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Ghaffari HR, Kamari Z, Ranaei V, Pilevar Z, Akbari M, Moridi M, Khedher KM, Thai VN, Fakhri Y, Mousavi Khaneghah A. The concentration of potentially hazardous elements (PHEs) in drinking water and non-carcinogenic risk assessment: A case study in Bandar Abbas, Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 201:111567. [PMID: 34171377 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, concentration of potentially hazardous elements (PHEs) including slice (Si), strontium (Sr), aluminum (Al), Fluoride (F), Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn), Barium (Ba), Lead (Pb), Lithium (Li), Vanadium (V), selenium (Se), Chrome (Cr), Arsenic (As) and Uranium (U) in tap drinking water (n = 40) and filtration plant (n = 22) in Bandar Abbas city between March to July 2020 were analyzed. Analysis of PHEs ions was conducted by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Also, concentration of F was measured by SPADNS Method. The non-carcinogenic risk in the exposed population (adult and children) were estimated. Concentration of PHEs between tap drinking water and filtration plant was compared using T statistical test. In addition, association among PHEs in tap drinking water and water filtration plant using Pearson correlation coefficient. The rank order of PHEs in tap drinking water was Si (6356.25 μg/l) > Sr (3980 μg/l) > Al (115.42 μg/l) > Fe (30.00 μg/l) > Zn (14.59 μg/l) > Ba (13.91 μg/l) > Pb (13.01 μg/l) > Li (11.60 μg/l) > V (4.43 μg/l) > Se (4.17 μg/l) > Cr (2.51 μg/l) > As (2.00 μg/l) > U (0.65 μg/l) > F (0.31 μg/l) and also in filtration plant was Si (1825.00 μg/l) > Sr (539.00 μg/l) > Fe (45.00 μg/l) > Al (26.00 μg/l) > Zn (8.08 μg/l) > Ba (2.24 μg/l) > Se (1.36 μg/l)> Pb(1.28 μg/l) > Li (1.26 μg/l) > Cr (1.17 μg/l) > F (0.66 μg/l) > V (0.61 μg/l) > As (LOD < ) ~ U (LOD <). The most of PHEs in tap drinking water was considerable different with filtration plant (p value < 0.05) therefore the chemical quality of tap drinking water should be more attention. The results of non-carcinogenic risk assessment revealed that TTHQ in the adults and children due to drinking tap water content of PHEs was 2.59E-3 and 6.05E-3 and filtration plant was 8.88E-04 and 2.07E-03, respectively. Therefore, TTHQ in adults and children was lower than 1; therefore, consumers are in the safe range due to drinking tap water and water filtration plant content of PHEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Reza Ghaffari
- Food Health Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Zohreh Kamari
- Food Health Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Vahid Ranaei
- Social Determinants in Health Promotion Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Zahra Pilevar
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mitra Akbari
- School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mashallah Moridi
- Food Health Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Khaled Mohamed Khedher
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia; Department of Civil Engineering, High Institute of Technological Studies, Mrezgua University Campus, Nabeul, 8000, Tunisia
| | - Van Nam Thai
- Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HUTECH), 475A, Dien Bien Phu, Ward 25, Binh Thanh District, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Yadolah Fakhri
- Food Health Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
| | - Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80. Caixa Postal: 6121, CEP: 13083-862, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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