1
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Jin X, Zheng M. Orange carbon dots based smart sensing platforms for rapid, visual, quantitative identification of sodium copper chlorophyllin. Talanta 2024; 275:126090. [PMID: 38642544 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
A highly affordable, sensitive and portable detection platform for the quantitative identification of sodium copper chlorophyllin (SCC) in food and environment is a crucial need. Even though many carbon dots (CDs) based sensors have been developed, few reports on using CDs as optical probes for SCC detection have been published so far. In this paper, orange luminescent CDs (OLCDs) were prepared via solvothermal method, which have high fluorescence quantum yield (27.20 %) and excellent photostability. OLCDs can detect SCC via inner filter effect (IFE), with fast response, high selectivity, outstanding sensitivity and superior anti-interference ability. Benefiting from the remarkable properties of OLCDs, a portable sensing platform was triumphantly constructed, which facilitated the in situ, real-time quantitative determination of SCC in diverse actual samples, by catching the fluorescence change of OLCDs-based paper sensors via smartphone RGB colorimetric analysis. This first CDs-based smart sensing system displays great potential for quantification of SCC in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Jin
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Changchun University of Technology, 2055 Yanan Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, PR China
| | - Min Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Changchun University of Technology, 2055 Yanan Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, PR China.
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2
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Fu Q, Lu K, Sun S, Dong Z. Recent advances in fluorescence and afterglow of CDs in matrices. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2024; 9:1072-1098. [PMID: 38655703 DOI: 10.1039/d4nh00093e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are novel nanomaterials with dimensions less than 10 nm that have attracted much attention due to their outstanding optical properties. However, the development of solid-state fluorescence and afterglow methods has been relatively slow, although the properties of these materials under liquid conditions have been extensively studied. In recent years, embedding CDs in a matrix has been shown to prevent aggregation quenching and inhibit nonradiative transitions, thus realizing solid-state fluorescence and afterglow, which has greatly broadened the research and application areas of CDs. In terms of hydrogen bonding, ionic bonding, covalent bonding and spatial confinement, the interactions between CDs and matrices can effectively realize and improve the solid-state fluorescence and afterglow effects of CDs. Recent applications of CDs in matrices in optoelectronics, information security, sensing, biotherapeutics and imaging are also summarized. Finally, we summarize the challenges and developments of CDs in matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Fu
- College of Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao, Shandong, 276826, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kangzhi Lu
- College of Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao, Shandong, 276826, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shouhong Sun
- College of Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao, Shandong, 276826, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhanhua Dong
- College of Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao, Shandong, 276826, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Arefina IA, Erokhina DV, Ushakova EV. Influence of chemical treatment and interaction with matrix on room temperature phosphorescence of carbon dots. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 35:365601. [PMID: 38806016 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad50e0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
In this work, composite materials were formed based on various matrices (polymer and porous cellulose matrix) and carbon dots (CDs) with intense room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP). The effect of post-synthesis chemical treatment with citric acid or urea on the optical properties of composites was studied: the increase in carboxy and carbonyl groups led to an increase of RTP signals that could be seen with the naked eye over several seconds. The fabricated composites demonstrated good stability and reversibility of RTP signals by mild heating. Based on the developed CDs, luminescent inks were used for a simple demonstration of the data encryption on paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina A Arefina
- International Research and Education Centre for Physics of Nanostructures, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - Daria V Erokhina
- International Research and Education Centre for Physics of Nanostructures, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg 197101, Russia
- Secondary General School No. 598, Saint Petersburg 197372, Russia
| | - Elena V Ushakova
- International Research and Education Centre for Physics of Nanostructures, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg 197101, Russia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Centre for Functional Photonics (CFP), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China 999077, People's Republic of China
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4
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Liu Y, Cheng D, Wang B, Yang J, Hao Y, Tan J, Li Q, Qu S. Carbon Dots-Inked Paper with Single/Two-Photon Excited Dual-Mode Thermochromic Afterglow for Advanced Dynamic Information Encryption. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2403775. [PMID: 38738804 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202403775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Achieving thermochromic afterglow (TCAG) in a single material for advanced information encryption remains a significant challenge. Herein, TCAG in carbon dots (CDs)-inked paper (CDs@Paper) is achieved by tuning the temperature-dependent dual-mode afterglow of room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) and thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). The CDs are synthesized through thermal treatment of levofloxacin in melting boric acid with postpurification via dialysis. CDs@Paper exhibit both TCAG and excitation-dependent afterglow color properties. The TCAG of CDs@Paper exhibits dynamic color changes from blue at high temperatures to yellow at low temperatures by adjusting the proportion of the temperature-dependent TADF and phosphorescence. Notably, two-photon afterglow in CDs-based afterglow materials and time-dependent two-photon afterglow colors are achieved for the first time. Moreover, leveraging the opposite emission responses of phosphorescence and TADF to temperature, CDs@Paper demonstrate TCAG with temperature-sensing capabilities across a wide temperature range. Furthermore, a CDs@Paper-based 3D code containing color and temperature information is successfully developed for advanced dynamic information encryption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Liu
- Joint Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering (IAPME), University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, 999067, China
| | - Dengke Cheng
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Bingzhe Wang
- Joint Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering (IAPME), University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, 999067, China
| | - Junxiang Yang
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, 999067, China
| | - Yiming Hao
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, 999067, China
| | - Jing Tan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutralization, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Qijun Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutralization, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Songnan Qu
- Joint Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering (IAPME), University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, 999067, China
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, 999067, China
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5
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Ai L, Xiang W, Xiao J, Liu H, Yu J, Zhang L, Wu X, Qu X, Lu S. Tailored Fabrication of Full-Color Ultrastable Room-Temperature Phosphorescence Carbon Dots Composites with Unexpected Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2401220. [PMID: 38652510 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202401220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The development of single-system materials that exhibit both multicolor room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) and thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) with tunable after glow colors and channels is challenging. In this study, four metal-free carbon dots (CDs) are developed through structural tailoring, and panchromatic high-brightness RTP is achieved via strong chemical encapsulation in urea. The maximum lifetime and quantum yield reaches 2141 ms and 56.55%, respectively. Moreover, CDs-IV@urea, prepared via coreshell interaction engineering, exhibits a dual afterglow of red RTP and green TADF. The degree of conjugation and functional groups of precursors affects the binding interactions of the nitrogen cladding on CDs, which in turn stabilizes triplet energy levels and affects the energy gap between S1 and T1 (ΔEST) to induce multicolor RTP. The enhanced wrapping interaction lowers the ΔEST, promoting reverse intersystem crossing, which leads to phosphorescence and TADF. This strong coreshell interaction fully stabilizes the triplet state, thus stabilizing the material in water, even in extreme environments such as strong acids and oxidants. These afterglow materials are tested in multicolor, time, and temperature multiencryption as well as in multicolor in vivo bioimaging. Hence, these materials have promising practical applications in information security as well as biomedical diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ai
- College of Chemistry, Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Wenjuan Xiang
- College of Chemistry, Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jiping Xiao
- College of Chemistry, Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Huimin Liu
- College of Chemistry, Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jingkun Yu
- College of Chemistry, Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xueting Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xiaoli Qu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Siyu Lu
- College of Chemistry, Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
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Li Q, Zhao H, Yang D, Meng S, Gu H, Xiao C, Li Y, Cheng D, Qu S, Zeng H, Zhu X, Tan J, Ding J. Direct in Situ Fabrication of Multicolor Afterglow Carbon Dot Patterns with Transparent and Traceless Features via Laser Direct Writing. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:3028-3035. [PMID: 38411557 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Multicolor afterglow patterns with transparent and traceless features are important for the exploration of new functionalities and applications. Herein, we report a direct in situ patterning technique for fabricating afterglow carbon dots (CDs) based on laser direct writing (LDW) for the first time. We explore a facile step-scanning method that reduces the heat-affected zone and avoids uneven heating, thus producing a fine-resolution afterglow CD pattern with a minimum line width of 80 μm. Unlike previous LDW-induced luminescence patterns, the patterned CD films are traceless and transparent, which is mainly attributed to a uniform heat distribution and gentle temperature rise process. Interestingly, by regulating the laser parameters and CD precursors, an increased carbonization and oxidation degree of CDs could be obtained, thus enabling time-dependent, tunable afterglow colors from blue to red. In addition, we demonstrate their potential applications in the in situ fabrication of flexible and stretchable optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qijun Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering; Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutralization, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongjia Zhao
- School of Mechanical Engineering; Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutralization, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Daiqi Yang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Meng
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Hailing Gu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Chi Xiao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Dengke Cheng
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Songnan Qu
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Macao 999078, People's Republic of China
| | - Haibo Zeng
- Institute of Optoelectronics & Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingwang Zhu
- School of Mechanical Engineering; Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutralization, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Tan
- School of Mechanical Engineering; Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutralization, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianning Ding
- School of Mechanical Engineering; Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutralization, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, People's Republic of China
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7
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Xu F, Dong R, Cui J, Zhang Y, Ren W, Song K, Meng S, Zhang R, Li K, Bai J, Qin Z. Transformation of crystal structure induced by the temperatures in carbon dots (CDs)-based composites with multicolor fluorescence for white Light-Emitting-Diode (WLED). SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 310:123958. [PMID: 38281462 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.123958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Regulation of the fluorescence through crystalizing from the matrix in the Carbon dots (CDs)-based solid-state materials has been verified to be one of the effective methods, yet there are not only challenges in preparing such materials efficiently, but also insufficient insight into their regulation mechanisms. Here, a one-pot solvothermal route to synthesize a series of CDs-based composites with crystalline matrix is reported. These crystals exhibited multicolor fluorescence with the feature of multi-peaks emissions with increasing temperatures from 140 ℃ to 220 ℃, in which the orange emitting O-CDs@PA and the yellow emitting Y-CDs@PA crystals obtained the FLQYs of 22% and 68% respectively due to relatively stable crystalline structures. After comparative analysis to both crystals in detail, the core and the groups associated with them on the interface between CDs and matrix were adjusted in size and species during structural transformation of the crystal matrix, which changes radically the energy band structures to influence fluorescent emitting of both crystals ultimately. In addition, the reasons resulting in higher FLQY for Y-CDs@PA were provided leveraging the schematic illustration presumed based on the PL properties of both crystals. Because of the optimal optical performances, these fluorescent materials promised to fabricate WLED devices and obtained a number of photometric parameters endowed these WLED devices with the feature of warm-white light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengli Xu
- Shanxi Center of Technology Innovation for Light Manipulations and Applications, School of Applied Science, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, the People's Republic of China
| | - Ruoyu Dong
- Shanxi Center of Technology Innovation for Light Manipulations and Applications, School of Applied Science, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, the People's Republic of China
| | - Junchao Cui
- Shanxi Center of Technology Innovation for Light Manipulations and Applications, School of Applied Science, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, the People's Republic of China
| | - Yufei Zhang
- Shanxi Center of Technology Innovation for Light Manipulations and Applications, School of Applied Science, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, the People's Republic of China
| | - Weijie Ren
- Shanxi Center of Technology Innovation for Light Manipulations and Applications, School of Applied Science, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, the People's Republic of China.
| | - Kai Song
- Shanxi Center of Technology Innovation for Light Manipulations and Applications, School of Applied Science, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, the People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Meng
- Shanxi Center of Technology Innovation for Light Manipulations and Applications, School of Applied Science, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, the People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Shanxi Center of Technology Innovation for Light Manipulations and Applications, School of Applied Science, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, the People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Li
- Shanxi Center of Technology Innovation for Light Manipulations and Applications, School of Applied Science, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, the People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Bai
- Department of Materials Engineering, Taiyuan Institute of Technology, Taiyuan 030008, the People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenxing Qin
- Shanxi Center of Technology Innovation for Light Manipulations and Applications, School of Applied Science, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, the People's Republic of China.
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8
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Chang B, Chen J, Bao J, Sun T, Cheng Z. Molecularly Engineered Room-Temperature Phosphorescence for Biomedical Application: From the Visible toward Second Near-Infrared Window. Chem Rev 2023; 123:13966-14037. [PMID: 37991875 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorescence, characterized by luminescent lifetimes significantly longer than that of biological autofluorescence under ambient environment, is of great value for biomedical applications. Academic evidence of fluorescence imaging indicates that virtually all imaging metrics (sensitivity, resolution, and penetration depths) are improved when progressing into longer wavelength regions, especially the recently reported second near-infrared (NIR-II, 1000-1700 nm) window. Although the emission wavelength of probes does matter, it is not clear whether the guideline of "the longer the wavelength, the better the imaging effect" is still suitable for developing phosphorescent probes. For tissue-specific bioimaging, long-lived probes, even if they emit visible phosphorescence, enable accurate visualization of large deep tissues. For studies dealing with bioimaging of tiny biological architectures or dynamic physiopathological activities, the prerequisite is rigorous planning of long-wavelength phosphorescence, being aware of the cooperative contribution of long wavelengths and long lifetimes for improving the spatiotemporal resolution, penetration depth, and sensitivity of bioimaging. In this Review, emerging molecular engineering methods of room-temperature phosphorescence are discussed through the lens of photophysical mechanisms. We highlight the roles of phosphorescence with emission from visible to NIR-II windows toward bioapplications. To appreciate such advances, challenges and prospects in rapidly growing studies of room-temperature phosphorescence are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baisong Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Jiasheng Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Taolei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Zhen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Molecular Imaging Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, Shandong 264000, China
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Yang X, Waterhouse GIN, Lu S, Yu J. Recent advances in the design of afterglow materials: mechanisms, structural regulation strategies and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:8005-8058. [PMID: 37880991 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00993e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Afterglow materials are attracting widespread attention owing to their distinctive and long-lived optical emission properties which create exciting opportunities in various fields. Recent research has led to the discovery of many new afterglow materials featuring high photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQY) and lifetimes of up to several hours under ambient conditions. Afterglow materials are typically categorized according to their luminescence mechanism, such as long-persistent luminescence (LPL), room temperature phosphorescence (RTP), or thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). Through rational design and novel synthetic strategies to modulate spin-orbit coupling (SOC) and populate triplet exciton states (T1), luminophores with long lifetimes and bright afterglow characteristics can be realized. Initial research towards afterglow materials focused mainly on pure inorganic materials, many of which possessed inherent disadvantages such as metal toxicity or low energy emissions. In recent years, organic-inorganic hybrid afterglow materials (OIHAMs) have been developed with high PLQY and long lifetimes. These hybrid materials exploit the tunable structure and easy processing of organic molecules, as well as enhanced SOC and intersystem crossing (ISC) processes involving heavy atom dopants, to achieve excellent afterglow performance. In this review, we begin by briefly discussing the structure and composition of inorganic and organic-inorganic hybrid afterglow materials, including strategies for regulating their lifetime, PLQY and luminescence wavelength. The specific advantages of organic-inorganic hybrid afterglow materials, including low manufacturing costs, diverse molecular/electronic structures, tunable structures and optical properties, and compatibility with a variety of substrates, are emphasized. Subsequently, we discuss in detail the fundamental mechanisms used by afterglow materials, their classification, design principles, and end applications (including sensing, anticounterfeiting, and photoelectric devices, among others). Finally, existing challenges and promising future directions are discussed, laying a platform for the design of afterglow materials for specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
- International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | | | - Siyu Lu
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Jihong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
- International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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10
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Fu M, Lin L, Wang X, Yang X. Hydrogen bonds and space restriction promoting long-lived room-temperature phosphorescence and its application for white light-emitting diodes. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 639:78-86. [PMID: 36804795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Achieving the long-lived and strong room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) is challengeable but desirable, especially for the enhanced phosphorescence and metal-free nanomaterials. Herein, we initially synthesized the green-fluorescence carbon dots (pm-CDs), and further obtained the composite of pm-CDs@DCDA with a long RTP lifetime of 1.01 s through embedding pm-CDs in dicyandiamide (DCDA). And the bright and long-lived afterglow of pm-CDs@DCDA with 365 nm of UV light excitation was observed by the naked eyes for more than 17 s either emerging as the dry solid or in water. Importantly, the phosphorescence intensity and lifetime of pm-CDs@DCDA were remarkably promoted owing to the intermolecular hydrogen bonds and the rigid environment, hence facilitating the intersystem crossing (ISC) process and restricting the non-radiative transition of triplet excitons. Taking advantage of the superior solid-state luminescence of pm-CDs@DCDA, we further innovatively prepared the white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs) with the tunable color temperatures by regulating the mass of pm-CDs@DCDA coated on the chips. This proposed study originally employed DCDA as a matrix to separate and immobilize pm-CDs, which built up a new avenue to improve the RTP property and offered a promising application in WLEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Fu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Liuquan Lin
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaoming Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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11
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Lou Q, Chen N, Zhu J, Liu K, Li C, Zhu Y, Xu W, Chen X, Song Z, Liang C, Shan CX, Hu J. Thermally Enhanced and Long Lifetime Red TADF Carbon Dots via Multi-Confinement and Phosphorescence Assisted Energy Transfer. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2211858. [PMID: 36893767 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202211858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials, which can harvest both singlet and triplet excitons for high-efficiency emission, have attracted widespread concern for their enormous applications. Nevertheless, luminescence thermal quenching severely limits the efficiency and operating stability in TADF materials and devices at high temperature. Herein, a surface engineering strategy is adopted to obtain unique carbon dots (CDs)-based thermally enhanced TADF materials with ≈250% enhancement from 273 to 343 K via incorporating seed CDs into ionic crystal network. The rigid crystal network can simultaneously boost reverse intersystem crossing process via enhancing spin-orbit coupling between singlet and triplet states and suppressing non-radiative transition rate, contributing to the thermally enhanced TADF character. Benefiting from efficient energy transfer from triplet states of phosphorescence center to singlet states of CDs, TADF emission at ≈600 nm in CDs displays a long lifetime up to 109.6 ms, outperforming other red organic TADF materials. Thanks to variable decay rates of the delayed emission centers, time and temperature-dependent delayed emission color has been first realized in CDs-based delayed emission materials. The CDs with thermally enhanced and time-/temperature-dependent emission in one material system can offer new opportunities in information protection and processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Lou
- State Centre for International Cooperation on Designer Low-Carbon & Environmental Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Material Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P. R. China
| | - Niu Chen
- State Centre for International Cooperation on Designer Low-Carbon & Environmental Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
- Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China
| | - Jinyang Zhu
- State Centre for International Cooperation on Designer Low-Carbon & Environmental Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Kaikai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Material Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P. R. China
| | - Chao Li
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, P. R. China
| | - Yongsheng Zhu
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, P. R. China
| | - Wen Xu
- Key Laboratory of New Energy and Rare Earth Resource Utilization of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Key Laboratory of Photosensitive Materials & Devices of Liaoning Province, School of Physics and Materials Engineering, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, P. R. China
| | - Xu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Material Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P. R. China
| | - Zhijiang Song
- Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China
| | - Changhao Liang
- Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China
| | - Chong-Xin Shan
- Key Laboratory of Material Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P. R. China
| | - Junhua Hu
- State Centre for International Cooperation on Designer Low-Carbon & Environmental Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
- Longzihu New Energy Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
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12
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Ai L, Song Z, Nie M, Yu J, Liu F, Song H, Zhang B, Waterhouse GIN, Lu S. Solid-state Fluorescence from Carbon Dots Widely Tunable from Blue to Deep Red through Surface Ligand Modulation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202217822. [PMID: 36537873 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202217822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) find widespread attention due to their remarkable fluorescent and electronic properties. However, aggregation-caused quenching currently limits the application of CDs in colored displays. The construction of CDs with color-tunable solid-state fluorescence (SSF) is rarely reported, since the preparation of SSF CDs is technically challenging. Herein, through surface ligand modulation, SSF CDs with an emission-color span of almost 300 nm (from blue to deep red) were obtained. In-depth structure-property studies reveal that intra- and inter-molecular hydrogen-bonding inside SSF CDs provokes the emission properties in the aggregated state. Photodynamic characterizations demonstrate emission wavelengths can be switched smoothly by deliberately altering conjugation ability between substituent ligands and CDs core. Three-dimensional printing patterning is used to create a range of emissive objects, demonstrating the commercial potential for use in optical lamps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ai
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Ziqi Song
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Mingjun Nie
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Jingkun Yu
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Fukang Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Haoqiang Song
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Biao Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | | | - Siyu Lu
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
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13
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Shi H, Wu Y, Xu J, Shi H, An Z. Recent Advances of Carbon Dots with Afterglow Emission. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2207104. [PMID: 36810867 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) have gradually become a new generation of nano-luminescent materials, which have received extensive attention due to excellent optical properties, wide source of raw materials, low toxicity, and good biocompatibility. In recent years, there are many reports on the luminescent phenomenon of CDs, and great progress has been achieved. However,there are rarely systematic summaries on CDs with persistent luminescence. Here, a summary of the recent progress on persistent luminescent CDs, including luminous mechanism, synthetic strategies, property regulation, and potential applications, is given. First, a brief introduction is given to the development of CDs luminescent materials. Then, the luminous mechanism of afterglow CDs from room temperature phosphorescence (RTP), delayed fluorescence (DF), and long persistent luminescence (LPL) is discussed. Next, the constructed methods of luminescent CDs materials are summarized from two aspects, including matrix-free self-protected and matrix-protected CDs. Moreover, the regulation of afterglow properties from color, lifetime, and efficiency is presented. Afterwards, the potential applications of CDs, such as anti-counterfeiting, information encryption, sensing, bio-imaging, multicolor display, LED devices, etc., are reviewed. Finally, an outlook on the development of CDs materials and applications is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixian Shi
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Biomedical Metal Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Yang Wu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Biomedical Metal Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Jiahui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Huifang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Zhongfu An
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
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14
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An abiotic carbon dots@ ZIF-90 fluorescent probe for rapid and reliable detection of adenosine triphosphate. Anal Biochem 2023; 663:115021. [PMID: 36539047 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.115021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
ATP is a high-energy compound that plays a vital role in biological metabolism. Abnormal changes in ATP concentration are related to various diseases and reflect microbial metabolism in biofilms. In this work, we prepared carbon quantum dots (CDs) with aggregation-induced fluorescence inhibition effect using the bacterial culture medium as raw material with a hydrothermal method. Then, an abiotic fluorescent nanoprobe named CDs@zeolitic imidazolate frameworks-90 (ZIF-90) was facilely synthesized by encapsulating CDs into ZIF-90. Owing to the encapsulation of CDs in the hollow structure of ZIF-90, the blue fluorescence emission of CDs@ZIF-90 decreased significantly. In the presence of ATP, the ZIF-90 framework was destroyed due to the strong coordination between ATP and Zn2+. The released CDs exhibited stronger fluorescence intensity, which was closely related to the ATP concentration. The convenient synthesis process and rapid ATP-responsive ability make CDs@ZIF-90 highly promising for clinical and environmental analysis.
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15
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Song Z, Shang Y, Lou Q, Zhu J, Hu J, Xu W, Li C, Chen X, Liu K, Shan CX, Bai X. A Molecular Engineering Strategy for Achieving Blue Phosphorescent Carbon Dots with Outstanding Efficiency above 50. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2207970. [PMID: 36413559 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202207970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Highly efficient emission has been a long-lasting pursuit for carbon dots (CDs) owing to their enormous potential in optoelectronic applications. Nevertheless, their room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) performance still largely lags behind their outstanding fluorescence emission, especially in the blue spectral region. Herein, high-efficiency blue RTP CDs have been designed and constructed via a simple molecular engineering strategy, enabling CDs with an unprecedented phosphorescence quantum efficiency of to 50.17% and a long lifetime of 2.03 s. This treating route facilitates the formation of high-density (n, π*) configurations in the CD π-π conjugate system through the introduction of abundant functional groups, which can evoke a strong spin-orbit coupling and further promote the intersystem crossing from singlet to triplet excited states and radiative recombination from triplet excited states to ground state. With blue phosphorescent CDs as triplet donors, green, red, and white afterglow composites are successfully fabricated via effective phosphorescence Förster resonance energy transfer. Importantly, the color temperature of the white afterglow emission can be widely and facilely tuned from cool white to pure white and warm white. Moreover, advanced information encryption, light illumination, and afterglow/dynamic visual display have been demonstrated when using these multicolor-emitting CD-based afterglow systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijiang Song
- State Centre for International Cooperation on Designer Low-Carbon & Environmental Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
- Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Shang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P. R. China
| | - Qing Lou
- Key Laboratory of Material Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P. R. China
| | - Jinyang Zhu
- State Centre for International Cooperation on Designer Low-Carbon & Environmental Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Junhua Hu
- State Centre for International Cooperation on Designer Low-Carbon & Environmental Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
- Longzihu New Energy Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Wen Xu
- Key Laboratory of New Energy and Rare Earth Resource Utilization of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Key Laboratory of Photosensitive Materials and Devices of Liaoning Province, School of Physics and Materials Engineering, Dalian Minzu University, 18 Liaohe West Road, Dalian, 116600, P. R. China
| | - Changchang Li
- State Centre for International Cooperation on Designer Low-Carbon & Environmental Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Xu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Material Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P. R. China
| | - Kaikai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Material Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P. R. China
| | - Chong-Xin Shan
- Key Laboratory of Material Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P. R. China
| | - Xue Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
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16
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Wang K, Qu L, Yang C. Long-Lived Dynamic Room Temperature Phosphorescence from Carbon Dots Based Materials. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2206429. [PMID: 36609989 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
As a type of room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) material, carbon dots (CDs) always show short lifetime and low phosphorescence efficiency. To counter these disadvantages, several strategies, such as embedding in rigid matrix, introducing of heteroatom, crosslink-enhanced emission, etc., are well developed. Consequently, lots of CDs-based RTP materials are obtained. Doping of CDs into various matrix is the dominant method for preparation of long-lived CDs-based RTP materials so far. The desired CDs@matrix composites always display outstanding RTP performances. Meanwhile, matrix-free CDs and carbonized polymer dots-based RTP materials are also widely developed. Amounts of CDs possessing ultra-long lived, multiple colored, and dynamic RTP emission are successfully obtained. Herein, the recent progress achieved in CDs-based RTP materials as well as the corresponding efficient strategies and emission mechanisms are summarized and reviewed in detail. Due to CDs-based RTP materials possess excellent chemical stability, photostability and low biological toxicity, they exhibit great application potential in the fields of anti-counterfeiting, data encryption, and biological monitoring. The application of the CDs-based RTP materials is also introduced in this review. As a promising functional material, development of long wavelength RTP emitting CDs with long lifetime is still challengeable, especially for the red and near-infrared emitting RTP materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiti Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, China
| | - Lunjun Qu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, China
| | - Chaolong Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, China
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17
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Highly efficient carbon dots for quantitatively visualizing pH fluctuations in cells, zebrafish, mice and tumors. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2023; 238:112620. [PMID: 36502598 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2022.112620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In vivo pH is closely related to complicated physiological and pathological processes. Quantitatively probing pH and visualizing pH variation via fluorescence (FL) imaging technique in living cells and organisms is crucial but difficult to accomplish. Herein, green fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) were synthesized, and their distinct advantages of extraordinarily high fluorescence quantum yield (FQY, 71.4%), unique photostability, high selectivity, sterling biocompatibility, appropriate pKa for biosensing, enable CDs to serve as pH-activatable probes for real time quantitative detection of continuous pH fluctuation in living cells, zebrafish, mice and tumors. We believe CDs are presently among the best-of-breed pH probes for comprehensive biomedical applications.
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18
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Zhu Y, Li J, Yan Z, Zhao N, Yang X. Developing Carbon Dots with Room-Temperature Phosphorescence for the Dual-Signal Detection of Metronidazole. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:15442-15450. [PMID: 36455258 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Room-temperature phosphorescent carbon dots (CDs) show the advanced property owing to their dual signal; howbeit, acquiring the efficient phosphorescence of CDs is still challengeable. Here, we proposed one type of CD doped with nitrogen through the microwave method, which exhibited the obvious blue fluorescence in aqueous solution and green phosphorescence immobilized on filter paper, while diethylenetriamine pentamethylene phosphonic acid provided the source of carbon and nitrogen. Importantly, introducing metronidazole (MNZ) into the CDs leads to their simultaneous decrease in both fluorescence and phosphorescence, and thus, we successfully established a dual-signal strategy for detecting MNZ. Likewise, this fluorescent detection showed the linear range of 2-200 μM and the phosphorescent way of 50-2000 μM. Meanwhile, the corresponding detection mechanism was also explored, and both the quenched fluorescence and phosphorescence of CDs were mainly due to the occurrence of the electron transfer and internal filtration effect between CDs and MNZ. Additionally, we employed these CDs as the fluorescent and phosphorescent inks for painting and information encryption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing400715, China
| | - Jiankang Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing400715, China
| | - Zihao Yan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing400715, China
| | - Na Zhao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Ninth People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing400700, China
| | - Xiaoming Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing400715, China
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19
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Lei M, Zheng J, Yang Y, Yan L, Liu X, Xu B. Carbon Dots-Based Delayed Fluorescent Materials: Mechanism, Structural Regulation and Application. iScience 2022; 25:104884. [PMID: 36039289 PMCID: PMC9418853 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Delayed fluorescent (DF) materials have high internal quantum efficiency because of the triplet excitons involved in the radiation transition, and the spin-forbidden transition can effectively improve their luminescent lifetime. Compared with traditional afterglow materials including metal-containing inorganic coordination compounds and organic compounds, the DF materials based on carbon dots (CDs) have drawn extensive attention because of their advantages of low toxicity, environmental friendliness, stable luminescence, easy preparation and low cost. Most CDs-based DF materials can be realized by embedding CDs in matrix with covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds or/and other supramolecular interactions. Recently, matrix-free self-protective CDs-based DF materials are emerging. This review systematically summarizes the DF mechanism and structural regulation strategies of CDs-based DF materials, and the applications of CDs-based DF materials in anti-counterfeiting, information encryption, temperature sensing and other fields are introduced. Finally, the existing problems and future potentials of CDs-based DF materials are proposed and prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxiu Lei
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Jingxia Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Yongzhen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
- Corresponding author
| | - Lingpeng Yan
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
- Corresponding author
| | - Xuguang Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Bingshe Xu
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
- Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan 030032, China
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20
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Liang P, Zheng Y, Zhang X, Wei H, Xu X, Yang X, Lin H, Hu C, Zhang X, Lei B, Wong WY, Liu Y, Zhuang J. Carbon Dots in Hydroxy Fluorides: Achieving Multicolor Long-Wavelength Room-Temperature Phosphorescence and Excellent Stability via Crystal Confinement. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:5127-5136. [PMID: 35700100 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) have aroused widespread interest in the construction of room-temperature phosphorescent (RTP) materials. However, it is a great challenge to obtain simultaneous multicolor long-wavelength RTP emission and excellent stability in CD-based RTP materials. Herein, a novel and universal "CDs-in-YOHF" strategy is proposed to generate multicolor and long-wavelength RTP by confining various CDs in the Y(OH)xF3-x (YOHF) matrix. The mechanism of the triplet emission of CDs is related to the space confinement, the formation of hydrogen bonds and C-F bonds, and the electron-withdrawing fluorine atoms. Remarkably, the RTP lifetime of orange-emissive CDs-o@YOHF is the longest among the reported single-CD-matrix composites for emission above 570 nm. Furthermore, CDs-o@YOHF exhibited higher RTP performance at long wavelength in comparison to CDs-o@matrix (matrix = PVA, PU, urea, silica). The resulting CDs@YOHF shows excellent photostability, thermostability, chemical stability, and temporal stability, which is rather favorable for information security, especially in a complex environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Liang
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Optical Agriculture, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Yihao Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Optical Agriculture, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingcai Zhang
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- School of Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Haopeng Wei
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Optical Agriculture, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaokai Xu
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Optical Agriculture, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianfeng Yang
- Analytical and Testing Center, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, People's Republic of China
| | - Huihong Lin
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou 521041, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaofan Hu
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Optical Agriculture, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuejie Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Optical Agriculture, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingfu Lei
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Optical Agriculture, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Wai-Yeung Wong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology and Research Institute for Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong People's Republic of China
- Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingliang Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Optical Agriculture, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianle Zhuang
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Optical Agriculture, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
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21
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A fluorescence and phosphorescence dual-signal readout platform based on carbon dots/SiO2 for multi-channel detections of carbaryl, thiram and chlorpyrifos. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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Ultralong-Lived Up-Conversional Room-Temperature Afterglow Materials with a Polyvinyl Alcohol Substrate. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122414. [PMID: 35745990 PMCID: PMC9229245 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Room-temperature afterglow (RTA) materials have a wide range of applications in imaging, lighting, and therapy, due to their long lifetime and persistent luminescence after the light source is removed. Additionally, near-infrared light with low energy and a high penetration rate ensures its irreplaceable importance in imaging and therapy. Thus, it is vital to design RTA materials excited by NIR. In the present study, we select up-conversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) as the donor and add them into hybrids, obtained by dispersing coronene tetra-carboxylate salt (CS) into a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-substrate through a series of mixing methods. Through radiation energy transfer between the donor UCNPs and the acceptor CS, a kind of RTA film with a photoluminescence lifetime of more than 2 s under NIR excitation was successfully achieved, and these films could maintain persistent naked-eye-distinguishable luminescence after withdrawing the excitation light source. Furthermore, the films obtained from UCNP doping into CS/PVA hybrids were found to exhibit better RTA performance than those from smearing. This idea of up-conversion afterglow broadens the tuning and application scope for polymer-based luminescent materials.
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23
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Wang B, Wei Z, Sui L, Yu J, Zhang B, Wang X, Feng S, Song H, Yong X, Tian Y, Yang B, Lu S. Electron-phonon coupling-assisted universal red luminescence of o-phenylenediamine-based carbon dots. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:172. [PMID: 35668065 PMCID: PMC9170735 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00865-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Due to the complex core-shell structure and variety of surface functional groups, the photoluminescence (PL) mechanism of carbon dots (CDs) remain unclear. o-Phenylenediamine (oPD), as one of the most common precursors for preparing red emissive CDs, has been extensively studied. Interestingly, most of the red emission CDs based on oPD have similar PL emission characteristics. Herein, we prepared six different oPD-based CDs and found that they had almost the same PL emission and absorption spectra after purification. Structural and spectral characterization indicated that they had similar carbon core structures but different surface polymer shells. Furthermore, single-molecule PL spectroscopy confirmed that the multi-modal emission of those CDs originated from the transitions of different vibrational energy levels of the same PL center in the carbon core. In addition, the phenomenon of "spectral splitting" of single-particle CDs was observed at low temperature, which confirmed these oPD-based CDs were unique materials with properties of both organic molecules and quantum dots. Finally, theoretical calculations revealed their potential polymerization mode and carbon core structure. Moreover, we proposed the PL mechanism of red-emitting CDs based on oPD precursors; that is, the carbon core regulates the PL emission, and the polymer shell regulates the PL intensity. Our work resolves the controversy on the PL mechanism of oPD-based red CDs. These findings provide a general guide for the mechanism exploration and structural analysis of other types of CDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Wang
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, 450000, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhihong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emissions Control, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Laizhi Sui
- State Key Lab of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 116023, Dalian, China
| | - Jingkun Yu
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, 450000, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Baowei Zhang
- Nanochemistry Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Xiaoyong Wang
- School of Physics, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
| | - Shengnan Feng
- School of Physics, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
| | - Haoqiang Song
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, 450000, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xue Yong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK
| | - Yuxi Tian
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emissions Control, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China.
| | - Bai Yang
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Siyu Lu
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, 450000, Zhengzhou, China.
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24
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Jiang K, Wang Y, Lin C, Zheng L, Du J, Zhuang Y, Xie R, Li Z, Lin H. Enabling robust and hour-level organic long persistent luminescence from carbon dots by covalent fixation. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:80. [PMID: 35351847 PMCID: PMC8964705 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00767-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The first carbon dot (CD)-based organic long persistent luminescence (OLPL) system exhibiting more than 1 h of duration was developed. In contrast to the established OLPL systems, herein, the reported CDs-based system (named m-CDs@CA) can be facilely and effectively fabricated using a household microwave oven, and more impressively, its LPL can be observed under ambient conditions and even in aqueous media. XRD and TEM characterizations, afterglow decay, time-resolved spectroscopy, and ESR analysis were performed, showing the successful composition of CDs and CA, the formation of exciplexes and long-lived charged-separated states. Further studies suggest that the production of covalent bonds between CA and CDs plays pivotal roles in activating LPL and preventing its quenching from oxygen and water. To the best of our knowledge, this is a very rare example of an OLPL system that exhibits hour-level afterglow under ambient conditions. Finally, applications of m-CDs@CA in glow-in-the-dark paints for emergency signs and multicolored luminous pearls were preliminarily demonstrated. This work may provide new insights for the development of rare-earth-free and robust OLPL materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Jiang
- International Joint Research Center for Photo-responsive Molecules and Materials, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, China.
| | - Yuci Wang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Cunjian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Genome, and College of Materials, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Licheng Zheng
- International Joint Research Center for Photo-responsive Molecules and Materials, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, China
| | - Jiaren Du
- International Joint Research Center for Photo-responsive Molecules and Materials, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, China
| | - Yixi Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Genome, and College of Materials, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Rongjun Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Genome, and College of Materials, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhongjun Li
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hengwei Lin
- International Joint Research Center for Photo-responsive Molecules and Materials, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 214122, Wuxi, China.
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25
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Yu XW, Liu X, Jiang YW, Li YH, Gao G, Zhu YX, Lin F, Wu FG. Rose Bengal-Derived Ultrabright Sulfur-Doped Carbon Dots for Fast Discrimination between Live and Dead Cells. Anal Chem 2022; 94:4243-4251. [PMID: 35235297 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The discrimination between dead and live cells is crucial for cell viability evaluation. Carbon dots (CDs), with advantages like simple and cost-effective synthesis, excellent biocompatibility, and high photostability, have shown potential for realizing selective live/dead cell staining. However, most of the developed CDs with the live/dead cell discrimination capacity usually have low photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs) and excitation wavelength-dependent fluorescence emission (which can cause fluorescence overlap with other fluorescent probes and make dual-color live/dead staining impossible), and hence, developing ultrabright CDs with excitation wavelength-independent fluorescence emission property for live/dead cell discrimination becomes an important task. Here, using a one-pot hydrothermal method, we prepared ultrasmall (∼1.6 nm), ultrabright (PLQY: ∼78%), and excitation wavelength-independent sulfur-doped carbon dots (termed S-CDs) using rose bengal and 1,4-dimercaptobenzene as raw materials and demonstrated that the S-CDs could rapidly (∼5 min) and accurately distinguish dead cells from live ones for almost all the cell types including bacterial, fungal, and animal cells in a wash-free manner. We confirmed that the S-CDs could rapidly pass through the dead cell surfaces to enter the interior of the dead cells, thus visualizing these dead cells. In contrast, the S-CDs could not enter the interior of live cells and thus could not stain these live cells. We further verified that the S-CDs presented better biocompatibility and higher photostability than the commercial live/dead staining dye propidium iodide, ensuring its bright application prospect in cell imaging and cell viability assessment. Overall, this work develops a type of CDs capable of realizing the live/dead cell discrimination of almost all the cell types (bacterial, fungal, and animal cells), which has seldom been achieved by other fluorescent nanoprobes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Wang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China
| | - Yao-Wen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China
| | - Ge Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Xuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China
| | - Fengming Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China
| | - Fu-Gen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China
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26
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Luo H, Lari L, Kim H, Hérou S, Tanase LC, Lazarov VK, Titirici MM. Structural evolution of carbon dots during low temperature pyrolysis. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:910-918. [PMID: 34988567 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr07015k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are an emerging class of photoluminescent material. Their unique optical properties arise from the discrete energy levels in their electronic states, which directly relate to their crystalline and chemical structure. It is expected that when CDs go through structural changes via chemical reduction or thermal annealing, their energy levels will be altered, inducing unique optoelectronic properties such as solid-state photoluminescence (PL). However, the detailed structural evolution and how the optoelectronic characteristics of CDs are affected remain unclear. Therefore, it is of fundamental interest to understand how the structure of CDs prepared by hydrothermal carbonisation (HTC) rearranges from a highly functionalised disordered structure into a more ordered graphitic structure. In this paper, detailed structural characterisation and in situ TEM were conducted to reveal the structural evolution of CDs during the carbonisation process, which have demonstrated a growth in aromatic domains and reduction in oxidation sites. These structural features are correlated with their near-infrared (NIR) solid-state PL properties, which may find a lot of practical applications such as temperature sensing, solid-state display lighting and anti-counterfeit security inks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College Road, Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Leonardo Lari
- Department of Physics, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Hyunjeong Kim
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba-West, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan
| | - Servann Hérou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College Road, Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Liviu Cristian Tanase
- National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomiştilor 405A, 077125 Măgurele-Ilfov, Romania
| | - Vlado K Lazarov
- Department of Physics, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
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27
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Liu Z, Wang L, Wang B, Chen Y, Tian F, Xue Y, Li Y, Zhu W, Yang W. Preparation, characterization and cell labelling of strong pH-controlled bicolor fluorescence carbonized polymer dots. RSC Adv 2022; 12:1258-1264. [PMID: 35425208 PMCID: PMC8978924 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08092j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
As a class of important carbon nanomaterial, carbonized polymer dots (CPDs), also called carbon dots (CDs), have aroused wide interest owing to their unique water solubility, fluorescence properties, and rich surface functional groups. However, the directional tuning of the fluorescence properties of CPDs remains incomplete because of the influence of many factors like diameter, solvent and surface groups. Particularly, most carbonized polymer dots are synthesized in a neutral pH environment. Herein, by modulating the pH (strongly acidic or alkaline) of dextrin water solution, bicolor fluorescence emission (blue and yellow) CPDs were prepared by a hydrothermal reaction. Through systematic characterization, it was found that the different fluorescence properties are regulated by the diameters and surface groups of the carbon cores. Simultaneously, the pH value affected the nucleation process. Based on the excellent fluorescence properties, cell fluorescence imaging and cytotoxicity were tested. The bicolor fluorescence CPDs obtained by tuning the pH provide an important theoretical basis for the design of broadband CPDs. Multicolor fluorescence N-doped CPDs from dextrin water solution in strong acidic and alkaline environments were synthesized and characterized, which revealed that pH value plays a vital role in the process of CPD growth.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengchen Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Eningeering, Henan Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, International Joint Research Laboratory for Biomedical Nanomaterials of Henan, Zhoukou Normal University Zhoukou 466001 P. R. China
| | - Like Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Eningeering, Henan Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, International Joint Research Laboratory for Biomedical Nanomaterials of Henan, Zhoukou Normal University Zhoukou 466001 P. R. China
| | - Baodui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 Gansu P. R. China
| | - Yahong Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Eningeering, Henan Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, International Joint Research Laboratory for Biomedical Nanomaterials of Henan, Zhoukou Normal University Zhoukou 466001 P. R. China
| | - Fengshou Tian
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Eningeering, Henan Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, International Joint Research Laboratory for Biomedical Nanomaterials of Henan, Zhoukou Normal University Zhoukou 466001 P. R. China
| | - Yingying Xue
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Eningeering, Henan Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, International Joint Research Laboratory for Biomedical Nanomaterials of Henan, Zhoukou Normal University Zhoukou 466001 P. R. China
| | - Yanxia Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Eningeering, Henan Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, International Joint Research Laboratory for Biomedical Nanomaterials of Henan, Zhoukou Normal University Zhoukou 466001 P. R. China
| | - Wenping Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Eningeering, Henan Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, International Joint Research Laboratory for Biomedical Nanomaterials of Henan, Zhoukou Normal University Zhoukou 466001 P. R. China
| | - Weijie Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Eningeering, Henan Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, International Joint Research Laboratory for Biomedical Nanomaterials of Henan, Zhoukou Normal University Zhoukou 466001 P. R. China
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