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Watters A, Cummins J, Roche B. How to Build and How not to Build an Implicit Measure in Behavior Analysis: A case Study Using the Function Acquisition Speed Test. Perspect Behav Sci 2023; 46:459-492. [PMID: 38144551 PMCID: PMC10733251 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-023-00387-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This article provides a comprehensive overview of the development of a behavior-analytic alternative to the popular implicit association test (IAT), namely, the function acquisition speed test (FAST). The IAT appears, prima facia, to indirectly assess participants' learning histories with regard to the categorization of stimuli. However, its origin within cognitive psychology has rendered it replete with mentalism, conceptual ambiguity, statistical arbitrariness, and confounding procedural artifacts. The most popular behavioral alternative to the IAT, the widely used implicit relational assessment procedure (IRAP), has inherited many of these concerning artifacts. In this article, we present a behavior-analytic critique of both the IAT and IRAP, and argue that a behavior-analytic approach to implicit measures must have stimulus control front and center in its analysis. We then outline a series of early research studies that provided the basis for a potentially superior procedure within our field. We go on to outline how this early research was harnessed in stepwise research, guided by a strict adherence to traditional behavior-analytic methods for the analysis of stimulus relations, to increasingly modify a test format fit for the behavior analyst interested in assessing stimulus relatedness.
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Medrado Mizael T, De Almeida JH. The Complexity of Racial Prejudice: The Importance of a Broader Perspective. UNIVERSITAS PSYCHOLOGICA 2023. [DOI: 10.11144/javeriana.upsy21.tcrp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Critic review of the article: Beck, C., Garcia, Y., & Catagnus, R. (2022). Effects of Perspective Taking and Values Consistency in Reducing Implicit Racial Bias. Universitas Psychologica, 21, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy21.eptv
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Sivaraman M, Barnes-Holmes D, Greer RD, Fienup DM, Roeyers H. Verbal behavior development theory and relational frame theory: Reflecting on similarities and differences. J Exp Anal Behav 2023; 119:539-553. [PMID: 36808741 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Relational frame theory and verbal behavior development theory are two behavior-analytic perspectives on human language and cognition. Despite sharing reliance on Skinner's analysis of verbal behavior, relational frame theory and verbal behavior development theory have largely been developed independently, with initial applications in clinical psychology and education/development, respectively. The overarching goal of the current paper is to provide an overview of both theories and explore points of contact that have been highlighted by conceptual developments in both fields. Verbal behavior development theory research has identified how behavioral developmental cusps make it possible for children to learn language incidentally. Recent developments in relational frame theory have outlined the dynamic variables involved across the levels and dimensions of arbitrarily applicable relational responding, and we argue for the concept of mutually entailed orienting as an act of human cooperation that drives arbitrarily applicable relational responding. Together these theories address early language development and children's incidental learning of names. We present broad similarities between the two approaches in the types of functional analyses they generate and discuss areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maithri Sivaraman
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | | | - R Douglas Greer
- Department of Health and Behavior Studies, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Daniel M Fienup
- Department of Health and Behavior Studies, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Herbert Roeyers
- Department of Experimental, Clinical, and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Geist T, Plezia S, Cepeda-Benito A, López MH, Valverde MR. Online Administration of the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure: The Web-IRAP. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-022-00533-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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5
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Grappling with the Complexity of Behavioral Processes in Human Psychological Suffering: Some Potential Insights from Relational Frame Theory. Perspect Behav Sci 2022; 46:237-259. [PMID: 37006604 PMCID: PMC10050485 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-022-00363-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Relational frame theory (RFT) has historically been considered the basic explanatory science behind acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT). However, some have argued that there has been an increasing separation between the two in recent years. The primary aim of the current article is to explore the extent to which RFT concepts, particularly those that have been proposed recently in the context of "up-dating" the theory, may be used to build stronger links between basic and applied behavior analyses in which there is a shared language of relatively precise technical terms. As an example of this strategy, we outline RFT process-based experimental and conceptual analyses of the impact of one of the most widely used sets of interventions employed in the ACT literature, defusion. In addition, we suggest a potential experimental methodology for analyzing the basic behavioral processes involved. Overall, the current article should be seen as part of a broader research agenda that aims to explore how RFT may be used to provide a functional-analytic abstractive treatment of the behavioral processes involved in human psychological suffering.
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Using a natural-language implicit relational assessment procedure (IRAP) to examine verbal relations involved in psychological inflexibility in children. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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7
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Barnes-Holmes D, Harte C. The IRAP as a Measure of Implicit Cognition: A Case of Frankenstein’s Monster. Perspect Behav Sci 2022; 45:559-578. [PMID: 36249169 PMCID: PMC9458800 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-022-00352-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The implicit relational assessment procedure (IRAP) was initially developed as a way to assess the strength and probability of natural verbal relations, as defined within relational frame theory (RFT), and was conceptually rooted within the behavior-analytic tradition. However, the IRAP quickly became employed primarily as a measure of implicit cognition, more in line with mainstream psychology than behavior analysis. In doing so, research using the IRAP increasingly employed ill-defined mainstream psychological terms, focused on correlational analyses with traditional psychometry, and thus emphasized prediction over the prediction-and-influence of behavior. Although perhaps beneficial to the study of implicit cognition, this approach could be argued to have limited the IRAP's utility in behavior analyses of human language and cognition. In the current article we will reflect on this suggestion, on the IRAPs place and current use in the field of behavior analysis, and on its potential future within behavioral psychology in light of recent conceptual and empirical advances in RFT. In doing so, it is hoped that the measure may be refined into a better understood, more precise, functional-analytic tool.
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Attempting to Analyze Perspective-Taking with a False Belief Vignette Using the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-021-00500-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Murphy C, Maloney E, Kelly M. The Role of Relational Contextual Cues versus Relational Coherence Indicators as Response Options on the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-022-00512-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Edwards DJ, McEnteggart C, Barnes-Holmes Y. A Functional Contextual Account of Background Knowledge in Categorization: Implications for Artificial General Intelligence and Cognitive Accounts of General Knowledge. Front Psychol 2022; 13:745306. [PMID: 35310283 PMCID: PMC8924495 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.745306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychology has benefited from an enormous wealth of knowledge about processes of cognition in relation to how the brain organizes information. Within the categorization literature, this behavior is often explained through theories of memory construction called exemplar theory and prototype theory which are typically based on similarity or rule functions as explanations of how categories emerge. Although these theories work well at modeling highly controlled stimuli in laboratory settings, they often perform less well outside of these settings, such as explaining the emergence of background knowledge processes. In order to explain background knowledge, we present a non-similarity-based post-Skinnerian theory of human language called Relational Frame Theory (RFT) which is rooted in a philosophical world view called functional contextualism (FC). This theory offers a very different interpretation of how categories emerge through the functions of behavior and through contextual cues, which may be of some benefit to existing categorization theories. Specifically, RFT may be able to offer a novel explanation of how background knowledge arises, and we provide some mathematical considerations in order to identify a formal model. Finally, we discuss much of this work within the broader context of general semantic knowledge and artificial intelligence research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren J. Edwards
- Department of Public Health, Policy, and Social Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Ciara McEnteggart
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yvonne Barnes-Holmes
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Barnes-Holmes D, Harte C. Relational frame theory 20 years on: The Odysseus voyage and beyond. J Exp Anal Behav 2022; 117:240-266. [PMID: 35014700 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The seminal text on relational frame theory (RFT) was published 20 years ago and purported to offer a single overarching behavior-analytic account of human language and cognition. In the years thereafter, an increasing number of empirical and conceptual articles, book chapters in edited volumes, and whole volumes devoted to the account emerged. In recent years, RFT has experienced a period of intense empirical and conceptual development, facilitated in part by a research grant awarded by the Flanders Science Foundation, under its Odysseus program. This research program aimed to advance and extend the RFT account beyond the rendition presented in the seminal Hayes et al. (2001) volume. The current article aims to provide an overview of this research program, the empirical work and concepts it gave rise to, and their implications for an RFT account of human symbolic language and cognition. Overall, therefore, the article provides an account of relatively recent developments in RFT that extend beyond the 2001 volume and thus will, we hope, inform future research and critiques of the theory going forward.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Colin Harte
- Departmento de Psicologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Brazil.,Paradigma - Centro de Ciências e Technologia do Comportamento, Brazil
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The Impact of Career Choice on the Implicit Gender–Career Bias Among Undergraduate Brazilian Students. BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL ISSUES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42822-021-00075-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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Nolan C, Murphy C, Kelly M. Using the IRAP to Investigate Gender Biases Towards ADHD and Anxiety. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-021-00474-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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14
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Paliliunas D, Frizell CB. Evaluation of College Students’ Implicit Biases Toward Believability of Claims of Sexual Harassment Using the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP). BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL ISSUES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42822-021-00061-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Schmidt M, de Rose JC, Bortoloti R. Relating, orienting and evoking functions in an IRAP study involving emotional pictographs (emojis) used in electronic messages. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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16
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Michnevich T, Schmidt AF, Scheunemann J, Moritz S, Miegel F, Jelinek L. Aggressiveness in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder as assessed by the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2021.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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17
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Harte C, Barnes-Holmes D. The Status of Rule-Governed Behavior as Pliance, Tracking and Augmenting within Relational Frame Theory: Middle-Level Rather than Technical Terms. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-021-00458-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Pidgeon A, McEnteggart C, Harte C, Barnes-Holmes D, Barnes-Holmes Y. Four Self-Related IRAPs: Analyzing and Interpreting Effects in Light of the DAARRE Model. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-020-00428-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Kelly ME. The Potential of a Relational Training Intervention to Improve Older Adults' Cognition. Behav Anal Pract 2020; 13:684-697. [PMID: 32953397 PMCID: PMC7471216 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-020-00415-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral gerontology rarely focuses on improving older adults' cognitive function. This gap in the literature should be addressed, as our aging population means that greater numbers of older adults are experiencing cognitive decline and reduced functional independence. If cognitive training interventions are to be socially significant, they should target improvements in core executive functions (EFs) that are critical for everyday cognition and functioning independence. Evidence from the cognitive sciences suggests that a cognitive training intervention targeting "relational knowledge" and "cognitive flexibility," which are core EFs, could translate to improvements in cognition and functioning for older adults. Behavioral researchers, interested in the effects of relational training on cognition, have shown a relationship between complex and flexible arbitrarily applicable relational responding (AARRing) and improved performance on measures of intelligence in children and young adults. However, data examining the impact of AARRing on the cognition of older adults are lacking. This article suggests that complex and flexible AARRing may be synonymous with the aforementioned EFs of relational knowledge and cognitive flexibility, and that a behaviorally oriented relational training intervention might improve cognition and functioning for healthy older adults or those experiencing cognitive decline. The article initially presents a brief overview of research in behavioral gerontology and older adult cognition, followed by a detailed explanation of how training complexity and flexibility in AARRing could result in improvements in core EFs. Specific suggestions for designing a relational training intervention and assessing relevant outcomes are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle E. Kelly
- National College of Ireland, Mayor Street Lower, IFSC, Dublin, Ireland
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Inoue K, Shima T, Takahashi M, Lee SK, Ohtsuki T, Kumano H. Reliability and Validity of the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) as a Measure of Change Agenda. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-020-00416-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Bortoloti R, de Almeida RV, de Almeida JH, de Rose JC. A Commentary on the Dynamics of Arbitrarily Applicable Relational Responding Involving Positive Valenced Stimuli and its Implications for the IRAP Research. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-020-00413-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Cummins J, Roche B. Measuring differential nodal distance using the function acquisition speed test. Behav Processes 2020; 178:104179. [PMID: 32544416 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2020.104179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that the relatedness of stimuli within the Function Acquisition Speed Test (FAST) methodology is sensitive to the learning histories of participants. For example, this method is sensitive to differences in the amount of baseline training provided to establish stimulus equivalence relations using arbitrary stimuli (Cummins et al., 2018a). However, it has not yet been investigated whether the relatedness of stimuli within the FAST varies based on differential nodal distances between stimuli within stimulus classes. If so, the FAST could serve an important adjunct assessment procedure for researchers who wish not only to assess the formation of stimulus classes using traditional methods, such as matching-to-sample, but also the relative relatedness of stimuli within complex stimulus classes (i.e., nodal distance). The current study sought to investigate this possibility. Participants (n = 16) were trained in the formation of two 4-member equivalence classes consisting of arbitrary nonsense syllables. Following this, participants completed three FAST assessments, each of which probed for the relatedness of stimulus pairs of differing nodal distance. Group- and individual-level analyses broadly demonstrated that relatedness varied as a function of nodal distances in pre-trained stimulus classes. However, results also highlighted some limitations of the FAST at the individual level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Cummins
- Ghent University, Department of Experimental- Clinical and Health Psychology, Belgium.
| | - Bryan Roche
- Maynooth University, Department of Psychology, Ireland
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Rezende MC, Bast DF, Huziwara EM, Bortoloti R. The Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure as a Measure of Hopelessness in the Elderly: An Exploratory Study. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-020-00406-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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24
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Training and testing for a transformation of fear and avoidance functions via combinatorial entailment using the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP): Further exploratory analyses. Behav Processes 2020; 172:104027. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2019.104027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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25
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Pinto JAR, de Almeida RV, Bortoloti R. The Stimulus’ Orienting Function May Play an Important Role in IRAP Performance: Supportive Evidence from an Eye-Tracking Study of Brands. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-020-00378-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Barnes-Holmes D, Barnes-Holmes Y, McEnteggart C. Updating RFT (More Field than Frame) and its Implications for Process-based Therapy. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-019-00372-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Bast DF, Lyons C, Stewart I, Connor T, Kelly M, Goyos C. The Effect of Educational Messages on Implicit and Explicit Attitudes towards Individuals on the Autism Spectrum versus Normally Developing Individuals. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-019-00363-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Farrell L, McHugh L. Exploring the relationship between implicit and explicit gender-STEM bias and behavior among STEM students using the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2019.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Maloney E, Foody M, Murphy C. Do Response Options in the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) Matter? A Comparison of Contextual Relations versus Relational Coherent Indicators. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-019-00360-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Kavanagh D, Barnes-Holmes Y, Barnes-Holmes D. The Study of Perspective-Taking: Contributions from Mainstream Psychology and Behavior Analysis. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-019-00356-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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31
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Assessing a Derived Transformation of Functions Using the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure Under Three Motivative Conditions. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-019-00353-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Alasiri E, Bast D, Kolts RL. “Using the implicit relational assessment procedure (IRAP) to explore common humanity as a dimension of self-compassion”. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Ferroni-Bast D, Fitzpatrick J, Stewart I, Goyos C. Using the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) as a Measure of Reaction to Perceived Failure and the Effects of a Defusion Intervention in this Context. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-019-00349-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bortoloti R, de Almeida RV, de Almeida JH, de Rose JC. Emotional Faces in Symbolic Relations: A Happiness Superiority Effect Involving the Equivalence Paradigm. Front Psychol 2019; 10:954. [PMID: 31114529 PMCID: PMC6503112 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The stimulus equivalence paradigm presented operational criteria to identify symbolic functions in observable behaviors. When humans match dissimilar stimuli (e.g., words to pictures), equivalence relations between those stimuli are likely to be demonstrated through behavioral tests derived from the logical properties of reflexivity, symmetry, and transitivity. If these properties are confirmed, one can say that those stimuli are members of an equivalence class in which each member is substitutable for the others. A number of studies, which have established equivalence classes comprised of arbitrary stimuli and pictures of faces expressing emotions, have found that valences of the faces affect the relatedness of equivalent stimuli. Importantly, several studies reported stronger relational strength in equivalence classes containing happy faces than in equivalence classes containing angry faces. The processes that may account for this higher degree of relatability of happy faces are not yet known. The current study investigated the dynamics of the symbolic relational responding involving facial expressions of different emotions by means of the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP). Participants were 186 undergraduate students who were taught to establish two equivalence classes, each comprising pictures of faces expressing either happiness (for one class) or a negative emotion (for another class), and meaningless words. The IRAP effect was taken as an index for the relational strength established between equivalent stimuli in the different equivalence classes. The dynamics of arbitrary relational responding in the course of the four IRAP trial types revealed that the participants exhibited a stronger IRAP effect in trials involving the happy faces and a weaker IRAP effect in trials involving the negative faces. These findings indicate that the happy faces had higher impact on the symbolic relational responding than the negative faces. The potential role played by the orienting function of happy vs. negative faces is discussed. By considering other studies that also reported a happiness superiority effect in other contexts, we present converging evidence for the prioritization of positive affect in emotional, categorical, and symbolic processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Bortoloti
- Department of Psychology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Sobre Comportamento, Cognição e Ensino (INCT-ECCE), São Carlos, Brazil
| | | | - João Henrique de Almeida
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Sobre Comportamento, Cognição e Ensino (INCT-ECCE), São Carlos, Brazil
- Department of Psychology, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Julio C. de Rose
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Sobre Comportamento, Cognição e Ensino (INCT-ECCE), São Carlos, Brazil
- Department of Psychology, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
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Kavanagh D, Roelandt A, Van Raemdonck L, Barnes-Holmes Y, Barnes-Holmes D, McEnteggart C. The On-Going Search for Perspective-Taking IRAPs: Exploring the Potential of the Natural Language-IRAP. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-019-00333-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Henklain MHO, Haydu VB, Carmo JS, Muniz M, Perez WF. Expanding the evidence of content validity for the Teacher Behavior Checklist using the IRAP. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-019-00334-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Perez WF, de Almeida JH, de Rose JC, Dorigon AH, de Vasconcellos EL, da Silva MA, Lima NDP, de Almeida RBM, Montan RNM, Barnes-Holmes D. Implicit and Explicit Measures of Transformation of Function from Facial Expressions of Fear and of Happiness via Equivalence Relations. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-018-0304-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Exploring Differential Trial-Type Effects and the Impact of a Read-Aloud Procedure on Deictic Relational Responding on the IRAP. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-018-0276-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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