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Abstract
The formation and study of molecules that model the sp-hybridized carbon allotrope, carbyne, is a challenging field of synthetic physical organic chemistry. The target molecules, oligo- and polyynes, are often the preferred candidates as models for carbyne because they can be formed with monodisperse lengths as well as defined structures. Despite a simple linear structure, the synthesis of polyynes is often far from straightforward, due in large part to a highly conjugated framework that can render both precursors and products highly reactive, i.e., kinetically unstable. The vast majority of polyynes are formed as symmetrical products from terminal alkynes as precursors via an oxidative, acetylenic homocoupling reaction based on the Glaser, Eglinton-Galbraith, and Hay reactions. These reactions are very efficient for the synthesis of shorter polyynes (e.g., hexaynes and octaynes), but yields often drop dramatically as a function of length for longer derivatives, usually starting with the formation of decaynes. The most effective approach to circumvent unstable precursors and products has been through the incorporation of sterically demanding end groups that serve to "protect" the polyyne skeleton. This approach was arguably identified in the early 1950s by Bohlmann and co-workers with the synthesis of tBu-end-capped polyynes. During the next 50 years, a polyyne with 14 contiguous alkyne units remained the longest isolated derivative until 2010, when the record was extended to 22 alkyne units. The record length was broken again in 2020, when a polyyne consisting of 24 alkynes was isolated and characterized. Beyond polyynes, there have been several reports describing the potential synthesis of carbyne, but conclusive characterization and proof of structure have been tenuous. The sole example of synthetic carbyne arises from synthesis within carbon nanotubes, when chains of thousands of sp carbon atoms have been linked to form polydisperse samples of carbyne. Thus, model compounds for carbyne, the polyynes, remain the best means to examine and predict the experimental structure and properties of this carbon allotrope.This Account will discuss the general synthesis of polyynes using homologous series of polyynes with up to 10 alkyne units as examples (decaynes). The limited number of specific syntheses of series with longer polyynes will then be presented and discussed in more detail based on end groups. The monodisperse polyynes produced from these synthetic efforts are then examined toward providing our best extrapolations for the expected characteristics for carbyne based on 13C NMR spectroscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, and Raman spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueze Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Rik R Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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Dhindsa JS, Cotterill EL, Buguis FL, Anghel M, Boyle PD, Gilroy JB. Blending the Optical and Redox Properties of Oligoynes and Boron Difluoride Formazanates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202208502. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasveer S. Dhindsa
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR) The University of Western Ontario London ON N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Erin L. Cotterill
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR) The University of Western Ontario London ON N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Francis L. Buguis
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR) The University of Western Ontario London ON N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Michael Anghel
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR) The University of Western Ontario London ON N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Paul D. Boyle
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR) The University of Western Ontario London ON N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Joe B. Gilroy
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR) The University of Western Ontario London ON N6A 5B7 Canada
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3
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Dhindsa JS, Cotterrill EL, Buguis FL, Anghel M, Boyle PD, Gilroy JB. Blending the Optical and Redox Properties of Oligoynes and Boron. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202208502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasveer S Dhindsa
- University of Western Ontario: Western University Department of Chemistry CANADA
| | - Erin L. Cotterrill
- University of Western Ontario: Western University Department of Chemistry CANADA
| | - Francis L. Buguis
- University of Western Ontario: Western University Department of Chemistry CANADA
| | - Michael Anghel
- University of Western Ontario: Western University Department of Chemistry CANADA
| | - Paul D. Boyle
- University of Western Ontario: Western University Department of Chemistry CANADA
| | - Joe B. Gilroy
- The University of Western Ontario Department of Chemistry 1151 Richmond St. N. N6A 5B7 London CANADA
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Pecorario S, Scaccabarozzi AD, Fazzi D, Gutiérrez-Fernández E, Vurro V, Maserati L, Jiang M, Losi T, Sun B, Tykwinski RR, Casari CS, Caironi M. Stable and Solution-Processable Cumulenic sp-Carbon Wires: A New Paradigm for Organic Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2110468. [PMID: 35178779 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202110468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Solution-processed, large-area, and flexible electronics largely relies on the excellent electronic properties of sp2 -hybridized carbon molecules, either in the form of π-conjugated small molecules and polymers or graphene and carbon nanotubes. Carbon with sp-hybridization, the foundation of the elusive allotrope carbyne, offers vast opportunities for functionalized molecules in the form of linear carbon atomic wires (CAWs), with intriguing and even superior predicted electronic properties. While CAWs represent a vibrant field of research, to date, they have only been applied sparingly to molecular devices. The recent observation of the field-effect in microcrystalline cumulenes suggests their potential applications in solution-processed thin-film transistors but concerns surrounding the stability and electronic performance have precluded developments in this direction. In the present study, ideal field-effect characteristics are demonstrated for solution-processed thin films of tetraphenyl[3]cumulene, the shortest semiconducting CAW. Films are deposited through a scalable, large-area, meniscus-coating technique, providing transistors with hole mobilities in excess of 0.1 cm2 V-1 s-1 , as well as promising operational stability under dark conditions. These results offer a solid foundation for the exploitation of a vast class of molecular semiconductors for organic electronics based on sp-hybridized carbon systems and create a previously unexplored paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Pecorario
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, Milano, 20133, Italy
- Department of Energy, Micro and Nanostructured Materials Laboratory - NanoLab, Politecnico di Milano, Via Ponzio 34/3, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Alberto D Scaccabarozzi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Daniele Fazzi
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi, 2, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | | | - Vito Vurro
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Maserati
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Mengting Jiang
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Tommaso Losi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Bozheng Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Rik R Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Carlo S Casari
- Department of Energy, Micro and Nanostructured Materials Laboratory - NanoLab, Politecnico di Milano, Via Ponzio 34/3, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, Milano, 20133, Italy
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Patrick CW, Woods JF, Gawel P, Otteson CE, Thompson AL, Claridge TDW, Jasti R, Anderson HL. Polyyne [3]Rotaxanes: Synthesis via Dicobalt Carbonyl Complexes and Enhanced Stability. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202116897. [PMID: 34995402 PMCID: PMC9302669 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202116897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
New strategies for synthesizing polyyne polyrotaxanes are being developed as an approach to stable carbyne “insulated molecular wires”. Here we report an active metal template route to polyyne [3]rotaxanes, using dicobalt carbonyl masked alkyne equivalents. We synthesized two [3]rotaxanes, both with the same C28 polyyne dumbbell component, one with a phenanthroline‐based macrocycle and one using a 2,6‐pyridyl cycloparaphenylene nanohoop. The thermal stabilities of the two rotaxanes were compared with that of the naked polyyne dumbbell in decalin at 80 °C, and the nanohoop rotaxane was found to be 4.5 times more stable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor W Patrick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Joseph F Woods
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Przemyslaw Gawel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Claire E Otteson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Amber L Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Tim D W Claridge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Ramesh Jasti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Harry L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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Patrick CW, Woods JF, Gawel P, Otteson CE, Thompson AL, Claridge TDW, Jasti R, Anderson HL. Polyyne [3]rotaxanes: Synthesis via dicobalt carbonyl complexes and enhanced stability. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202116897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Harry Laurence Anderson
- University of Oxford Department of Chemistry 12 Mansfield RoadChemistry Research Laboratory OX1 3TA Oxford UNITED KINGDOM
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The Different Story of π Bonds. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26133805. [PMID: 34206583 PMCID: PMC8270318 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We revisit “classical” issues in multiply bonded systems between main groups elements, namely the structural distortions that may occur at the multiple bonds and that lead, e.g., to trans-bent and bond-length alternated structures. The focus is on the role that orbital hybridization and electron correlation play in this context, here analyzed with the help of simple models for σ- and π-bonds, numerically exact solutions of Hubbard Hamiltonians and first principles (density functional theory) investigations of an extended set of systems.
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