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Lambert JM, Osina MA, Copeland BA. Reinforcer value moderates response magnitude and persistence during extinction: A randomized trial. J Appl Behav Anal 2024; 57:615-634. [PMID: 38825878 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.1088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Extinction bursts, or temporary increases in rates and intensities of behavior during extinction, can preclude the inclusion of extinction in intervention packages meant to suppress severe challenging behavior. To identify underlying behavioral mechanisms responsible for response persistence and bursting, 69 adults with developmental disabilities completed a low-stakes translational investigation employing a 2 × 2 factorial, crossed, and randomized matched blocks design, with batched randomization logic. In each of the four test groups, we made distinct antecedent manipulations with two value parameters commonly studied through behavioral economics (i.e., demand intensity, Pmax) and evaluated the extent to which each of these manipulations influenced target responding during extinction. Although we found statistically significant differences attributable to both parameters, variations in reinforcer consumption relative to demand intensity were most influential across all dependent variables. This outcome implicates consumption relative to demand intensity as both a mitigating and exacerbating preextinction factor that influences the prevalence of adverse collateral extinction effects (e.g., bursts).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Lambert
- Department of Special Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Maria A Osina
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Bailey A Copeland
- Department of Special Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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2
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DeChant M, Aviles Rosa EO, Prada-Tiedemann PA, Hall NJ. A laboratory model of canine search vigilance decrement, II: Noncontingent reward and Pavlovian appetitive stimuli. J Exp Anal Behav 2023; 120:120-136. [PMID: 36939307 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Detection dogs have demonstrated reduced performance in operational settings when required to search in an environment where few to no target odors are present. This study's purpose was to increase detection dog accuracy using noncontingent reward (NCR) and Pavlovian stimuli associated with reward. Eighteen dogs were randomly spilt into two groups and received four 40-trial sessions in an operational and training context at 90% odor prevalence (baseline). Following baseline, in the operational context (now at 10% odor prevalence), experimental dogs received an NCR schedule consisting of delivering food rewards at the end of 66% of trials. After the NCR Test, dogs returned to baseline. During baseline, the experimental dogs received 10 days of delayed Pavlovian conditioning to a tone. During the test phase, the conditioned stimulus (tone) was presented to experimental dogs on average every two trials for 30 s in the operational context (now at 10% odor prevalence). Overall, NCR showed a nonsignificant trend for increased responding in the experimental group but tended to increase false alerts; therefore, a permutation of an NCR-like reward schedule may maintain search. The Pavlovian conditioned stimulus didn't decrease timeouts or improve accuracy, but a within-session analysis indicated that the dogs were more likely to time out and less likely to false alert when the tone was on than when it was off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory DeChant
- Department of Animal and Food Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Edgar O Aviles Rosa
- Department of Animal and Food Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | | | - Nathaniel James Hall
- Department of Animal and Food Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
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Kimball RT, Greer BD, Fuhrman AM, Lambert JM. Relapse and its mitigation: Toward behavioral inoculation. J Appl Behav Anal 2023; 56:282-301. [PMID: 36715533 PMCID: PMC10121865 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Relapse following the successful treatment of problem behavior can increase the likelihood of injury and the need for more intensive care. Current research offers some predictions of how treatment procedures may contribute to relapse, and conversely, how the risk of relapse can be mitigated. This review describes relapse-mitigation procedures with varying levels of support, the quantitative models that have influenced the research on relapse mitigation, different experimental methods for measuring relapse mitigation, and directions for future research. We propose that by viewing the implementation of relapse-mitigation procedures as a means of producing behavioral inoculation, clinicians are placed in the proactive and intentional role of exposing their client's behavior to an array of reinforcement and stimulus conditions during treatment with the goal of decreasing the detrimental impact of future treatment challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan T. Kimball
- Department of Counseling and Applied Behavioral Studies, University of Saint Joseph
| | - Brian D. Greer
- Rutgers Brain Health Institute
- Severe Behavior Program, Children’s Specialized Hospital–Rutgers University Center for Autism Research, Education, and Services (CSH–RUCARES)
- Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School
| | - Ashley M. Fuhrman
- Severe Behavior Program, Children’s Specialized Hospital–Rutgers University Center for Autism Research, Education, and Services (CSH–RUCARES)
- Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School
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Banerjee I, Lambert JM, Copeland BA, Paranczak JL, Bailey KM, Standish CM. Extending functional communication training to multiple language contexts in bilingual learners with challenging behavior. J Appl Behav Anal 2021; 55:80-100. [PMID: 34569621 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Little research has highlighted how evidence-based practices (e.g., functional communication training [FCT]) might be adapted for bilingual learners with disabilities. In the current study, we served 2 children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and challenging behavior whose parents primarily spoke Spanish at home, and whose teachers primarily spoke English at school. Following traditional FCT (i.e., 1 language only), we systematically replicated the findings of Neely, Graber et al. (2020) by demonstrating that mands in the untrained language (i.e., English) did not emerge when trained mands (i.e., Spanish) contacted extinction in alternative-language contexts. Simultaneously, challenging behavior consistently resurged. After children received explicit training with both languages and were taught to change the language of request when initial attempts were unsuccessful (i.e., "repair the message" training), these same children successfully obtained high rates of reinforcement in both language contexts, and challenging behavior rarely occurred.
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Fuhrman AM, Lambert JM, Greer BD. A Brief Review of Expanded-Operant Treatments for Mitigating Resurgence. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2021; 72:319-323. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-021-00456-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Trump CE, Herrod JL, Ayres KM, Ringdahl JE, Best L. Behavior Momentum Theory and Humans: A Review of the Literature. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2020; 71:71-83. [PMID: 33020671 PMCID: PMC7527147 DOI: 10.1007/s40732-020-00430-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral Momentum Theory (BMT) is often described as analogous to Newton's (1687) laws of motion. That is to say, similar to an object in motion continuing in motion unless acted upon by a force, responses occurring in a static environment will continue to occur at the same rate, unless presented with a disruptor (Nevin, Tota, Torquato, & Shull, Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 53, 359-379, 1990). When evaluating response rates through a behavioral momentum framework, responding continuing after a change in reinforcer conditions is said to persist. Previous research conducted with nonhuman animals indicates greater response persistence following conditions with either higher reinforcer rates or higher reinforcer magnitudes (Nevin, Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 21(3), 389-408, 1974; Nevin et al., Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 53, 359-379, 1990). Although BMT's implications extend across human and nonhuman species, this literature review attempts to provide practitioners and researchers information regarding response persistence across various conditions with human participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cary E Trump
- College of Education and Behavioral Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, McKee 40, Campus Box 141, Greeley, CO 80639 USA
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Thrailkill EA, Kimball RT, Kelley ME, Craig AR, Podlesnik CA. Greater reinforcement rate during training increases spontaneous recovery. J Exp Anal Behav 2018; 109:238-252. [DOI: 10.1002/jeab.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryan T. Kimball
- University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe Meyer Institute
| | - Michael E. Kelley
- The Scott Center for Autism Treatment and Florida Institute of Technology
| | - Andrew R. Craig
- University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe Meyer Institute
| | - Christopher A. Podlesnik
- The Scott Center for Autism Treatment and Florida Institute of Technology
- The University of Auckland
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Randall KR, Lambert JM, Matthews MP, Houchins-Juarez NJ. Individualized Levels System and Systematic Stimulus Pairing to Reduce Multiply Controlled Aggression of a Child With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Behav Modif 2017; 42:422-440. [DOI: 10.1177/0145445517741473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Research has shown that physical aggression is common in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Interventions for multiply controlled aggression may be complex and difficult to implement with fidelity. As a result, the probability of treatment efficacy for this class of behavior may suffer. We designed an individualized levels system to reduce the physical aggression of an 11-year-old female with ASD. We then employed a systematic stimulus pairing procedure to facilitate generalization. Results suggest individualized levels systems can suppress multiply controlled aggression and that systematic stimulus pairing is an effective way to transfer treatment effects from trained therapists to caregivers.
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Hantula DA. Editorial: What We Can Afford and What Counts. THE BEHAVIOR ANALYST 2017; 40:1-9. [PMID: 31976951 PMCID: PMC6701219 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-017-0115-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donald A. Hantula
- Temple University, Weiss Hall, 1701 N. 13 St, Philadelphia, PA 19122 USA
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Lattal KA, Cançado CRX, Cook JE, Kincaid SL, Nighbor TD, Oliver AC. On defining resurgence. Behav Processes 2017; 141:85-91. [PMID: 28487201 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2017.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A review of different investigators' definitions of resurgence revealed several common features: First, characteristics of the resurgent, or target, response, such as its transience; magnitude; time course within and across sessions; and relativity to a baseline response rate are not mentioned. Second, the target response is described as being established through its reinforcement in the first, or Training, phase of a resurgence procedure. Third, the target response must be eliminated as an alternative response is reinforced in the second, Alternative Reinforcement, phase of a resurgence procedure. Fourth, the alternative response must be extinguished during the Resurgence Test phase. Fifth, none of the definitions allude to any contribution of stimulus variables to resurgence. When reconsidered in light of contemporary research germane to these features, none of the reviewed definitions sufficiently reflect important variables in the generation and assessment of resurgence. The review concludes with a proposed working definition that takes into account contemporary research involving all of the aforementioned factors.
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