, cognitive emotion regulation strategies, and adolescent mental health. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03721-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
8
|
MacLochlainn J, Kirby K, McFadden P, Mallett J. An Evaluation of Whole-School Trauma-Informed Training Intervention Among Post-Primary School Personnel: A Mixed Methods Study. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2022; 15:925-941. [PMID: 35958718 PMCID: PMC9360367 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-021-00432-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Students' ability to reach their potential in school-both behaviourally and academically - is linked to their educator's knowledge of child and adolescent development, childhood adversity and trauma, and how these impact learning and behaviour. However, teacher pre-service training programmes often offer inadequate instruction to meet the needs of trauma-impacted students. The purpose of the study was to investigate the benefits of professional development training in trauma-informed approaches on school personnel attitudes and compassion fatigue. There is a paucity of research on whole-school trauma-informed approaches and most have methodological limitations via the absence of a control group. In addressing this gap, the study is one of the first to utilise a control group in the research design to ensure findings are robust. The study utilised a quasi-experimental wait-list control pre-post intervention design to evaluate the efficacy of trauma-informed professional development training. We compared attitudes and compassion fatigue among 216 school personnel (n = 98 intervention, n = 118 comparison) utilising the Attitudes Related to Trauma-Informed Care (ARTIC) scale and the Professional Quality of Life scale (Pro-QoL). Quantitative data was supplemented by qualitative focus group data. Findings demonstrated that school-personnel within the intervention group reported significant improvements in attitudes related to trauma-informed care, and a significant decrease in burnout at 6-month follow-up. Our findings demonstrate that with minimum training on the dynamics of trauma, personnel attached to a school can become more trauma-informed and have more favourable attitudes towards trauma-impacted students and consequently be less likely to experience burnout.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin MacLochlainn
- School of Psychology, Ulster University, Cromore Road Coleraine campus, Co. Derry, Coleraine, BT52 1SA Northern Ireland
| | - Karen Kirby
- School of Psychology, Ulster University, Cromore Road Coleraine campus, Co. Derry, Coleraine, BT52 1SA Northern Ireland
| | - Paula McFadden
- School of Applied Social and Policy Sc. Institute for Research in Social Sciences, Magee campus, Derry, BT48 7JL Northern Ireland
| | - John Mallett
- School of Psychology, Ulster University, Cromore Road Coleraine campus, Co. Derry, Coleraine, BT52 1SA Northern Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Adolescents’ Characteristics and Peer Relationships in Class: A Population Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19158907. [PMID: 35897277 PMCID: PMC9330489 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19158907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to investigate differences in adolescents’ social relationships with classmates of diverse gender, socioeconomic status, immigrant background, and academic achievement. Methods: A population of 10th-grade students (N = 406,783; males = 50.3%; Mage = 15.57 years, SDage = 0.75) completed the Classmates Social Isolation Questionnaire (CSIQ), an instrument specifically designed to measure two distinct but correlated types of peer relationships in class: peer acceptance and peer friendship. To obtain reliable comparisons across diverse adolescent characteristics, the measurement invariance of the CSIQ was established by means of CFAs and then latent mean differences tests were performed. Results: Immigrant background, academic achievement, and socioeconomic status all proved to be important factors influencing relationships with classmates, while being a male or a female was less relevant. Being a first-generation immigrant adolescent appears to be the foremost risk factor for being less accepted by classmates, while having a low academic achievement is the greatest hindrance for having friends in the group of classmates, a finding that diverges from previous studies. Conclusions: This population study suggests that adolescent characteristics (especially immigrant background, socioeconomic status, and academic achievement) seem to affect social relationships with classmates.
Collapse
|