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Li J, Jiang P, An Q, Wang GG, Kong HF. Medical image identification methods: A review. Comput Biol Med 2024; 169:107777. [PMID: 38104516 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.107777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The identification of medical images is an essential task in computer-aided diagnosis, medical image retrieval and mining. Medical image data mainly include electronic health record data and gene information data, etc. Although intelligent imaging provided a good scheme for medical image analysis over traditional methods that rely on the handcrafted features, it remains challenging due to the diversity of imaging modalities and clinical pathologies. Many medical image identification methods provide a good scheme for medical image analysis. The concepts pertinent of methods, such as the machine learning, deep learning, convolutional neural networks, transfer learning, and other image processing technologies for medical image are analyzed and summarized in this paper. We reviewed these recent studies to provide a comprehensive overview of applying these methods in various medical image analysis tasks, such as object detection, image classification, image registration, segmentation, and other tasks. Especially, we emphasized the latest progress and contributions of different methods in medical image analysis, which are summarized base on different application scenarios, including classification, segmentation, detection, and image registration. In addition, the applications of different methods are summarized in different application area, such as pulmonary, brain, digital pathology, brain, skin, lung, renal, breast, neuromyelitis, vertebrae, and musculoskeletal, etc. Critical discussion of open challenges and directions for future research are finally summarized. Especially, excellent algorithms in computer vision, natural language processing, and unmanned driving will be applied to medical image recognition in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- School of Information Engineering, Wuhan Business University, Wuhan, 430056, China; School of Artificial Intelligence, Wuchang University of Technology, Wuhan, 430223, China; Key Laboratory of Symbolic Computation and Knowledge Engineering of Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Pan Jiang
- School of Information Engineering, Wuhan Business University, Wuhan, 430056, China
| | - Qing An
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Wuchang University of Technology, Wuhan, 430223, China
| | - Gai-Ge Wang
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
| | - Hua-Feng Kong
- School of Information Engineering, Wuhan Business University, Wuhan, 430056, China.
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2
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Cabrera-León Y, Báez PG, Fernández-López P, Suárez-Araujo CP. Neural Computation-Based Methods for the Early Diagnosis and Prognosis of Alzheimer's Disease Not Using Neuroimaging Biomarkers: A Systematic Review. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 98:793-823. [PMID: 38489188 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Background The growing number of older adults in recent decades has led to more prevalent geriatric diseases, such as strokes and dementia. Therefore, Alzheimer's disease (AD), as the most common type of dementia, has become more frequent too. Background Objective: The goals of this work are to present state-of-the-art studies focused on the automatic diagnosis and prognosis of AD and its early stages, mainly mild cognitive impairment, and predicting how the research on this topic may change in the future. Methods Articles found in the existing literature needed to fulfill several selection criteria. Among others, their classification methods were based on artificial neural networks (ANNs), including deep learning, and data not from brain signals or neuroimaging techniques were used. Considering our selection criteria, 42 articles published in the last decade were finally selected. Results The most medically significant results are shown. Similar quantities of articles based on shallow and deep ANNs were found. Recurrent neural networks and transformers were common with speech or in longitudinal studies. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) were popular with gait or combined with others in modular approaches. Above one third of the cross-sectional studies utilized multimodal data. Non-public datasets were frequently used in cross-sectional studies, whereas the opposite in longitudinal ones. The most popular databases were indicated, which will be helpful for future researchers in this field. Conclusions The introduction of CNNs in the last decade and their superb results with neuroimaging data did not negatively affect the usage of other modalities. In fact, new ones emerged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ylermi Cabrera-León
- Instituto Universitario de Cibernética, Empresa y Sociedad, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Patricio García Báez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Informática y de Sistemas, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Pablo Fernández-López
- Instituto Universitario de Cibernética, Empresa y Sociedad, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Carmen Paz Suárez-Araujo
- Instituto Universitario de Cibernética, Empresa y Sociedad, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
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3
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Hybridized Deep Learning Approach for Detecting Alzheimer's Disease. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11010149. [PMID: 36672656 PMCID: PMC9855764 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11010149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is mainly a neurodegenerative sickness. The primary characteristics are neuronal atrophy, amyloid deposition, and cognitive, behavioral, and psychiatric disorders. Numerous machine learning (ML) algorithms have been investigated and applied to AD identification over the past decades, emphasizing the subtle prodromal stage of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to assess critical features that distinguish the disease's early manifestation and instruction for early detection and treatment. Identifying early MCI (EMCI) remains challenging due to the difficulty in distinguishing patients with cognitive normality from those with MCI. As a result, most classification algorithms for these two groups perform poorly. This paper proposes a hybrid Deep Learning Approach for the early detection of Alzheimer's disease. A method for early AD detection using multimodal imaging and Convolutional Neural Network with the Long Short-term memory algorithm combines magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and standard neuropsychological test scores. The proposed methodology updates the learning weights, and Adam's optimization is used to increase accuracy. The system has an unparalleled accuracy of 98.5% in classifying cognitively normal controls from EMCI. These results imply that deep neural networks may be trained to automatically discover imaging biomarkers indicative of AD and use them to identify the illness accurately.
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Marcisz A, Polanska J. Can T1-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging Significantly Improve Mini-Mental State Examination-Based Distinguishing Between Mild Cognitive Impairment and Early-Stage Alzheimer's Disease? J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 92:941-957. [PMID: 36806505 PMCID: PMC10116132 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Detecting early-stage Alzheimer's disease (AD) is still problematic in clinical practice. This work aimed to find T1-weighted MRI-based markers for AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to improve the screening process. OBJECTIVE Our assumption was to build a screening model that would be accessible and easy to use for physicians in their daily clinical routine. METHODS The multinomial logistic regression was used to detect status: AD, MCI, and normal control (NC) combined with the Bayesian information criterion for model selection. Several T1-weighted MRI-based radiomic features were considered explanatory variables in the prediction model. RESULTS The best radiomic predictor was the relative brain volume. The proposed method confirmed its quality by achieving a balanced accuracy of 95.18%, AUC of 93.25%, NPV of 97.93%, and PPV of 90.48% for classifying AD versus NC for the European DTI Study on Dementia (EDSD). The comparison of the two models: with the MMSE score only as an independent variable and corrected for the relative brain value and age, shows that the addition of the T1-weighted MRI-based biomarker improves the quality of MCI detection (AUC: 67.04% versus 71.08%) while maintaining quality for AD (AUC: 93.35% versus 93.25%). Additionally, among MCI patients predicted as AD inconsistently with the original diagnosis, 60% from ADNI and 76.47% from EDSD were re-diagnosed as AD within a 48-month follow-up. It shows that our model can detect AD patients a few years earlier than a standard medical diagnosis. CONCLUSION The created method is non-invasive, inexpensive, clinically accessible, and efficiently supports AD/MCI screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Marcisz
- Department of Data Science and Engineering, The Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | | | - Joanna Polanska
- Department of Data Science and Engineering, The Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
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5
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Lampe L, Huppertz HJ, Anderl-Straub S, Albrecht F, Ballarini T, Bisenius S, Mueller K, Niehaus S, Fassbender K, Fliessbach K, Jahn H, Kornhuber J, Lauer M, Prudlo J, Schneider A, Synofzik M, Kassubek J, Danek A, Villringer A, Diehl-Schmid J, Otto M, Schroeter ML. Multiclass prediction of different dementia syndromes based on multi-centric volumetric MRI imaging. Neuroimage Clin 2023; 37:103320. [PMID: 36623349 PMCID: PMC9850041 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2023.103320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dementia syndromes can be difficult to diagnose. We aimed at building a classifier for multiple dementia syndromes using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS Atlas-based volumetry was performed on T1-weighted MRI data of 426 patients and 51 controls from the multi-centric German Research Consortium of Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration including patients with behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia, Alzheimer's disease, the three subtypes of primary progressive aphasia, i.e., semantic, logopenic and nonfluent-agrammatic variant, and the atypical parkinsonian syndromes progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal syndrome. Support vector machine classification was used to classify each patient group against controls (binary classification) and all seven diagnostic groups against each other in a multi-syndrome classifier (multiclass classification). RESULTS The binary classification models reached high prediction accuracies between 71 and 95% with a chance level of 50%. Feature importance reflected disease-specific atrophy patterns. The multi-syndrome model reached accuracies of more than three times higher than chance level but was far from 100%. Multi-syndrome model performance was not homogenous across dementia syndromes, with better performance in syndromes characterized by regionally specific atrophy patterns. Whereas diseases generally could be classified vs controls more correctly with increasing severity and duration, differentiation between diseases was optimal in disease-specific windows of severity and duration. DISCUSSION Results suggest that automated methods applied to MR imaging data can support physicians in diagnosis of dementia syndromes. It is particularly relevant for orphan diseases beside frequent syndromes such as Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Lampe
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University Clinic Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | - Franziska Albrecht
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tommaso Ballarini
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sandrine Bisenius
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Karsten Mueller
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sebastian Niehaus
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; Institute for Medical Informatics and Biometry, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Klaus Fliessbach
- Clinic for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University of Bonn, and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Holger Jahn
- Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Johannes Kornhuber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Lauer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Prudlo
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, and DZNE, Rostock, Germany
| | - Anja Schneider
- Clinic for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University of Bonn, and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Goettingen, Germany
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Centre for Neurology & Hertie-lnstitute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, Germany & DZNE, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Jan Kassubek
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Germany
| | - Adrian Danek
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, München, Germany
| | - Arno Villringer
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University Clinic Leipzig, Germany
| | - Janine Diehl-Schmid
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Halle, Germany
| | - Matthias L Schroeter
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University Clinic Leipzig, Germany.
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Platero C. Categorical predictive and disease progression modeling in the early stage of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci Methods 2022; 374:109581. [PMID: 35346695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2022.109581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A preclinical stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD) precedes the symptomatic phases of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia, which constitutes a window of opportunities for preventive therapies or delaying dementia onset. NEW METHOD We propose to use categorical predictive models based on survival analysis with longitudinal data which are capable of determining subsets of markers to classify cognitively unimpaired (CU) subjects who progress into MCI/dementia or not. Subsequently, the proposed combination of markers was used to construct disease progression models (DPMs), which reveal long-term pathological trajectories from short-term clinical data. The proposed methodology was applied to a population recruited by the ADNI. RESULTS A very small subset of standard MRI-based data, CSF markers and cognitive measures was used to predict CU-to-MCI/dementia progression. The longitudinal data of these selected markers were used to construct DPMs using the algorithms of growth models by alternating conditional expectation (GRACE) and the latent time joint mixed effects model (LTJMM). The results show that the natural history of the proposed cognitive decline classifies the subjects well according to the clinical groups and shows a moderate correlation between the conversion times and their estimates by the algorithms. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Unlike the training of the DPM algorithms without preselection of the markers, here, it is proposed to construct and evaluate the DPMs using the subsets of markers defined by the categorical predictive models. CONCLUSIONS The estimates of the natural history of the proposed cognitive decline from GRACE were more robust than those using LTJMM. The transition from normal to cognitive decline is mostly associated with an increase in temporal atrophy, worsening of clinical scores and pTAU/Aβ. Furthermore, pTAU/Aβ, Everyday Cognition score and the normalized volume of the entorhinal cortex show alterations of more than 20% fifteen years before the onset of cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Platero
- Health Science Technology Group, Technical University of Madrid, Ronda de Valencia 3, 28012 Madrid, Spain
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7
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Razzak I, Naz S, Ashraf A, Khalifa F, Bouadjenek MR, Mumtaz S. Mutliresolutional ensemble PartialNet for Alzheimer detection using magnetic resonance imaging data. INT J INTELL SYST 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/int.22856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Imran Razzak
- School of Information Technology, Deakin University Geelong Victoria Australia
| | - Saeeda Naz
- Department of Computer Science Govt Girls Postgraduate College No. 1 Abbotabad, HED, KP Pakistan
| | - Abida Ashraf
- Department of Computer Science Govt Girls Postgraduate College No. 1 Abbotabad, HED, KP Pakistan
| | - Fahmi Khalifa
- Electronics and Communications Engineering Mansoura University Mansoura Egypt
| | | | - Shahid Mumtaz
- Instituto de Telecomunicações Aveiro Aveiro Portugal
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Das S, Panigrahi P, Chakrabarti S. Corpus Callosum Atrophy in Detection of Mild and Moderate Alzheimer's Disease Using Brain Magnetic Resonance Image Processing and Machine Learning Techniques. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2021; 5:771-788. [PMID: 34870103 PMCID: PMC8609489 DOI: 10.3233/adr-210314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The total number of people with dementia is projected to reach 82 million in 2030 and 152 in 2050. Early and accurate identification of the underlying causes of dementia, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is of utmost importance. A large body of research has shown that imaging techniques are most promising technologies to improve subclinical and early diagnosis of dementia. Morphological changes, especially atrophy in various structures like cingulate gyri, caudate nucleus, hippocampus, frontotemporal lobe, etc., have been established as markers for AD. Being the largest white matter structure with a high demand of blood supply from several main arterial systems, anatomical alterations of the corpus callosum (CC) may serve as potential indication neurodegenerative disease. Objective: To detect mild and moderate AD using brain magnetic resonance image (MRI) processing and machine learning techniques. Methods: We have performed automatic detection and segmentation of the CC and calculated its morphological features to feed into a multivariate pattern analysis using support vector machine (SVM) learning techniques. Results: Our results using large patients’ cohort show CC atrophy-based features are capable of distinguishing healthy and mild/moderate AD patients. Our classifiers obtain more than 90%sensitivity and specificity in differentiating demented patients from healthy cohorts and importantly, achieved more than 90%sensitivity and > 80%specificity in detecting mild AD patients. Conclusion: Results from this analysis are encouraging and advocate development of an image analysis software package to detect dementia from brain MRI using morphological alterations of the CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhrangshu Das
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) - Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB), Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Priyanka Panigrahi
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) - Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB), Kolkata, West Bengal, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Saikat Chakrabarti
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) - Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB), Kolkata, West Bengal, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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9
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Wibawa P, Matta G, Das S, Eratne D, Farrand S, Desmond P, Velakoulis D, Gaillard F. Bringing psychiatrists into the picture: Automated measurement of regional MRI brain volume in patients with suspected dementia. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2021; 55:799-808. [PMID: 33726553 DOI: 10.1177/0004867421998444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The volumes of various brain regions can be rapidly quantified using automated magnetic resonance imaging tools. While these appear to be useful at face value, their formal clinical utility is not yet understood, particularly for non-neuroradiologists and in patients presenting with suspected dementia. This study investigated the utility of an automated normative morphometry tool on determinations of brain atrophy by psychiatrists and radiologists in a tertiary hospital. METHODS Consecutive magnetic resonance scans (n = 110) of patients referred with suspected neurodegenerative disorders were obtained retrospectively and rated by two neuroradiologists, two general radiologists and four psychiatrists over two sessions. First, conventional magnetic resonance sequences were shown. Then, morphometry colour-coded maps, which segmented T1-weighted magnetisation prepared rapid gradient echo images into brain regions and visualised these regions in colour according to their volumetric standard deviation from a normative population, were added to the second reading which occurred ⩾6 weeks later. Presence and laterality of atrophy in frontal, parietal and temporal lobes and hippocampal regions were measured using a digital checklist. The primary outcome of inter-rater agreement on atrophy was measured with Fleiss' Kappa (κ). We also evaluated the accuracy of the atrophy ratings for differentiating post hoc diagnosis of subjective cognitive impairment, mild cognitive impairment and dementia. RESULTS Agreement among all raters was fair in frontal lobe and moderate in other regions with conventional method (κ = 0.362-0.555). With morphometry, higher agreement was seen in all regions (κ = 0.551-0.654), reaching significant improvement in the frontal and temporal lobes. No significant improvement was seen within the various disciplines, except in frontal lobes rated by psychiatrists. Accuracy of atrophy ratings on determining post hoc diagnosis was significantly improved for distinguishing subjective cognitive impairment versus dementia. CONCLUSION In routine clinical assessment, automated normative morphometry complements the determination of regional atrophy and improves inter-rater agreement regardless of neuroradiology experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Wibawa
- Neuropsychiatry Unit, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Gabrielle Matta
- Neuropsychiatry Unit, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sourav Das
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Dhamidhu Eratne
- Neuropsychiatry Unit, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarah Farrand
- Department of Radiology and Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Radiology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Patricia Desmond
- Department of Radiology and Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Radiology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Dennis Velakoulis
- Neuropsychiatry Unit, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Frank Gaillard
- Department of Radiology and Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Radiology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Tanveer M, Rashid AH, Ganaie MA, Reza M, Razzak I, Hua KL. Classification of Alzheimer's disease using ensemble of deep neural networks trained through transfer learning. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2021; 26:1453-1463. [PMID: 34033550 DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2021.3083274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Deep learning; transfer learning; ensemble learning; Alzheimer's disease.
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11
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Chen S, Zhang J, Ruan X, Deng K, Zhang J, Zou D, He X, Li F, Bin G, Zeng H, Huang B. Voxel-based morphometry analysis and machine learning based classification in pediatric mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 14:1945-1954. [PMID: 31250266 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-019-00138-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (MTLE-HS) is a common type of pediatric epilepsy. We sought to evaluate whether the combination of voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and support vector machine (SVM), a machine learning method, was feasible for the classification of MTLE-HS. Three-dimensional T1-weighted MRI was acquired in 37 participants including 22 with MTLE-HS (16 left, 6 right) and 15 healthy controls (HCs). VBM was used to detect the regions of gray matter volume (GMV) abnormalities. The volumes of these regions were then calculated for each participant and used as the features in SVM. The SVM model was trained and tested with leave-one-out cross validation (LOOCV). We performed VBM-based comparison and SVM-based classification between left HS (LHS) and HC as well as between right HS (RHS) and HC. Both GMV increase and reduction were found in the group comparisons with VBM. Using SVM, we reached an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.870, 0.976 and 0.902 for the classification between LHS and HC, between RHS and HC and between HS and HC respectively. The VBM findings were concordant with the clinical findings. Thus, our proposed method combining VBM findings with SVM, were applicable in the classification of padiatric MTLE-HS with high accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihui Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Health Science Centre, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Shenzhen University Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolei Ruan
- Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Kan Deng
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Shenzhen University Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianing Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Shenzhen University Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongfang Zou
- Department of Radiology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoming He
- Xiangyang Central Hospital/Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Li
- Xiangyang Central Hospital/Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo Bin
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Shenzhen University Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwu Zeng
- Department of Radiology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bingsheng Huang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China. .,Shenzhen University Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Mai Y, Yu Q, Zhu F, Luo Y, Liao W, Zhao L, Xu C, Fang W, Ruan Y, Cao Z, Lei M, Au L, Mok VCT, Shi L, Liu J. AD Resemblance Atrophy Index as a Diagnostic Biomarker for Alzheimer's Disease: A Retrospective Clinical and Biological Validation. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 79:1023-1032. [PMID: 33459705 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides objective information about brain structural atrophy in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). This multi-structural atrophic information, when integrated as a single differential index, has the potential to further elevate the accuracy of AD identification from normal control (NC) compared to the conventional structure volumetric index. OBJECTIVE We herein investigated the performance of such an MRI-derived AD index, AD-Resemblance Atrophy Index (AD-RAI), as a neuroimaging biomarker in clinical scenario. METHOD Fifty AD patients (19 with the Amyloid, Tau, Neurodegeneration (ATN) results assessed in cerebrospinal fluid) and 50 age- and gender-matched NC (19 with ATN results assessed using positron emission tomography) were recruited in this study. MRI-based imaging biomarkers, i.e., AD-RAI, were quantified using AccuBrain®. The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and area under the ROC curve (AUC) of these MRI-based imaging biomarkers were evaluated with the diagnosis result according to clinical criteria for all subjects and ATN biological markers for the subgroup. RESULTS In the whole groups of AD and NC subjects, the accuracy of AD-RAI was 91%, sensitivity and specificity were 88% and 96%, respectively, and the AUC was 92%. In the subgroup of 19 AD and 19 NC with ATN results, AD-RAI results matched completely with ATN classification. AD-RAI outperforms the volume of any single brain structure measured. CONCLUSION The finding supports the hypothesis that MRI-derived composite AD-RAI is a more accurate imaging biomarker than individual brain structure volumetry in the identification of AD from NC in the clinical scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingren Mai
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qun Yu
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feiqi Zhu
- Cognitive Impairment Ward of Neurology Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Medical College, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yishan Luo
- BrainNow Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wang Liao
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- BrainNow Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chunyan Xu
- Cognitive Impairment Ward of Neurology Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Medical College, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenli Fang
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuting Ruan
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyu Cao
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Lei
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lisa Au
- Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Vincent C T Mok
- BrainNow Research Institute, Shenzhen, China.,Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lin Shi
- BrainNow Research Institute, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of RNA and Major Diseases of Brain and Heart, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, China
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13
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Ebrahimighahnavieh MA, Luo S, Chiong R. Deep learning to detect Alzheimer's disease from neuroimaging: A systematic literature review. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2020; 187:105242. [PMID: 31837630 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2019.105242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is one of the leading causes of death in developed countries. From a research point of view, impressive results have been reported using computer-aided algorithms, but clinically no practical diagnostic method is available. In recent years, deep models have become popular, especially in dealing with images. Since 2013, deep learning has begun to gain considerable attention in AD detection research, with the number of published papers in this area increasing drastically since 2017. Deep models have been reported to be more accurate for AD detection compared to general machine learning techniques. Nevertheless, AD detection is still challenging, and for classification, it requires a highly discriminative feature representation to separate similar brain patterns. This paper reviews the current state of AD detection using deep learning. Through a systematic literature review of over 100 articles, we set out the most recent findings and trends. Specifically, we review useful biomarkers and features (personal information, genetic data, and brain scans), the necessary pre-processing steps, and different ways of dealing with neuroimaging data originating from single-modality and multi-modality studies. Deep models and their performance are described in detail. Although deep learning has achieved notable performance in detecting AD, there are several limitations, especially regarding the availability of datasets and training procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suhuai Luo
- The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan 2308, Australia
| | - Raymond Chiong
- The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan 2308, Australia.
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14
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Bachli MB, Sedeño L, Ochab JK, Piguet O, Kumfor F, Reyes P, Torralva T, Roca M, Cardona JF, Campo CG, Herrera E, Slachevsky A, Matallana D, Manes F, García AM, Ibáñez A, Chialvo DR. Evaluating the reliability of neurocognitive biomarkers of neurodegenerative diseases across countries: A machine learning approach. Neuroimage 2019; 208:116456. [PMID: 31841681 PMCID: PMC7008715 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate early diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases represents a growing challenge for current clinical practice. Promisingly, current tools can be complemented by computational decision-support methods to objectively analyze multidimensional measures and increase diagnostic confidence. Yet, widespread application of these tools cannot be recommended unless they are proven to perform consistently and reproducibly across samples from different countries. We implemented machine-learning algorithms to evaluate the prediction power of neurocognitive biomarkers (behavioral and imaging measures) for classifying two neurodegenerative conditions –Alzheimer Disease (AD) and behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD)– across three different countries (>200 participants). We use machine-learning tools integrating multimodal measures such as cognitive scores (executive functions and cognitive screening) and brain atrophy volume (voxel based morphometry from fronto-temporo-insular regions in bvFTD, and temporo-parietal regions in AD) to identify the most relevant features in predicting the incidence of the diseases. In the Country-1 cohort, predictions of AD and bvFTD became maximally improved upon inclusion of cognitive screenings outcomes combined with atrophy levels. Multimodal training data from this cohort allowed predicting both AD and bvFTD in the other two novel datasets from other countries with high accuracy (>90%), demonstrating the robustness of the approach as well as the differential specificity and reliability of behavioral and neural markers for each condition. In sum, this is the first study, across centers and countries, to validate the predictive power of cognitive signatures combined with atrophy levels for contrastive neurodegenerative conditions, validating a benchmark for future assessments of reliability and reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Belen Bachli
- Center for Complex Systems & Brain Sciences (CEMSC(3)), Escuela de Ciencia y Tecnologia (ECyT), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, 25 de Mayo 1169, San Martín, (1650), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucas Sedeño
- Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCYyT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Jeremi K Ochab
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Mark Kac Complex Systems Research Center Jagiellonian University, Ul. Łojasiewicza 11, PL30-348, Kraków, Poland
| | - Olivier Piguet
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and Its Disorders, Sydney, Australia; The University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre and School of Psychology, Sydney, Australia
| | - Fiona Kumfor
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and Its Disorders, Sydney, Australia; The University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre and School of Psychology, Sydney, Australia
| | - Pablo Reyes
- Radiology, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio (HUSI), Bogotá, Colombia; Medical School, Physiology Sciences, Psychiatry and Mental Health Pontificia Universidad Javeriana (PUJ) - Centro de Memoria y Cognición Intellectus, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio (HUSI), Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Teresa Torralva
- Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCYyT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Roca
- Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCYyT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Cecilia Gonzalez Campo
- Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCYyT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eduar Herrera
- Departamento de Estudios Psicológicos, Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
| | - Andrea Slachevsky
- Gerosciences Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile; Neuropsychology and Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory (LANNEC), Physiopathology Department, ICBM, Neurosciences Department, East Neuroscience Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Avenida Salvador 486, Providencia, Santiago, Chile; Memory and Neuropsychiatric Clinic (CMYN) Neurology Department- Hospital del Salvador & University of Chile, Av. Salvador 364, Providencia, Santiago, Chile; Servicio de Neurología, Departamento de Medicina, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Chile
| | - Diana Matallana
- Medical School, Aging Institute, Psychiatry and Mental Health, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana (PUJ) - Centro de Memoria y Cognición Intellectus. Hospital Universitario San Ignacio (HUSI), Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Facundo Manes
- Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCYyT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, Buenos Aires, Argentina; ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and Its Disorders, Sydney, Australia
| | - Adolfo M García
- Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCYyT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Faculty of Education, National University of Cuyo (UNCuyo), Sobremonte 74, C5500, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Agustín Ibáñez
- Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCYyT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, Buenos Aires, Argentina; ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and Its Disorders, Sydney, Australia; Universidad Autónoma del Caribe, Calle 90, No 46-112, C2754, Barranquilla, Colombia; Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience (CSCN), School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Diagonal Las Torres, 2640, Santiago, Chile
| | - Dante R Chialvo
- Center for Complex Systems & Brain Sciences (CEMSC(3)), Escuela de Ciencia y Tecnologia (ECyT), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, 25 de Mayo 1169, San Martín, (1650), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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15
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Wharton SB, Wang D, Parikh C, Matthews FE, Brayne C, Ince PG. Epidemiological pathology of Aβ deposition in the ageing brain in CFAS: addition of multiple Aβ-derived measures does not improve dementia assessment using logistic regression and machine learning approaches. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:198. [PMID: 31806014 PMCID: PMC6896261 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0858-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aβ-amyloid deposition is a key feature of Alzheimer’s disease, but Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD) assessment, based on neuritic plaque density, shows a limited relationships to dementia. Thal phase is based on a neuroanatomical hierarchy of Aβ-deposition, and in combination with Braak neurofibrillary tangle staging also allows derivation of primary age-related tauopathy (PART). We sought to determine whether Thal Aβ phase predicts dementia better than CERAD in a population-representative cohort (n = 186) derived from the Cognitive Function and Ageing Study (CFAS). Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) was quantitied as the number of neuroanatomical areas involved and cases meeting criteria for PART were defined to determine if they are a distinct pathological group within the ageing population. Agreement with the Thal scheme was excellent. In univariate analysis Thal phase performed less well as a predictor of dementia than CERAD, Braak or CAA. Logistic regression, decision tree and linear discriminant analysis were performed for multivariable analysis, with similar results. Thal phase did not provide a better explanation of dementia than CERAD, and there was no additional benefit to including more than one assessment of Aβ in the model. Number of areas involved by CAA was highly correlated with assessment based on a severity score (p < 0.001). The presence of capillary involvement (CAA type I) was associated with higher Thal phase and Braak stage (p < 0.001). CAA was not associated with microinfarcts (p = 0.1). Cases satisfying pathological criteria for PART were present at a frequency of 10.2% but were not older and did not have a higher likelihood of dementia than a comparison group of individuals with similar Braak stage but with more Aβ. They also did not have higher hippocampal-tau stage, although PART was weakly associated with increased presence of thorn-shaped astrocytes (p = 0.048), suggesting common age-related mechanisms. Thal phase is highly applicable in a population-representative setting and allows definition of pathological subgroups, such as PART. Thal phase, plaque density, and extent and type of CAA measure different aspects of Aβ pathology, but addition of more than one Aβ measure does not improve dementia prediction, probably because these variables are highly correlated. Machine learning predictions reveal the importance of combining neuropathological measurements for the assessment of dementia.
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16
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Iddi S, Li D, Aisen PS, Rafii MS, Thompson WK, Donohue MC. Predicting the course of Alzheimer's progression. Brain Inform 2019; 6:6. [PMID: 31254120 PMCID: PMC6598897 DOI: 10.1186/s40708-019-0099-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most common neurodegenerative disease and is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid-beta peptides leading to the formation of plaques and tau protein tangles in brain. These neuropathological features precede cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's dementia by many years. To better understand and predict the course of disease from early-stage asymptomatic to late-stage dementia, it is critical to study the patterns of progression of multiple markers. In particular, we aim to predict the likely future course of progression for individuals given only a single observation of their markers. Improved individual-level prediction may lead to improved clinical care and clinical trials. We propose a two-stage approach to modeling and predicting measures of cognition, function, brain imaging, fluid biomarkers, and diagnosis of individuals using multiple domains simultaneously. In the first stage, joint (or multivariate) mixed-effects models are used to simultaneously model multiple markers over time. In the second stage, random forests are used to predict categorical diagnoses (cognitively normal, mild cognitive impairment, or dementia) from predictions of continuous markers based on the first-stage model. The combination of the two models allows one to leverage their key strengths in order to obtain improved accuracy. We characterize the predictive accuracy of this two-stage approach using data from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. The two-stage approach using a single joint mixed-effects model for all continuous outcomes yields better diagnostic classification accuracy compared to using separate univariate mixed-effects models for each of the continuous outcomes. Overall prediction accuracy above 80% was achieved over a period of 2.5 years. The results further indicate that overall accuracy is improved when markers from multiple assessment domains, such as cognition, function, and brain imaging, are used in the prediction algorithm as compared to the use of markers from a single domain only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Iddi
- Alzheimer’s Therapeutic Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, San Diego, USA
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana
- African Population and Health Research Center, APHRC Campus, Manga Close, Off Kirawa Road, P.O. Box 10787-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Dan Li
- Alzheimer’s Therapeutic Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, San Diego, USA
| | - Paul S. Aisen
- Alzheimer’s Therapeutic Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, San Diego, USA
| | - Michael S. Rafii
- Alzheimer’s Therapeutic Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, San Diego, USA
| | - Wesley K. Thompson
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Michael C. Donohue
- Alzheimer’s Therapeutic Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, San Diego, USA
| | - for the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
- Alzheimer’s Therapeutic Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, San Diego, USA
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, USA
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana
- African Population and Health Research Center, APHRC Campus, Manga Close, Off Kirawa Road, P.O. Box 10787-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
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17
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Natural Peptides in Drug Discovery Targeting Acetylcholinesterase. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23092344. [PMID: 30217053 PMCID: PMC6225273 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase-inhibitory peptide has gained much importance since it can inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and increase the availability of acetylcholine in cholinergic synapses, enhancing cholinergic transmission in pharmacological treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Natural peptides have received considerable attention as biologically important substances as a source of AChE inhibitors. These natural peptides have high potential pharmaceutical and medicinal values due to their bioactivities as neuroprotective and neurodegenerative treatment activities. These peptides have attracted great interest in the pharmaceutical industries, in order to design potential peptides for use in the prophylactic and therapy purposes. Some natural peptides and their derivatives have high commercial values and have succeeded in reaching the pharmaceutical market. A large number of peptides are already in preclinical and clinical pipelines for treatment of various diseases. This review highlights the recent researches on the various natural peptides and future prospects for AD management.
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18
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Pellegrini E, Ballerini L, Hernandez MDCV, Chappell FM, González-Castro V, Anblagan D, Danso S, Muñoz-Maniega S, Job D, Pernet C, Mair G, MacGillivray TJ, Trucco E, Wardlaw JM. Machine learning of neuroimaging for assisted diagnosis of cognitive impairment and dementia: A systematic review. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 10:519-535. [PMID: 30364671 PMCID: PMC6197752 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadm.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Advanced machine learning methods might help to identify dementia risk from neuroimaging, but their accuracy to date is unclear. METHODS We systematically reviewed the literature, 2006 to late 2016, for machine learning studies differentiating healthy aging from dementia of various types, assessing study quality, and comparing accuracy at different disease boundaries. RESULTS Of 111 relevant studies, most assessed Alzheimer's disease versus healthy controls, using AD Neuroimaging Initiative data, support vector machines, and only T1-weighted sequences. Accuracy was highest for differentiating Alzheimer's disease from healthy controls and poor for differentiating healthy controls versus mild cognitive impairment versus Alzheimer's disease or mild cognitive impairment converters versus nonconverters. Accuracy increased using combined data types, but not by data source, sample size, or machine learning method. DISCUSSION Machine learning does not differentiate clinically relevant disease categories yet. More diverse data sets, combinations of different types of data, and close clinical integration of machine learning would help to advance the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Pellegrini
- Division of Neuroimaging, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences and Edinburgh Imaging, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Lucia Ballerini
- Division of Neuroimaging, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences and Edinburgh Imaging, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Maria del C. Valdes Hernandez
- Division of Neuroimaging, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences and Edinburgh Imaging, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Francesca M. Chappell
- Division of Neuroimaging, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences and Edinburgh Imaging, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Victor González-Castro
- Department of Electrical, Systems and Automatics Engineering, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Devasuda Anblagan
- Division of Neuroimaging, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences and Edinburgh Imaging, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Samuel Danso
- Division of Neuroimaging, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences and Edinburgh Imaging, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Susana Muñoz-Maniega
- Division of Neuroimaging, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences and Edinburgh Imaging, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Dominic Job
- Division of Neuroimaging, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences and Edinburgh Imaging, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Cyril Pernet
- Division of Neuroimaging, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences and Edinburgh Imaging, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Grant Mair
- Division of Neuroimaging, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences and Edinburgh Imaging, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Tom J. MacGillivray
- Division of Neuroimaging, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences and Edinburgh Imaging, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
- VAMPIRE project, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Emanuele Trucco
- VAMPIRE project, Computing, School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Joanna M. Wardlaw
- Division of Neuroimaging, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences and Edinburgh Imaging, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
- UK Dementia Institute, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
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19
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Klöppel S, Kotschi M, Peter J, Egger K, Hausner L, Frölich L, Förster A, Heimbach B, Normann C, Vach W, Urbach H, Abdulkadir A. Separating Symptomatic Alzheimer's Disease from Depression based on Structural MRI. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 63:353-363. [PMID: 29614658 PMCID: PMC5900555 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Older patients with depression or Alzheimer’s disease (AD) at the stage of early dementia or mild cognitive impairment may present with objective cognitive impairment, although the pathology and thus therapy and prognosis differ substantially. In this study, we assessed the potential of an automated algorithm to categorize a test set of 65 T1-weighted structural magnetic resonance images (MRI). A convenience sample of elderly individuals fulfilling clinical criteria of either AD (n = 28) or moderate and severe depression (n = 37) was recruited from different settings to assess the potential of the pattern recognition method to assist in the differential diagnosis of AD versus depression. We found that our algorithm learned discriminative patterns in the subject’s grey matter distribution reflected by an area under the receiver operator characteristics curve of up to 0.83 (confidence interval ranged from 0.67 to 0.92) and a balanced accuracy of 0.79 for the separation of depression from AD, evaluated by leave-one-out cross validation. The algorithm also identified consistent structural differences in a clinically more relevant scenario where the data used during training were independent from the data used for evaluation and, critically, which included five possible diagnoses (specifically AD, frontotemporal dementia, Lewy body dementia, depression, and healthy aging). While the output was insufficiently accurate to use it directly as a means for classification when multiple classes are possible, the continuous output computed by the machine learning algorithm differed between the two groups that were investigated. The automated analysis thus could complement, but not replace clinical assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Klöppel
- Center of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany.,Freiburg Brain Imaging, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany.,University Hospital of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Maria Kotschi
- Center of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany.,Freiburg Brain Imaging, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jessica Peter
- University Hospital of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Karl Egger
- Freiburg Brain Imaging, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lucrezia Hausner
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lutz Frölich
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alex Förster
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Heimbach
- Center of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Claus Normann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Werner Vach
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Medical Faculty and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Horst Urbach
- Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ahmed Abdulkadir
- Freiburg Brain Imaging, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany.,University Hospital of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Switzerland
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20
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Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease by Ensemble Deep Learning Using FDG-PET. LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-02698-1_53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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21
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Alexiou A, Mantzavinos VD, Greig NH, Kamal MA. A Bayesian Model for the Prediction and Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:77. [PMID: 28408880 PMCID: PMC5374875 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease treatment is still an open problem. The diversity of symptoms, the alterations in common pathophysiology, the existence of asymptomatic cases, the different types of sporadic and familial Alzheimer's and their relevance with other types of dementia and comorbidities, have already created a myth-fear against the leading disease of the twenty first century. Many failed latest clinical trials and novel medications have revealed the early diagnosis as the most critical treatment solution, even though scientists tested the amyloid hypothesis and few related drugs. Unfortunately, latest studies have indicated that the disease begins at the very young ages thus making it difficult to determine the right time of proper treatment. By taking into consideration all these multivariate aspects and unreliable factors against an appropriate treatment, we focused our research on a non-classic statistical evaluation of the most known and accepted Alzheimer's biomarkers. Therefore, in this paper, the code and few experimental results of a computational Bayesian tool have being reported, dedicated to the correlation and assessment of several Alzheimer's biomarkers to export a probabilistic medical prognostic process. This new statistical software is executable in the Bayesian software Winbugs, based on the latest Alzheimer's classification and the formulation of the known relative probabilities of the various biomarkers, correlated with Alzheimer's progression, through a set of discrete distributions. A user-friendly web page has been implemented for the supporting of medical doctors and researchers, to upload Alzheimer's tests and receive statistics on the occurrence of Alzheimer's disease development or presence, due to abnormal testing in one or more biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Alexiou
- Novel Global Community Educational FoundationalHebersham, NSW, Australia
| | - Vasileios D. Mantzavinos
- Novel Global Community Educational FoundationalHebersham, NSW, Australia
- Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of ThessalyLamia, Greece
| | - Nigel H. Greig
- Drug Design and Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National, Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Biomedical Research CenterBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mohammad A. Kamal
- Novel Global Community Educational FoundationalHebersham, NSW, Australia
- Metabolomics and Enzymology Unit, Fundamental and Applied Biology Group, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah, Saudi Arabia
- EnzymoicsHebersham, NSW, Australia
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