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Ouyang J, Sun L, She Z, Li R, Zeng F, Yao Z, Wu S. Microneedle System with Biomarker-Activatable Chromophore as Both Optical Imaging Probe and Anti-bacterial Agent for Combination Therapy of Bacterial-Infected Wounds and Outcome Monitoring. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38593207 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c03534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Wounds infected with bacteria, if left untreated, have the potential to escalate into life-threatening conditions, such as sepsis, which is characterized by widespread inflammation and organ damage. A comprehensive approach to treating bacterial-infected wounds, encompassing the control of bacterial infection, biofilm eradication, and inflammation regulation, holds significant importance. Herein, a microneedle (MN) patch (FM@ST MN) has been developed, with silk fibroin (SF) and tannic acid-based hydrogel serving as the matrix. Encapsulated within the MNs are the AIEgen-based activatable probe (FQ-H2O2) and the NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950, serving as the optical reporter/antibacterial agent and the inflammation regulator, respectively. When applied onto bacterial-infected wounds, the MNs in FM@ST MN penetrate bacterial biofilms and gradually degrade, releasing FQ-H2O2 and MCC950. The released FQ-H2O2 responds to endogenously overexpressed reactive oxygen species (H2O2) at the wound site, generating a chromophore FQ-OH which emits noticeable NIR-II fluorescence and optoacoustic signals, enabling real-time imaging for outcome monitoring; and this chromophore also exhibits potent antibacterial capability due to its dual positive charges and shows negligible antibacterial resistance. However, the NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950, upon release, suppresses the activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes, thereby mitigating the inflammation triggered by bacterial infections and facilitating wound healing. Furthermore, SF in FM@ST MN aids in tissue repair and regeneration by promoting the proliferation of epidermal cells and fibroblasts and collagen synthesis. This MN system, free from antibiotics, holds promise as a solution for treating and monitoring bacterially infected wounds without the associated risk of antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ouyang
- Biomedical Division, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Lihe Sun
- Biomedical Division, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zunpan She
- Biomedical Division, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Rong Li
- Biomedical Division, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Fang Zeng
- Biomedical Division, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhicheng Yao
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Shuizhu Wu
- Biomedical Division, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Chen L, Zhang S, Duan Y, Song X, Chang M, Feng W, Chen Y. Silicon-containing nanomedicine and biomaterials: materials chemistry, multi-dimensional design, and biomedical application. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:1167-1315. [PMID: 38168612 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs01022k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The invention of silica-based bioactive glass in the late 1960s has sparked significant interest in exploring a wide range of silicon-containing biomaterials from the macroscale to the nanoscale. Over the past few decades, these biomaterials have been extensively explored for their potential in diverse biomedical applications, considering their remarkable bioactivity, excellent biocompatibility, facile surface functionalization, controllable synthesis, etc. However, to expedite the clinical translation and the unexpected utilization of silicon-composed nanomedicine and biomaterials, it is highly desirable to achieve a thorough comprehension of their characteristics and biological effects from an overall perspective. In this review, we provide a comprehensive discussion on the state-of-the-art progress of silicon-composed biomaterials, including their classification, characteristics, fabrication methods, and versatile biomedical applications. Additionally, we highlight the multi-dimensional design of both pure and hybrid silicon-composed nanomedicine and biomaterials and their intrinsic biological effects and interactions with biological systems. Their extensive biomedical applications span from drug delivery and bioimaging to therapeutic interventions and regenerative medicine, showcasing the significance of their rational design and fabrication to meet specific requirements and optimize their theranostic performance. Additionally, we offer insights into the future prospects and potential challenges regarding silicon-composed nanomedicine and biomaterials. By shedding light on these exciting research advances, we aspire to foster further progress in the biomedical field and drive the development of innovative silicon-composed nanomedicine and biomaterials with transformative applications in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P. R. China
| | - Yanqiu Duan
- Laboratory Center, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200071, P. R. China.
| | - Xinran Song
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.
| | - Meiqi Chang
- Laboratory Center, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200071, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Feng
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.
| | - Yu Chen
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.
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Janjua TI, Cao Y, Kleitz F, Linden M, Yu C, Popat A. Silica nanoparticles: A review of their safety and current strategies to overcome biological barriers. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 203:115115. [PMID: 37844843 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Silica nanoparticles (SNP) have gained tremendous attention in the recent decades. They have been used in many different biomedical fields including diagnosis, biosensing and drug delivery. Medical uses of SNP for anti-cancer, anti-microbial and theranostic applications are especially prominent due to their exceptional performance to deliver many different small molecules and recently biologics (mRNA, siRNA, antigens, antibodies, proteins, and peptides) at targeted sites. The physical and chemical properties of SNP such as large specific surface area, tuneable particle size and porosity, excellent biodegradability and biocompatibility make them an ideal drug delivery and diagnostic platform. Based on the available data and the pre-clinical performance of SNP, recent interest has driven these innovative materials towards clinical application with many of the formulations already in Phase I and Phase II trials. Herein, the progress of SNP in biomedical field is reviewed, and their safety aspects are analysed. Importantly, we critically evaluate the key structural characteristics of SNP to overcome different biological barriers including the blood-brain barrier (BBB), skin, tumour barrier and mucosal barrier. Future directions, potential pathways, and target areas towards rapid clinical translation of SNP are also recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taskeen Iqbal Janjua
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia.
| | - Yuxue Cao
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Freddy Kleitz
- Department of Functional Materials and Catalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mika Linden
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry II, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Chengzhong Yu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Amirali Popat
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia; Department of Functional Materials and Catalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Chen R, Liu Z, Cui T, Zhang X, Wang CF, Li GX, Wang G, Chen S. HE@PCL/PCE Gel-Nanofiber Dressing with Robust Self-Adhesion toward High Wound-Healing Rate via Microfluidic Electrospinning Technology. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:46322-46332. [PMID: 37748017 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c09713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels have attracted increasing attention in the biomedical field due to their similarity in structure and composition to natural extracellular matrices. However, they have been greatly limited by their low mechanical strength and self-adhesion for further application. Here, a gel-nanofiber material is designed for wound healing, which synergistically combines the benefits of hydrogels and nanofibers and can overcome the bottleneck of poor mechanical strength and self-adhesion in hydrogels and inadequate healing environment created by nanofibers. First, a nanofiber scaffold composed of polycaprolactone/poly(citric acid)-ε-lysine (PCL/PCE) nanofibers is fabricated via a new strategy of microfluidic electrospinning, which could provide a base for hyaluronic acid-polylysine (HE) gel growth on nanofibers. The prepared HE@PCL/PCE gel-nanofiber possesses high tensile strength (24.15 ± 1.67 MPa), excellent air permeability (656 m3/m2 h kPa), outstanding self-adhesion property, and positive hydrophilicity. More importantly, the prepared gel-nanofiber dressing shows good cytocompatibility and antibacterial properties, achieving a high wound-healing rate (92.48%) and 4.685 mm granulation growth thickness within 12 days. This material may open a promising avenue for accelerating wound healing and tissue regeneration, providing potential applications in clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and Functional Polymer Materials, Nanjing Tech University, No. 5 Xin Mofan Road, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Zhiting Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Tingting Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and Functional Polymer Materials, Nanjing Tech University, No. 5 Xin Mofan Road, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and Functional Polymer Materials, Nanjing Tech University, No. 5 Xin Mofan Road, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Cai-Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and Functional Polymer Materials, Nanjing Tech University, No. 5 Xin Mofan Road, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Guo-Xing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and Functional Polymer Materials, Nanjing Tech University, No. 5 Xin Mofan Road, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Gefei Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Su Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and Functional Polymer Materials, Nanjing Tech University, No. 5 Xin Mofan Road, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
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Li B, Liao Y, Su X, Chen S, Wang X, Shen B, Song H, Yue P. Powering mesoporous silica nanoparticles into bioactive nanoplatforms for antibacterial therapies: strategies and challenges. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:325. [PMID: 37684605 PMCID: PMC10485977 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02093-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infection has been a major threat to worldwide human health, in particular with the ever-increasing level of antimicrobial resistance. Given the complex microenvironment of bacterial infections, conventional use of antibiotics typically renders a low efficacy in infection control, thus calling for novel strategies for effective antibacterial therapies. As an excellent candidate for antibiotics delivery, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) demonstrate unique physicochemical advantages in antibacterial therapies. Beyond the delivery capability, extensive efforts have been devoted in engineering MSNs to be bioactive to further synergize the therapeutic effect in infection control. In this review, we critically reviewed the essential properties of MSNs that benefit their antibacterial application, followed by a themed summary of strategies in manipulating MSNs into bioactive nanoplatforms for enhanced antibacterial therapies. The chemically functionalized platform, photo-synergized platform, physical antibacterial platform and targeting-directed platform are introduced in details, where the clinical translation challenges of these MSNs-based antibacterial nanoplatforms are briefly discussed afterwards. This review provides critical information of the emerging trend in turning bioinert MSNs into bioactive antibacterial agents, paving the way to inspire and translate novel MSNs-based nanotherapies in combating bacterial infection diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Li
- Lab of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 MEILING Avenue, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Yan Liao
- Lab of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 MEILING Avenue, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Xiaoyu Su
- Lab of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 MEILING Avenue, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Shuiyan Chen
- Lab of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 MEILING Avenue, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Xinmin Wang
- Lab of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 MEILING Avenue, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Baode Shen
- Lab of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 MEILING Avenue, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Hao Song
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Pengfei Yue
- Lab of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 MEILING Avenue, Nanchang, 330004, China.
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Choi V, Rohn JL, Stoodley P, Carugo D, Stride E. Drug delivery strategies for antibiofilm therapy. Nat Rev Microbiol 2023; 21:555-572. [PMID: 37258686 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-023-00905-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Although new antibiofilm agents have been developed to prevent and eliminate pathogenic biofilms, their widespread clinical use is hindered by poor biocompatibility and bioavailability, unspecific interactions and insufficient local concentrations. The development of innovative drug delivery strategies can facilitate penetration of antimicrobials through biofilms, promote drug dispersal and synergistic bactericidal effects, and provide novel paradigms for clinical application. In this Review, we discuss the potential benefits of such emerging techniques for improving the clinical efficacy of antibiofilm agents, as well as highlighting the existing limitations and future prospects for these therapies in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Choi
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jennifer L Rohn
- Department of Renal Medicine, Centre for Urological Biology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Paul Stoodley
- Departments of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Microbiology and Orthopaedics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Centre for Advanced Tribology at Southampton (nCATS) and National Biofilm Innovation Centre (NBIC), University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Dario Carugo
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Eleanor Stride
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Saverina EA, Frolov NA, Kamanina OA, Arlyapov VA, Vereshchagin AN, Ananikov VP. From Antibacterial to Antibiofilm Targeting: An Emerging Paradigm Shift in the Development of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QACs). ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:394-422. [PMID: 36790073 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
In a previous development stage, mostly individual antibacterial activity was a target in the optimization of biologically active compounds and antiseptic agents. Although this targeting is still valuable, a new trend has appeared since the discovery of superhigh resistance of bacterial cells upon their aggregation into groups. Indeed, it is now well established that the great majority of pathogenic germs are found in the environment as surface-associated microbial communities called biofilms. The protective properties of biofilms and microbial resistance, even to high concentrations of biocides, cause many chronic infections in medical settings and lead to serious economic losses in various areas. A paradigm shift from individual bacterial targeting to also affecting more complex cellular frameworks is taking place and involves multiple strategies for combating biofilms with compounds that are effective at different stages of microbiome formation. Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) play a key role in many of these treatments and prophylactic techniques on the basis of both the use of individual antibacterial agents and combination technologies. In this review, we summarize the literature data on the effectiveness of using commercially available and newly synthesized QACs, as well as synergistic treatment techniques based on them. As an important focus, techniques for developing and applying antimicrobial coatings that prevent the formation of biofilms on various surfaces over time are discussed. The information analyzed in this review will be useful to researchers and engineers working in many fields, including the development of a new generation of applied materials; understanding biofilm surface growth; and conducting research in medical, pharmaceutical, and materials sciences. Although regular studies of antibacterial activity are still widely conducted, a promising new trend is also to evaluate antibiofilm activity in a comprehensive study in order to meet the current requirements for the development of highly needed practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniya A Saverina
- Tula State University, Lenin pr. 92, 300012 Tula, Russia.,N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikita A Frolov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Anatoly N Vereshchagin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Valentine P Ananikov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Hao S, Han H, Yang Z, Chen M, Jiang Y, Lu G, Dong L, Wen H, Li H, Liu J, Wu L, Wang Z, Wang F. Recent Advancements on Photothermal Conversion and Antibacterial Applications over MXenes-Based Materials. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2022; 14:178. [PMID: 36001173 PMCID: PMC9402885 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-022-00901-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
HIGHLIGHTS Fabrication, characterizations and photothermal properties of MXenes are systematically described. Photothermal-derived antibacterial performances and mechanisms of MXenes-based materials are summarized and reviewed. Recent advances in the derivative applications relying on antibacterial properties of MXenes-based materials, including in vitro and in vivo sterilization, solar water evaporation and purification, and flexible antibacterial fabrics, are investigated. ABSTRACT The pernicious bacterial proliferation and emergence of super-resistant bacteria have already posed a great threat to public health, which drives researchers to develop antibiotic-free strategies to eradicate these fierce microbes. Although enormous achievements have already been achieved, it remains an arduous challenge to realize efficient sterilization to cut off the drug resistance generation. Recently, photothermal therapy (PTT) has emerged as a promising solution to efficiently damage the integrity of pathogenic bacteria based on hyperthermia beyond their tolerance. Until now, numerous photothermal agents have been studied for antimicrobial PTT. Among them, MXenes (a type of two-dimensional transition metal carbides or nitrides) are extensively investigated as one of the most promising candidates due to their high aspect ratio, atomic-thin thickness, excellent photothermal performance, low cytotoxicity, and ultrahigh dispersibility in aqueous systems. Besides, the enormous application scenarios using their antibacterial properties can be tailored via elaborated designs of MXenes-based materials. In this review, the synthetic approaches and textural properties of MXenes have been systematically presented first, and then the photothermal properties and sterilization mechanisms using MXenes-based materials are documented. Subsequently, recent progress in diverse fields making use of the photothermal and antibacterial performances of MXenes-based materials are well summarized to reveal the potential applications of these materials for various purposes, including in vitro and in vivo sterilization, solar water evaporation and purification, and flexible antibacterial fabrics. Last but not least, the current challenges and future perspectives are discussed to provide theoretical guidance for the fabrication of efficient antimicrobial systems using MXenes. [Image: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyan Hao
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, People's Republic of China
| | - Hecheng Han
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengyi Yang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengting Chen
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, People's Republic of China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University, A301 Virtual University Park in South District of Nanshan High-Tech Zone, Shenzhen, 518057, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guixia Lu
- School of Civil Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266033, People's Republic of China
| | - Lun Dong
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongling Wen
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiurong Liu
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lili Wu
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhou Wang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, People's Republic of China
| | - Fenglong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, People's Republic of China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University, A301 Virtual University Park in South District of Nanshan High-Tech Zone, Shenzhen, 518057, People's Republic of China.
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