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Chen C, Zhai R, Lan X, Yang S, Tang S, Xiong X, He Y, Lin J, Feng J, Chen D, Shi J. The influence of sleep disorders on perioperative neurocognitive disorders among the elderly: A narrative review. IBRAIN 2024; 10:197-216. [PMID: 38915944 PMCID: PMC11193868 DOI: 10.1002/ibra.12167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
This review comprehensively assesses the epidemiology, interaction, and impact on patient outcomes of perioperative sleep disorders (SD) and perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PND) in the elderly. The incidence of SD and PND during the perioperative period in older adults is alarmingly high, with SD significantly contributing to the occurrence of postoperative delirium. However, the clinical evidence linking SD to PND remains insufficient, despite substantial preclinical data. Therefore, this study focuses on the underlying mechanisms between SD and PND, underscoring that potential mechanisms driving SD-induced PND include uncontrolled central nervous inflammation, blood-brain barrier disruption, circadian rhythm disturbances, glial cell dysfunction, neuronal and synaptic abnormalities, impaired central metabolic waste clearance, gut microbiome dysbiosis, hippocampal oxidative stress, and altered brain network connectivity. Additionally, the review also evaluates the effectiveness of various sleep interventions, both pharmacological and nonpharmacological, in mitigating PND. Strategies such as earplugs, eye masks, restoring circadian rhythms, physical exercise, noninvasive brain stimulation, dexmedetomidine, and melatonin receptor agonists have shown efficacy in reducing PND incidence. The impact of other sleep-improvement drugs (e.g., orexin receptor antagonists) and methods (e.g., cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia) on PND is still unclear. However, certain drugs used for treating SD (e.g., antidepressants and first-generation antihistamines) may potentially aggravate PND. By providing valuable insights and references, this review aimed to enhance the understanding and management of PND in older adults based on SD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology/Department of NeurosurgeryThe Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Rui‐Xue Zhai
- Department of Anesthesiology/Department of NeurosurgeryThe Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Xin Lan
- Department of Anesthesiology/Department of NeurosurgeryThe Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Sheng‐Feng Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology/Department of NeurosurgeryThe Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Si‐Jie Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology/Department of NeurosurgeryThe Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Xing‐Long Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology/Department of NeurosurgeryThe Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Yu‐Xin He
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Jing‐Fang Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fujian Provincial HospitalSheng Li Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Jia‐Rong Feng
- Khoury College of Computer SciencesNortheastern UniversityBostonAmerica
| | - Dong‐Xu Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Second HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Jing Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology/Department of NeurosurgeryThe Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
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Tavares G, Kelmann G, Tustumi F, Tundisi CN, Silveira BRB, Barbosa BMAC, Winther DB, Boutros EC, Villar GDS, Brunocilla G, Lourenção GRC, Ferreira JGA, Bernardo WM. Cognitive and balance dysfunctions due to the use of zolpidem in the elderly: a systematic review. Dement Neuropsychol 2021; 15:396-404. [PMID: 34630929 PMCID: PMC8485645 DOI: 10.1590/1980-57642021dn15-030013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Zolpidem is one of the most widely prescribed hypnotic (non-benzodiazepine) agents for sleep disorder. Recently, an increase in the demand for this drug has been observed, mainly in the elderly population. Objective This study aims to analyze the acute effect of zolpidem on cognitive and balance dysfunctions in the elderly population. Methods A study was conducted by two independent researchers in four virtual scientific information bases and included randomized controlled trials. The studies evaluated elderly patients using zolpidem. Cognitive and balance dysfunctions were analyzed. Results Six articles were included. The mean age of the participants in the studies was 69 years. The following zolpidem dosages were evaluated: 5, 6.25, 10, and 12.5 mg. Comparing zolpidem and placebo, relating to the cognitive dysfunctions, there is no statistically significant difference between the groups. However, in relation to balance dysfunctions, there is a statistically significant difference between the intervention and the comparison, favoring placebo. Conclusions Zolpidem, even in usual doses (5 mg and 10 mg), has shown to increase the risk for balance dysfunctions. However, this does not occur in relation to cognitive changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Tavares
- Department of Evidence-Based Medicine, Centro Universitário Lusíada - Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Gizela Kelmann
- Department of Evidence-Based Medicine, Centro Universitário Lusíada - Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Francisco Tustumi
- Department of Evidence-Based Medicine, Centro Universitário Lusíada - Santos, SP, Brazil.,Department of Evidence-Based Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo - São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Department of Surgery, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein - São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Diana Bragança Winther
- Department of Evidence-Based Medicine, Centro Universitário Lusíada - Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduarda Conte Boutros
- Department of Evidence-Based Medicine, Centro Universitário Lusíada - Santos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Giovanna Brunocilla
- Department of Evidence-Based Medicine, Centro Universitário Lusíada - Santos, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Wanderley Marques Bernardo
- Department of Evidence-Based Medicine, Centro Universitário Lusíada - Santos, SP, Brazil.,Department of Evidence-Based Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo - São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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