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Wu J, Guo J, Luo Y, Sun J, Xu L, Zhang J, Liu Y. Constitutive model for shape memory polymer and its thermodynamic responses in finite element analysis. Technol Health Care 2024:THC240078. [PMID: 38905066 DOI: 10.3233/thc-240078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a new intelligent polymer material, shape memory polymer (SMP) was a potential orthodontic appliance material. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the thermodynamic responses of SMP under different loads via finite element analysis (FEA). METHODS FEA specimens with a specification of 0.1 × 0.1 × 1 mm were designed. One end of the specimen was fixed, and the other was subjected to displacement load. Different loading, cooling, and heating rates were separately exerted on the specimen in its shape recovery process and used to observe the responses of the SMP constitutive model. Furthermore, specimens with various tensile elongation and sectional areas were simulated and used to elucidate their effect on shape recovering force. RESULTS The specimens obtained a similar stress of 0.5, 0.44, and 1.07 Mpa for different loading, cooling, and heating rates after a long time. The shape recovering force of specimen increased from 0.0102 to 0.0315 N when the elongation improved from 10% to 40% and to 0.0408 N when the sectional areas were expanded to 0.2 × 0.2 mm. CONCLUSION The stiffness of SMP was small at a high temperature but large at a low temperature. The effects of the loading, cooling, and heating rates on SMP can be eliminated after a long time. Furthermore, it was possible to increase the recovering force by increasing the elongation or expanding the sectional area of the specimen. The force was quadratically dependent on the elongation ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlei Wu
- Intelligent Equipment Research Institute, Ningbo Polytechnic, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Orthodontics, Ningbo Stomatology Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- School of Materials Science and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Orthodontics, Ningbo Stomatology Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- Savaid Stomatology School, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Savaid Medical Institute for Stomatology and ENT, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yong Luo
- School of Materials Science and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianfeng Sun
- Department of Orthodontics, Ningbo Stomatology Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- Savaid Stomatology School, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Savaid Medical Institute for Stomatology and ENT, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liangwei Xu
- Intelligent Equipment Research Institute, Ningbo Polytechnic, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianxing Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yunfeng Liu
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Schönfeld D, Koss S, Vohl N, Friess F, Drescher D, Pretsch T. Dual Stimuli-Responsive Orthodontic Aligners: An In Vitro Study. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:3094. [PMID: 37109929 PMCID: PMC10145520 DOI: 10.3390/ma16083094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Aligner therapy for orthodontic tooth movement is gaining importance in orthodontics. The aim of this contribution is to introduce a thermo- and water-responsive shape memory polymer (SMP), which could lay the foundation for a new type of aligner therapy. The thermal, thermo-mechanical, and shape memory properties of thermoplastic polyurethane were studied by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and various practical experiments. The glass transition temperature of the SMP relevant for later switching was determined to be 50 °C in the DSC, while the tan δ peak was detected at 60 °C in the DMA. A biological evaluation was carried out using mouse fibroblast cells, which showed that the SMP is not cytotoxic in vitro. On a digitally designed and additively manufactured dental model, four aligners were fabricated from an injection-molded foil using a thermoforming process. The aligners were then heated and placed on a second denture model which had a malocclusion. After cooling, the aligners were in a programmed shape. The movement of a loose, artificial tooth and thus the correction of the malocclusion could be realized by thermal triggering the shape memory effect, at which the aligner corrected a displacement with an arc length of approximately 3.5 mm. The developed maximum force was separately determined to be about 1 N. Moreover, shape recovery of another aligner was realized within 20 h in 37 °C water. In perspective, the present approach can help to reduce the number of orthodontic aligners in therapy and thus avoid excessive material waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Schönfeld
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP, Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Samantha Koss
- Department of Orthodontics, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nils Vohl
- Department of Orthodontics, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Fabian Friess
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP, Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Dieter Drescher
- Department of Orthodontics, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thorsten Pretsch
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP, Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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Mehrbakhsh E, Rezaei M, Lotfi Mayan Sofla R, Babaie A. Physical and thermo-mechanical properties of PCL/PEG based shape memory polyurethane for orthodontic ligature application. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2022.2155157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Mehrbakhsh
- Institute of Polymeric Materials, Polymer Engineering Department, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mostafa Rezaei
- Institute of Polymeric Materials, Polymer Engineering Department, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Lotfi Mayan Sofla
- Institute of Polymeric Materials, Polymer Engineering Department, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amin Babaie
- Institute of Polymeric Materials, Polymer Engineering Department, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran
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Development of semi-crystalline polyurethane with self-healing and body temperature-responsive shape memory properties. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Anokhin DV, Gorbunova MA, Abukaev AF, Ivanov DA. Multiblock Thermoplastic Polyurethanes: In Situ Studies of Structural and Morphological Evolution under Strain. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14113009. [PMID: 34206146 PMCID: PMC8199508 DOI: 10.3390/ma14113009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The structural evolution of multiblock thermoplastic polyurethane ureas based on two polydiols, poly(1,4-butylene adipate (PBA) and poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL), as soft blocks and two diisocyanites, 2,4-toluylene diisocyanate (TDI) and 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI), as hard blocks is monitored during in situ deformation by small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering. It was shown that the urethane environment determines the crystal structure of the soft block. Consequently, two populations of crystalline domains of polydiols are formed. Aromatic TDI forms rigid domains and imposes constrains on the crystallization of bounded polydiol. During stretching, the TDI–polydiol domains reveal limited elastic deformation without reorganization of the crystalline phase. The constrained lamellae of polydiol form an additional physical network that contributes to the elastic modulus and strength of the material. In contrast, polydiols connected to the linear semi-flexible HMDI have a higher crystallization rate and exhibit a more regular lamellar morphology. During deformation, the HMDI-PBA domains show a typical thermoplastic behavior with plastic flow and necking because of the high degree of crystallinity of PBA at room temperature. Materials with HMDI-PCL bonding exhibit elastic deformation due to the low degree of crystallinity of the PCL block in the isotropic state. At higher strain, hardening of the material is observed due to the stress-induced crystallization of PCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis V. Anokhin
- Institute for Problems of Chemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, Semenov Prospect 1, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (M.A.G.); (A.F.A.); (D.A.I.)
- Faculty of Fundamental Physical and Chemical Engineering, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-905-509-35-21
| | - Marina A. Gorbunova
- Institute for Problems of Chemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, Semenov Prospect 1, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (M.A.G.); (A.F.A.); (D.A.I.)
| | - Ainur F. Abukaev
- Institute for Problems of Chemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, Semenov Prospect 1, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (M.A.G.); (A.F.A.); (D.A.I.)
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutskiy per. 9, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Dimitri A. Ivanov
- Institute for Problems of Chemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, Semenov Prospect 1, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (M.A.G.); (A.F.A.); (D.A.I.)
- Faculty of Fundamental Physical and Chemical Engineering, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Institut de Sciences des Matériaux de Mulhouse-IS2M, CNRS UMR 7361, Jean Starcky, 15, F-68057 Mulhouse, France
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Mehrbakhsh E, Rezaei M, Babaie A, Mohammadi A, Mayan Sofla RL. Physical and thermo-mechanical properties of shape memory polyurethane containing reversible chemical cross-links. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 116:104336. [PMID: 33540325 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Orthodontic chains are one of the main parts of orthodontic braces. In this study, in order to obtain a suitable polymer for this application as well as troubleshoot the main drawbacks such as stress relaxation and water absorption, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) elastomers with various compositions were synthesized and characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. Mechanical properties of samples were evaluated by tensile, elasticity, and stress relaxation tests. According to the required properties for orthodontic chain application, PU2000-311 which contains reversible crosslinks, was selected as the most favorable sample among other pure samples. Moreover, to reduce the water absorption content of PU2000-311, its nanocomposite containing 1 wt% of silica nanoparticles was prepared via solution casting method. As water content angle and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images illustrate, incorporation of 1 wt% of modified silica nanoparticles has increased PU2000-311-1S hydrophobicity. In vitro oral environment study showed crystability of samples has recovered great portion of relaxed force. Stress relaxation study indicated samples are applicable in oral temperature range and temperature changes have assisted recovery of relaxed force and reduced treatment period. Finally, shape memory study showed that optimum samples could recover 100% of their original shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Mehrbakhsh
- Institute of Polymeric Materials, Polymer Engineering Department, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mostafa Rezaei
- Institute of Polymeric Materials, Polymer Engineering Department, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Amin Babaie
- Institute of Polymeric Materials, Polymer Engineering Department, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Mohammadi
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Lotfi Mayan Sofla
- Institute of Polymeric Materials, Polymer Engineering Department, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran
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Abstract
Smart polymers that are capable of controlled shape transformations under external stimuli have attracted significant attention in the recent years due to the resemblance of this behavior to the biological intelligence observed in nature. In this review, we focus on the recent progress in the field of shape-morphing polymers, highlighting their most promising applications in the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Kirillova
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science
- Edmund T. Pratt Jr. School of Engineering
- Duke University
- Durham
- USA
| | - Leonid Ionov
- Faculty of Engineering Science
- University of Bayreuth
- 95440 Bayreuth
- Germany
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Liu YF, Wu JL, Song SL, Xu LX, Chen J, Peng W. Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Glass Fiber Reinforced Shape Memory Polyurethane for Orthodontic Application. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2018; 29:148. [PMID: 30171364 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-018-6157-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Glass fiber reinforced shape memory polyurethane (GFRSMPU) has great potential to be an alternative kind of material for orthodontic archwires for overcoming the disadvantages of metal wires in terms of esthetic and allergy and deficiency of pure shape memory polyurethane (SMPU) wires in mechanical properties. The objective of this study was to investigate the thermo-mechanical properties and shape recovery functions of GFRSMPU and evaluate the feasibility of using this composite for orthodontic archwires. MATERIAL AND METHODS GFRSMPU were made from short cut glass fibers and SMPU by mixing extrusion. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were performed to investigate the distribution of glass fibers in the mixture and glass transition temperature (Tg). Then the thermo-mechanical properties, including tensile modulus, flexural modulus and stress relaxation effects, were measured. Furthermore, shape recovery functions of GFRSMPU characterized by the shape recovery ratio and force were investigated through shape recovery tests, typodont models and finite element analysis (FEA). RESULTS SEM images indicated that an excellent dispersity of glass fibers was obtained after double-extrusion. DSC experiments showed Tg was not enormously affected with the existence of glass fibers, but the mechanical properties of GFRSMPU were greatly improved. Shape recovery tests showed reduction of shape recovery ratio of the GFRSMPU material with the addition of glass fibers, but dentition aligning time was reduced by 50% in the simulation performed on identical typodont models with GFRSMPU archwires filled with 30 wt.% glass fibers. The FEA results illustrated that the reacting forces of GFRSMPU archwires with 30 wt.% glass fiber was increased by 96.36% compared with pure SMPU archwires. CONCLUSIONS The mechanical properties of GFRSMPU can be considerably improved by adding glass fibers, and the shape memory function would be well preserved too. Enhanced SMPU owns a good application prospect in orthodontics for dentation aligning on the preliminary stage, as well as other medical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Feng Liu
- Key Laboratory of E&M, Ministry of Education & Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Jian-Lei Wu
- Key Laboratory of E&M, Ministry of Education & Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014, Hangzhou, China
- Mechanical & Electrical Engineering Institute, Ningbo Polytechnic, 315800, Ningbo, China
| | - Shan-Ling Song
- Key Laboratory of E&M, Ministry of Education & Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li-Xin Xu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue School of Engineering and Technology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, 46202, USA
| | - Wei Peng
- Key Laboratory of E&M, Ministry of Education & Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014, Hangzhou, China
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