1
|
Roegner A, Orozco MN, Jarquin C, Boegel W, Secaira C, Caballeros ME, Al-Saleh L, Rejmánková E. Childhood parasitic infections and gastrointestinal illness in indigenous communities at Lake Atitlán, Guatemala. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12331. [PMID: 34820168 PMCID: PMC8605761 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Lake Atitlán has experienced a decline in water quality resulting from cultural eutrophication. Indigenous Mayans who already face disproportionate health challenges rely directly on the lake water. Our objectives were to: (1) estimate prevalence of shedding of water-borne fecal parasites among children 5 years of age and younger, (2) assess household-reported incidence of gastrointestinal illness in children, and (3) characterize water sources, treatment, and sanitation conditions in households. We hypothesized that household use of untreated lake water results in increased risk of shedding of parasites and gastrointestinal symptoms. A cross-sectional fecal sampling and physical exam of 401 children were conducted along with WASH surveys in partnership with healthcare providers in seven communities. Fecal samples were screened for Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum, using a rapid ELISA, with a portion examined by microscope. The prevalence of parasite shedding was 12.2% (9.7% for Giardia; 2.5% for Cryptosporidium). Risk factors for Giardia shedding included age 3 years or older (3.4 odds ratio, z-stat = 2.781 p = 0.0054), low height-for-age z-score (2.3 odds ratio, z-stat = 2.225, p = 0.0216), lack of any household water treatment (2.5 odds ratio, z-stat = 2.492, p < 0.0012), and open access to household latrine (2.04 odds ratio, z-stat = 1.992, p = 0.0464). The majority (77.3%) of households reported water treatment, boiling and gravity fed filters as the most widespread practices. The vast majority of households (92%) reported usage of a latrine, while 40% reported open and shared access beyond their household. An overwhelming majority of households reported diarrhea and fever several times per year or greater, with approximately half reporting vomiting at that frequency. Lake water use was identified as a risk factor for households reporting frequent gastrointestinal symptoms (odds ratio of 2.5, 4.4, and 2.6; z-stat of 3.10, 3.65, and 3.0; p-values of 0.0021, 0.0003, and 0.0028, for diarrhea, vomiting, and fever, respectively) in children 5 years of age and younger. The frequency of gastrointestinal illness with a strong link to lake drinking water cannot be explained by the prevalence of protozoa, and risk from other enteropathogens must be explored. Improving access to water treatment and sanitation practices could substantially reduce the parasite burden faced by developing children in the region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amber Roegner
- Center For Global Health, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States of America.,Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Mónica N Orozco
- Center for Atitlán Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Sololá, Sololá, Guatemala
| | - Claudia Jarquin
- Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | | | | | | | - Lujain Al-Saleh
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Eliška Rejmánková
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Vianello MA, Cardoso B, Fuentes-Castillo D, Moura Q, Esposito F, Fuga B, Lincopan N, Egito EST. International high-risk clone of fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli O15:H1-D-ST393 in remote communities of Brazilian Amazon. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 91:104808. [PMID: 33737229 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The global dissemination of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli lineages belonging to high- risk clones poses a significant public health threat. Herein we report the identification and genomic profiling of two multidrug-resistant E. coli strains [BL-II-03(2) and BL-II-11(3)] belonging to the O15:H1-D-ST393 (clonal complex 31) worldwide spread clone, isolated from fecal samples of indigenous peoples belonging to two different ethnic groups of remote communities of Brazilian Amazon. Genomic analysis revealed genes and mutations conferring resistance to β-lactams [blaTEM-1], aminoglycosides [aadA5, aph(3″)-Ib, aph(6)-Id], tetracyclines [tetB], sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim [sul1, sul2, dfrA17], and fluoroquinolones [gyrA (D87N, S83L), parC (S80I, S57T), parE (L416F)]; and presence of IncQ1, IncFIA, and IncFIB(pB171) plasmids. On the other hand, phylogenomics of globally reported E. coli ST393 assigned E. coli strains BL-II-03(2) and BL-II-11(3) to a cluster comprising human isolates from Australia, Canada, China, Sweden, and United States of America. These results might provide valuable information for understanding dissemination of intercontinental multidrug-resistant clones in remote communities with low levels of antibiotic exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Aurelio Vianello
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Brenda Cardoso
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Danny Fuentes-Castillo
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Quézia Moura
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Esposito
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna Fuga
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nilton Lincopan
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | |
Collapse
|