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Zhao H, Zhao C, Xie W, Wu D, Du B, Zhang X, Wen M, Ma R, Li R, Jiao J, Chang C, Yan X, Sheng L. Research Progress of Laser Cladding on the Surface of Titanium and Its Alloys. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:3250. [PMID: 37110085 PMCID: PMC10144972 DOI: 10.3390/ma16083250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Titanium (Ti) and its alloys have been widely employed in aeronautical, petrochemical, and medical fields owing to their fascinating advantages in terms of their mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, biocompatibility, and so on. However, Ti and its alloys face many challenges, if they work in severe or more complex environments. The surface is always the origin of failure for Ti and its alloys in workpieces, which influences performance degradation and service life. To improve the properties and function, surface modification becomes the common process for Ti and its alloys. The present article reviews the technology and development of laser cladding on Ti and its alloys, according to the cladding technology, cladding materials, and coating function. Generally, the laser cladding parameters and auxiliary technology could influence the temperature distribution and elements diffusion in the molten pool, which basically determines the microstructure and properties. The matrix and reinforced phases play an important role in laser cladding coating, which can increase the hardness, strength, wear resistance, oxidation resistance, corrosion resistance, biocompatibility, and so on. However, the excessive addition of reinforced phases or particles can deteriorate the ductility, and thus the balance between functional properties and basic properties should be considered during the design of the chemical composition of laser cladding coatings. In addition, the interface including the phase interface, layer interface, and substrate interface plays an important role in microstructure stability, thermal stability, chemical stability, and mechanical reliability. Therefore, the substrate state, the chemical composition of the laser cladding coating and substrate, the processing parameters, and the interface comprise the critical factors which influence the microstructure and properties of the laser cladding coating prepared. How to systematically optimize the influencing factors and obtain well-balanced performance are long-term research issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhao
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of High Performance Oil and Gas Field Materials, School of Material Science and Engineering, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an 710065, China; (H.Z.); (C.Z.)
| | - Chaochao Zhao
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of High Performance Oil and Gas Field Materials, School of Material Science and Engineering, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an 710065, China; (H.Z.); (C.Z.)
- Shenzhen Institute, Peking University, Shenzhen 518057, China; (D.W.); (B.D.); (X.Z.); (M.W.)
| | - Weixin Xie
- Huizhou Port Customs, Huizhou 516081, China;
| | - Di Wu
- Shenzhen Institute, Peking University, Shenzhen 518057, China; (D.W.); (B.D.); (X.Z.); (M.W.)
- PKU-HKUST Shen Zhen-Hong Kong Institution, Shenzhen 518057, China; (R.M.); (R.L.)
| | - Beining Du
- Shenzhen Institute, Peking University, Shenzhen 518057, China; (D.W.); (B.D.); (X.Z.); (M.W.)
| | - Xingru Zhang
- Shenzhen Institute, Peking University, Shenzhen 518057, China; (D.W.); (B.D.); (X.Z.); (M.W.)
| | - Min Wen
- Shenzhen Institute, Peking University, Shenzhen 518057, China; (D.W.); (B.D.); (X.Z.); (M.W.)
- PKU-HKUST Shen Zhen-Hong Kong Institution, Shenzhen 518057, China; (R.M.); (R.L.)
| | - Rui Ma
- PKU-HKUST Shen Zhen-Hong Kong Institution, Shenzhen 518057, China; (R.M.); (R.L.)
| | - Rui Li
- PKU-HKUST Shen Zhen-Hong Kong Institution, Shenzhen 518057, China; (R.M.); (R.L.)
| | - Junke Jiao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;
| | - Cheng Chang
- Institute of New Materials, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory of Modern Materials Surface Engineering Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Surface Engineering Technology, Guangzhou 510650, China; (C.C.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xingchen Yan
- Institute of New Materials, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory of Modern Materials Surface Engineering Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Surface Engineering Technology, Guangzhou 510650, China; (C.C.); (X.Y.)
| | - Liyuan Sheng
- Shenzhen Institute, Peking University, Shenzhen 518057, China; (D.W.); (B.D.); (X.Z.); (M.W.)
- PKU-HKUST Shen Zhen-Hong Kong Institution, Shenzhen 518057, China; (R.M.); (R.L.)
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Chien CS, Liu CW, Kuo TY. Effects of Laser Power Level on Microstructural Properties and Phase Composition of Laser-Clad Fluorapatite/Zirconia Composite Coatings on Ti6Al4V Substrates. MATERIALS 2016; 9:ma9050380. [PMID: 28773503 PMCID: PMC5503073 DOI: 10.3390/ma9050380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite (HA) is one of the most commonly used materials for the coating of bioceramic titanium (Ti) alloys. However, HA has poor mechanical properties and a low bonding strength. Accordingly, the present study replaces HA with a composite coating material consisting of fluorapatite (FA) and 20 wt % yttria (3 mol %) stabilized zirconia (ZrO₂, 3Y-TZP). The FA/ZrO₂ coatings are deposited on Ti6Al4V substrates using a Nd:YAG laser cladding system with laser powers and travel speeds of 400 W/200 mm/min, 800 W/400 mm/min, and 1200 W/600 mm/min, respectively. The experimental results show that a significant inter-diffusion of the alloying elements occurs between the coating layer (CL) and the transition layer (TL). Consequently, a strong metallurgical bond is formed between them. During the cladding process, the ZrO₂ is completely decomposed, while the FA is partially decomposed. As a result, the CLs of all the specimens consist mainly of FA, Ca₄(PO₄)₂O (TTCP), CaF₂, CaZrO₃, CaTiO₃ and monoclinic phase ZrO₂ (m-ZrO₂), together with a small amount of θ-Al₂O₃. As the laser power is increased, CaO, CaCO₃ and trace amounts of tetragonal phase ZrO₂ (t-ZrO₂) also appear. As the laser power increases from 400 to 800 W, the CL hardness also increases as a result of microstructural refinement and densification. However, at the highest laser power of 1200 W, the CL hardness reduces significantly due to the formation of large amounts of relatively soft CaO and CaCO₃ phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Sheng Chien
- Department of Orthopaedics, Chimei Foundation Hospital, Tainan 710, Taiwan.
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan 710, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Wei Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan 710, Taiwan.
| | - Tsung-Yuan Kuo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan 710, Taiwan.
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