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Wizła M, Lewczuk K. The Associations Between Attachment Insecurity and Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder or Problematic Pornography Use: The Mediating Role of Emotion Regulation Difficulties. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2024; 53:3419-3436. [PMID: 38898361 PMCID: PMC11390895 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-024-02904-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Compulsive sexual behavior disorder (CSBD) was previously considered an attachment disorder, while emotion dysregulation was thought to potentially be a key characteristic of it. However, this theoretical model was not tested in previous empirical research. In our cross-sectional study, we tested whether emotional regulation (ER) difficulties can be adopted as an explanatory mechanism for the relationships between attachment avoidance and anxiety, as well as CSBD and its most prevalent behavioral presentation-problematic pornography use (PPU). Participants (n = 1002; Mage = 50.49 years, SD = 13.32; men: 50.2%) completed an online survey regarding the investigated variables. In mediation analyses, attachment avoidance and anxiety were treated as simultaneous predictors, ER difficulties as a mediating variable, with CSBD/PPU severity as dependent variables. Emotion regulation difficulties and attachment anxiety had a direct positive effect on both CSBD and PPU. The direct effect of attachment avoidance on PPU was non-significant, and significant for CSBD depending on the measure used. Moreover, all the relationships between both insecure attachment dimensions and CSBD/PPU symptom severity were at least partially mediated by ER difficulties. Our results corroborate the theoretical claim that ER difficulties may be a useful framework for explaining the impact of attachment insecurity on CSBD/PPU. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Wizła
- Institute of Psychology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University, Wóycickiego 1/3, 01-938, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Karol Lewczuk
- Institute of Psychology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University, Wóycickiego 1/3, 01-938, Warsaw, Poland
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Sorrell SA, Lefevor GT, Skidmore SJ, Golightly RM, Searle KNL. Understanding How Religiousness Shapes Perceptions of Compulsive Sexual Behavior. JOURNAL OF SEX & MARITAL THERAPY 2024; 50:691-706. [PMID: 38741573 DOI: 10.1080/0092623x.2024.2353221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
In the present study, we test the model of moral incongruence by examining whether moral disapproval of pornography mediates the relationship between organizational religious activity and self-reported CSB and whether the frequency of viewing pornography moderates the relationship between moral disapproval and self-reported CSB in two samples: a general population sample and a sample of members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ("Mormons"). Analyses revealed that, among both samples, frequency of pornography viewing moderated the indirect effect of organizational religious activity on perceived CSB via morally disapproving of pornography. Specifically, moral disapproval of pornography mediated the relationship between organizational religious activity and compulsive sexual behavior when participants viewed pornography approximately monthly or more (mean and +1 SD among the general population sample, +1 SD among the Latter-day Saint sample). Findings suggest that individuals who attend worship services more frequently are more likely to perceive their pornography viewing as compulsive at higher frequencies of usage - even when their frequency of pornography viewing is unlikely to be associated with actual functional impairment - and that this distress is better understood in relation to experiences of moral incongruence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - G Tyler Lefevor
- Department of Psychology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
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Seyedzadeh Dalooyi SI, Aghamohammadian Sharbaaf H, Abdekhodaei MS, Ghanaei Chamanabad A. Biopsychosocial Determinants of Problematic Pornography Use: A Systematic Review. ADDICTION & HEALTH 2023; 15:202-218. [PMID: 38026725 PMCID: PMC10658102 DOI: 10.34172/ahj.2023.1395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Although some studies have examined the determinants of problematic pornography use (PPU), few systematic comparisons of risk profiles have been conducted so far. Research on risk profiles can shed a bright light on our knowledge of both the early diagnosis and etiology of such highly prevalent disorders. Accordingly, the present study aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the determinants of PPU. Methods Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and PsycINFO databases were systematically searched, and relevant English articles, including longitudinal and cross-sectional studies on risk factors published from January 2000 to February 2022 were reviewed. Findings The determinants of PPU extracted from the investigated studies (n=66) were summarized and clustered into biological, psychological, and social categories. The findings indicated that ventral striatum activity is a consistent biological factor which plays a key role in the development of PPU, while there were other psychological factors influencing PPU as mentioned in several studies, including craving, low self-esteem, sexual arousal, coping styles, stress, frequent pornography watching, avoidance, negative beliefs, and emotional deficiency. In addition, the social factors affecting PPU have been reported to be male gender, age, religion, moral incompatibility, and loneliness. According to these results, the identified factors could be considered in preventive treatment. Conclusion This systematic review provided a comprehensive overview of the biopsychosocial determinants of PPU by analyzing 66 articles mostly from Europe and North America. Most studies showed that ventral striatum activity, craving, self-esteem, stress, frequent pornography watching, gender, age, and religion are related to PPU.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mohammad Saeed Abdekhodaei
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Ghanaei Chamanabad
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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Cardoso J, Ramos C, Brito J, Almeida TC. Difficulties in Emotion Regulation and Problematic Pornography Use: The Mediating Role of Loneliness. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SEXUAL HEALTH : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEXUAL HEALTH 2023; 35:481-493. [PMID: 38601731 PMCID: PMC10903672 DOI: 10.1080/19317611.2023.2224807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Objectives To analyze the association between difficulties in emotion regulation and problematic pornography use (PPU) and test the mediating effect of loneliness. Methods All 339 participants (M = 28.53 years, SD = 10.32) completed online self-report scales assessing difficulties in emotion regulation, PPU, and loneliness. Results Difficulties in emotion regulation are positively correlated with PPU. Loneliness partially mediates the relationship between difficulties in emotion regulation and PPU. Gender and intimate relationship status had moderating effects on the tested mediation model. Conclusions Greater difficulties in emotion regulation have a significant indirect effect on PPU through loneliness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Cardoso
- Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research (CiiEM); Egas Moniz School of Health & Science, 2829-511Caparica, Almada, Portugal
- LabPSI – Laboratório de Psicologia Egas Moniz, Egas Moniz School of Health & Science, Caparica, Almada, Portugal
| | - Catarina Ramos
- Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research (CiiEM); Egas Moniz School of Health & Science, 2829-511Caparica, Almada, Portugal
- LabPSI – Laboratório de Psicologia Egas Moniz, Egas Moniz School of Health & Science, Caparica, Almada, Portugal
| | - José Brito
- Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research (CiiEM); Egas Moniz School of Health & Science, 2829-511Caparica, Almada, Portugal
| | - Telma C. Almeida
- Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research (CiiEM); Egas Moniz School of Health & Science, 2829-511Caparica, Almada, Portugal
- LabPSI – Laboratório de Psicologia Egas Moniz, Egas Moniz School of Health & Science, Caparica, Almada, Portugal
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Maitland DWM, Neilson EC. Associations Between Pornography Consumption Patterns, Pornography Consumption Motives, and Social Wellbeing among U.S. College Students: A Latent Profile Analysis with a Primarily Female Sample. JOURNAL OF SEX & MARITAL THERAPY 2023; 49:739-754. [PMID: 36974348 PMCID: PMC10522785 DOI: 10.1080/0092623x.2023.2193182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study identified profiles of pornography motivations and outcomes and assessed differences between profiles on three measures of social well-being: social support, fear of intimacy, and loneliness. Latent profile analysis and group comparisons were conducted using cross-sectional data from college students (N = 389). Results indicated four profiles: low motivation/average distress, porn for enjoyment, high motivation/average guilt, low motivation/high distress. Those in the high motivation/average guilt profile reported more social well-being difficulties relative to the other profiles and non-pornography consumers. Results suggest that individuals who report varying pornography use motivations and negative outcomes may report difficulties with social well-being, with implications for intimate relationships.
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Kamolova M, Chen YL, Etuk R, Sacco SJ, Kraus SW. Differences within: Hypersexuality, Sensation Seeking and Pornography Viewing Behaviors in a Sample of Heterosexual, Gay, Bisexual, and Uncertain Men. SEXUAL HEALTH & COMPULSIVITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/26929953.2022.2162652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Büsche K, Stark R, Brand M, Antons S. Self-regulatory Processes in Problematic Pornography Use. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-022-00447-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose of Review
A core symptom of problematic pornography use (PPU) is the repeated failure to control sexual impulses resulting in pornography use; however, the field of self-regulation research has rarely been applied to PPU.
Recent Findings
Various goals can underly the use of online pornography. These goals can conflict with other self-regulatory goals a person holds, which leads to moments of self-control. The outcome of such self-control moments depends on multiple internal factors, including the strength of the desire to use pornography, whether a person perceives a conflict with their behaviour, and the motivation to resist their desire, as well as external, situational factors. Findings on the contribution of volition towards self-regulation in PPU are inconclusive.
Summary
More research is needed to further explore what influences moments of self-control, specifically in PPU. The proposed model of self-control moments can be used to derive research questions for further studies as well as to develop prevention and intervention approaches.
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Borgogna NC, Kraus SW, Grubbs JB. Military Veterans’ Psychological Distress Associated with Problematic Pornography Viewing. Int J Ment Health Addict 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-021-00508-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Chen L, Jiang X, Wang Q, Bőthe B, Potenza MN, Wu H. The Association between the Quantity and Severity of Pornography Use: A Meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2022; 59:704-719. [PMID: 34723731 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2021.1988500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although the quantity of pornography use (QPU, i.e., frequency/time spent on pornography use) has been positively associated with the severity of pornography use (i.e., problematic pornography use, PPU), the magnitudes of relationships have varied across studies. This meta-analysis aimed to assess the overall relationships and identify potential moderating variables to explain the variation in these associations between QPU and PPU. We performed a literature search for all published and unpublished studies from 1995 to 2020 in major online scientific databases up until December 2020. Sixty-one studies were identified with 82 independent samples involving 74,880 participants. Results indicated that there was a positive, moderate relationship between QPU and PPU (r = 0.34, p < .001). The strength of relationship significantly varied across measures of PPU based on different theoretical frameworks, indicators of QPU, and sexual cultural contexts (conservative vs. permissive sexual values). Frequency was a more robust quantitative indicator of PPU than time spent on pornography use. In conservative countries, QPU showed more robust association with self-perceived PPU. Future studies are encouraged to select the measurement of PPU according to research aims and use multi-item measures with demonstrated content validity to assess pornography use. Cross-cultural (conservative/permissive) comparisons also warrant further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Chen
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Fuzhou University
| | - Xiaoliu Jiang
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Fuzhou University
| | - Qiqi Wang
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Fuzhou University
| | - Beáta Bőthe
- Département de Psychologie, Université de Montréal
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine
- Department of Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine
- Connecticut Mental Health Center
- Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling
| | - Huijuan Wu
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Fuzhou University
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Wizła M, Kraus SW, Lewczuk K. Perspective: Can psychedelic-assisted therapy be a promising aid in compulsive sexual behavior disorder treatment? Compr Psychiatry 2022; 115:152303. [PMID: 35334305 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2022.152303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, there has been an increase in studies yielding evidence for psychedelics' anxiolytic and anti-depressive qualities. Preliminary evidence for treatment in substance addiction is also available. In our manuscript, we present a perspective on the possible effectiveness and mechanisms of action of psychedelics' introduction in the treatment of Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder (CSBD) and other p roblematic sexual behaviors, which are considered representative of the so-called "behavioral addiction" category. Evidence for the efficacy of Mindfulness Based Interventions in CSBD treatment is promising. Psychedelics- and mindfulness-induced states share common characteristics on both a subjective and objective level. One of the proposed mechanisms regards reduction of experiential avoidance through the promotion of exposure and acceptance. On the neurophysiological level, a shift from higher- to lower-level association regions and an impact on 5- HT2A receptors is observed. Elaborated mechanisms explain the possible enhancement of therapeutic processes by psychedelics. Psychedelics' relative safety and low addictive potential support their introduction into traditional forms of therapy for CSBD and other out of control behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Wizła
- Institute of Psychology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Shane W Kraus
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA.
| | - Karol Lewczuk
- Institute of Psychology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University, Warsaw, Poland.
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Cardoso J, Ramos C, Brito J, Almeida TC. Predictors of Pornography Use: Difficulties in Emotion Regulation and Loneliness. J Sex Med 2022; 19:620-628. [PMID: 35165051 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2022.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pleasure-seeking reasons are the main drivers of pornography use (PU), but the regulation of unpleasant states, namely distraction from or suppression of negative emotions and stress relief, are other potential predictors of this behavior. AIM Our main objective is to develop an explanatory model of problematic PU, assessing difficulties in emotion regulation, loneliness, perceived stress, as well as age and gender as predictors. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted that included a total of 340 participants (M = 28.50 years, SD = 10.32). Self-report inventories were administered that measured problematic PU (PPCS), difficulties in emotion regulation (DERS-SF), loneliness (UCLALS-3), and perceived stress (PSS-10). RESULTS The findings were indicative of recreational PU, with only a small number of participants (4.6%) reporting a possible problematic PU. There were statistically significant gender differences (F(1,337) = 33.306, P ≤ .001), namely that men were more likely to report problematic PU (M = 36.03, SD = 21.30) than women (M = 25.32, SD = 9.24). Problematic PU was significantly and positively correlated either with difficulties in emotion regulation, loneliness, perceived stress and age. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis showed that difficulties in emotion regulation (β = 0.259, P ≤ .001), loneliness (β = 0.209, P = .001), and gender (β = -0.377, P ≤ .001) define the best subset of predictors of problematic PU. Age and perceived stress were not selected as predictors in this subset. CLINICAL TRANSLATION The promotion of better emotion regulation abilities and strategies for adaptive coping with loneliness must be taken into consideration, namely in cases of problematic PU or compulsive sexual behavior disorder. STRENGTHS & LIMITATIONS Being a cross-sectional study with a convenience sample and the fact that these variables explain only a part of the explained variance of the problematic PU are the main limitations. Despite the limitations, the principal contribution of this study is the understanding that gender, difficulties in emotion regulation, and loneliness remain as main predictors of problematic PU, even when combined in the explanatory model. CONCLUSION The current study provides a better understanding of the predictors of problematic PU related with the reduction or avoidance of unpleasant states. Emotion regulation, loneliness, and perceived stress, studied simultaneously, provide a better understanding of the complex relationships between these factors and problematic PU. Difficulties in emotion regulation and loneliness are predictors of higher problematic PU, as well as the expected gender effect. Cardoso J, Ramos C, Brito J, et al. Predictors of Pornography Use: Difficulties in Emotion Regulation and Loneliness. J Sex Med 2022;19:620-628.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Cardoso
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), LabPSI - Laboratório de Psicologia Egas Moniz, Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Campus Universitário, Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Catarina Ramos
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), LabPSI - Laboratório de Psicologia Egas Moniz, Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Campus Universitário, Caparica, Portugal
| | - José Brito
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Campus Universitário, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Telma C Almeida
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), LabPSI - Laboratório de Psicologia Egas Moniz, Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Campus Universitário, Caparica, Portugal
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Okabe Y, Ito D. Psychometric Properties of the Problematic Pornography Use Scale in a Japanese Sample. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2022; 51:1221-1235. [PMID: 34853978 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-021-02141-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Problematic pornography use (PPU) is the inability to control the use of pornography and is considered a form of compulsive sexual behavior. It can have a negative effect on one's life and is an important clinical and social issue. In Japan, there is no assessment tool to measure PPU and very little research has been done. The Problematic Pornography Use Scale is one of the scales assessing the severity of PPU. This study validated a Japanese version of the Problematic Pornography Use Scale (PPUS-J) and examined its psychometric properties in a sample of 1011 individuals through an online survey (502 men, 509 women; Mage = 35.9 years, SD = 13.75). The results of the confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the four factors in the original scale were consistent with the factors in the PPUS-J, and strict invariance could be assumed for male and female participants. With regard to reliability, internal consistency indices were appropriate both at the overall and subscale levels for male and female participants. The PPUS-J showed good convergent and divergent validity due to the relationship between the subscales and other measures such as the Sexual Compulsivity Scale. These results demonstrate the validity of the PPUS-J for assessing problematic pornography use in a Japanese sample. Given the paucity of studies conducted in non-Western cultures and on women, this study will be useful in advancing research on PPU across different cultures. Future studies should examine test-retest reliability of the PPUS-J and its use with clinical groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushun Okabe
- Graduate School of Education, Hyogo University of Teacher Education, 942-1 Shimokume Kato-city, Hyogo, 673-1494, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Ito
- Department Clinical Psychology, Graduate School of Education, Hyogo University of Teacher Education, 1-5-7 Higashikawasaki-cho, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
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Lewczuk K, Glica A, Nowakowska I, Gola M, Grubbs JB. Evaluating Pornography Problems Due to Moral Incongruence Model. J Sex Med 2019; 17:300-311. [PMID: 31818724 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2019.11.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To date, multiple models of problematic pornography use have been proposed, but attempts to validate them have been scarce. AIM In our study, we aimed to evaluate the Pornography Problems due to Moral Incongruence model proposing that self-appraisals of pornography addiction stem from (i) general dysregulation, (ii) habits of use, and (iii) moral incongruence between internalized norms and behavior. We investigated whether the model can be used to adequately explain the self-perceptions of addiction to pornography (model 1) and a broader phenomenon of problematic pornography use (model 2). METHODS An online, nationally representative study was conducted on a sample of 1036 Polish adult participants, of whom, 880 declared a lifetime history of viewing pornography. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE The outcomes were self-perceived pornography addiction, problematic pornography use, avoidant coping, frequency of pornography use, religiosity, moral disapproval of pornography, and related variables. RESULTS Our results indicated that avoidant coping (an indicator of general dysregulation), frequency of pornography use (indicator of habits of use), and the distress connected with incongruence between own sexual behavior and internalized norms, attitudes and beliefs positively contributed to self-perceived addiction (model 1) as well as problematic pornography use (model 2). This broadly confirms the basic shape of the PPMI model. There were, however, notable differences between the models. Moral incongruence related distress was only weakly related to self-perceived addiction (β = 0.15, P < .001), with a stronger relation for problematic pornography use (β = 0.31, P < .001). When controlling for other factors, religiosity weakly predicted problematic pornography use (β = 0.13, P < .001), but not self-perceived addiction to pornography (β = 0.03, P = .368). Frequency of pornography use was the strongest predictor of both self-perceived addiction (β = 0.52, P < .001) and problematic pornography use (β = 0.43, P < .001). CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Factors proposed within the PPMI model are distinctly relevant intervention targets, and they should be considered in the process of diagnosis and treatment. STRENGTHS & LIMITATIONS The presented study is the first to evaluate PPMI model. Its main limitation is that it has a cross-sectional design. CONCLUSION The PPMI model is a promising framework for investigating the factors related to self-perceived addiction and problematic pornography use. Despite the differences between the models and in the strength of specific predictors, (i) dysregulation, (ii) habits of use, and (iii) moral incongruence all uniquely contribute to self-perceived addiction and problematic pornography use. Lewczuk, K., Glica, A., Nowakowska, I., et al. Evaluating Pornography Problems Due to Moral Incongruence Model. J Sex Med 2020;17:300-311.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Lewczuk
- Institute of Psychology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Glica
- Institute of Psychology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University, Warsaw, Poland; Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Nowakowska
- Institute of Psychology, The Maria Grzegorzewska University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Gola
- Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, Institute for Neural Computations, University of California, San Diego, USA; Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joshua B Grubbs
- College of Arts and Science, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, USA
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Sniewski L, Farvid P. Abstinence or Acceptance? A Case Series of Men’s Experiences With an Intervention Addressing Self-Perceived Problematic Pornography Use. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10720162.2019.1645058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luke Sniewski
- Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Panteá Farvid
- Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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