1
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Casares R, Rodríguez-González S, Martínez-Pinel Á, Márquez IR, González MT, Díaz C, Martín F, Cuerva JM, Leary E, Millán A. Single-Molecule Conductance of Neutral Closed-Shell and Open-Shell Diradical Indenofluorenes. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 39423204 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c13551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2024]
Abstract
Organic diradicals are highly promising candidates as future components in molecular electronic and spintronic devices because of their low spin-orbit coupling. To advance toward final circuit realizations, a thorough knowledge of the behavior of diradicals within a single-molecule junction framework is imperative. In this work, we have measured for the first time the single-molecule conductance of a neutral open-shell diradical compound, a [2,1-b] isomer of indenofluorene (IF). Our results reveal that the conductance of the [2,1-b] isomer is about 1 order of magnitude higher than that of the corresponding closed-shell regioisomer [1,2-b] IF. This is significant, as it fundamentally demonstrates the possibility of forming stable single-molecule junctions using neutral diradical compounds which are also highly conducting. This opens up a new approach to the development of externally addressable spintronic devices operable at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Casares
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Unidad de Excelencia de Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente (UEQ), C. U. Fuentenueva, Universidad de Granada, Granada 18071, Spain
| | | | - Álvaro Martínez-Pinel
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Unidad de Excelencia de Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente (UEQ), C. U. Fuentenueva, Universidad de Granada, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Irene R Márquez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Unidad de Excelencia de Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente (UEQ), C. U. Fuentenueva, Universidad de Granada, Granada 18071, Spain
- Centro de Instrumentación Científica, Universidad de Granada, Granada 18071, Spain
| | | | - Cristina Díaz
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Fernando Martín
- Fundación IMDEA Nanociencia, Madrid 28049, Spain
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Juan M Cuerva
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Unidad de Excelencia de Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente (UEQ), C. U. Fuentenueva, Universidad de Granada, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Edmund Leary
- Fundación IMDEA Nanociencia, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Alba Millán
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Unidad de Excelencia de Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente (UEQ), C. U. Fuentenueva, Universidad de Granada, Granada 18071, Spain
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2
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Xu X, Gao C, Emusani R, Jia C, Xiang D. Toward Practical Single-Molecule/Atom Switches. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2400877. [PMID: 38810145 PMCID: PMC11304318 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202400877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Electronic switches have been considered to be one of the most important components of contemporary electronic circuits for processing and storing digital information. Fabricating functional devices with building blocks of atomic/molecular switches can greatly promote the minimization of the devices and meet the requirement of high integration. This review highlights key developments in the fabrication and application of molecular switching devices. This overview offers valuable insights into the switching mechanisms under various stimuli, emphasizing structural and energy state changes in the core molecules. Beyond the molecular switches, typical individual metal atomic switches are further introduced. A critical discussion of the main challenges for realizing and developing practical molecular/atomic switches is provided. These analyses and summaries will contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the switch mechanisms, providing guidance for the rational design of functional nanoswitch devices toward practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Xu
- Institute of Modern Optics and Center of Single Molecule SciencesNankai UniversityTianjin Key Laboratory of Micro‐scale Optical Information Science and TechnologyTianjin300350China
| | - Chunyan Gao
- Institute of Modern Optics and Center of Single Molecule SciencesNankai UniversityTianjin Key Laboratory of Micro‐scale Optical Information Science and TechnologyTianjin300350China
| | - Ramya Emusani
- Institute of Modern Optics and Center of Single Molecule SciencesNankai UniversityTianjin Key Laboratory of Micro‐scale Optical Information Science and TechnologyTianjin300350China
| | - Chuancheng Jia
- Institute of Modern Optics and Center of Single Molecule SciencesNankai UniversityTianjin Key Laboratory of Micro‐scale Optical Information Science and TechnologyTianjin300350China
| | - Dong Xiang
- Institute of Modern Optics and Center of Single Molecule SciencesNankai UniversityTianjin Key Laboratory of Micro‐scale Optical Information Science and TechnologyTianjin300350China
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3
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Enache BC, Hanganu A, Tablet C, Anghel CC, Popescu CC, Paun A, Hădade ND, Mădălan AM, Matache M. Exploring Arylazo-3,5-Bis(trifluoromethyl)pyrazole Switches. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:39122-39135. [PMID: 36340122 PMCID: PMC9631733 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Arylazopyrazoles stand out among the azoheteroarene photoswitches due to their excellent properties in terms of stability of the least stable isomer and conversion between isomers, leading to their use in several interesting applications. We report herein the synthesis of arylazo-trifluoromethyl-substituted pyrazoles and their switching behavior under light irradiation. UV-vis and NMR experiments showed that arylazo-1H-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)pyrazoles displayed very long half-lives in DMSO (days), along with reasonable values of other parameters that characterize a photoswitch. Inclusion of naphthyl moieties as aryl counterparts of the arylazopyrazoles is beneficial only in combination with trifluoromethyl groups, while extending the conjugation by grafting the pyrazole moiety with electron-donating or -withdrawing substituents positively affects the photoswitching behavior, in terms of isomerization yield and half-lives of the least stable isomer. The experimental values were correlated with theoretical calculations indicating the valuable influence of the trifluoromethyl groups onto the photoswitching behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan C Enache
- Research Centre of Applied Organic Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, 90 Panduri Street, 050663 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Research and Development, SC Microsin SRL, 51-63 Pericle Papahagi Street, 032364 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anamaria Hanganu
- Research Centre of Applied Organic Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, 90 Panduri Street, 050663 Bucharest, Romania
- "C. D. Nenitzescu" Institute of Organic and Supramolecular Chemistry of the Romanian Academy, 202B Spl. Independentei, 060023 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristina Tablet
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Titu Maiorescu University, Gh. Sincai Bd. 16, 040317 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Bucharest, Regina Elisabeta Blvd. 4-12, 030018 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Catalin C Anghel
- Research Centre of Applied Organic Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, 90 Panduri Street, 050663 Bucharest, Romania
- Supramolecular Organic and Organometallic Chemistry Centre, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, "Babes-Bolyai" University, 11 Arany Janos Str., 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Codruta C Popescu
- Research Centre of Applied Organic Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, 90 Panduri Street, 050663 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca Paun
- Research Centre of Applied Organic Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, 90 Panduri Street, 050663 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Niculina Daniela Hădade
- Supramolecular Organic and Organometallic Chemistry Centre, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, "Babes-Bolyai" University, 11 Arany Janos Str., 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Augustin M Mădălan
- Inorganic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, Regina Elisabeta Blvd. 4-12, 030018 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Matache
- Research Centre of Applied Organic Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, 90 Panduri Street, 050663 Bucharest, Romania
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4
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Murray PD, Cox JH, Chiappini ND, Roos CB, McLoughlin EA, Hejna BG, Nguyen ST, Ripberger HH, Ganley JM, Tsui E, Shin NY, Koronkiewicz B, Qiu G, Knowles RR. Photochemical and Electrochemical Applications of Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2017-2291. [PMID: 34813277 PMCID: PMC8796287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We present here a review of the photochemical and electrochemical applications of multi-site proton-coupled electron transfer (MS-PCET) in organic synthesis. MS-PCETs are redox mechanisms in which both an electron and a proton are exchanged together, often in a concerted elementary step. As such, MS-PCET can function as a non-classical mechanism for homolytic bond activation, providing opportunities to generate synthetically useful free radical intermediates directly from a wide variety of common organic functional groups. We present an introduction to MS-PCET and a practitioner's guide to reaction design, with an emphasis on the unique energetic and selectivity features that are characteristic of this reaction class. We then present chapters on oxidative N-H, O-H, S-H, and C-H bond homolysis methods, for the generation of the corresponding neutral radical species. Then, chapters for reductive PCET activations involving carbonyl, imine, other X═Y π-systems, and heteroarenes, where neutral ketyl, α-amino, and heteroarene-derived radicals can be generated. Finally, we present chapters on the applications of MS-PCET in asymmetric catalysis and in materials and device applications. Within each chapter, we subdivide by the functional group undergoing homolysis, and thereafter by the type of transformation being promoted. Methods published prior to the end of December 2020 are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip
R. D. Murray
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - James H. Cox
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Nicholas D. Chiappini
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Casey B. Roos
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | | | - Benjamin G. Hejna
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Suong T. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Hunter H. Ripberger
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Jacob M. Ganley
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Elaine Tsui
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Nick Y. Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Brian Koronkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Guanqi Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Robert R. Knowles
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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5
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Ma W, Wang W, Huang Y, Zhou T, Wang S. A multi-functional spintronic device based on 1,4,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxylic diimide. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2021.113170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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6
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Chen Y, Huang L, Chen H, Chen Z, Zhang H, Xiao Z, Hong W. Towards Responsive
Single‐Molecule
Device. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202000420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaorong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Longfeng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Hang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Zhixin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Hewei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Zongyuan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Wenjing Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
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7
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Palomino CM, Sánchez-de-Armas R, Calzado CJ. Theoretical inspection of the spin-crossover [Fe(tzpy) 2(NCS) 2] complex on Au(100) surface. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:034701. [PMID: 33499621 DOI: 10.1063/5.0036612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We explore the deposition of the spin-crossover [Fe(tzpy)2(NCS)2] complex on the Au(100) surface by means of density functional theory (DFT) based calculations. Two different routes have been employed: low-cost finite cluster-based calculations, where both the Fe complex and the surface are maintained fixed while the molecule approaches the surface; and periodic DFT plane-wave calculations, where the surface is represented by a four-layer slab and both the molecule and surface are relaxed. Our results show that the bridge adsorption site is preferred over the on-top and fourfold hollow ones for both spin states, although they are energetically close. The LS molecule is stabilized by the surface, and the HS-LS energy difference is enhanced by about 15%-25% once deposited. The different Fe ligand field for LS and HS molecules manifests on the composition and energy of the low-lying bands. Our simulated STM images indicate that it is possible to distinguish the spin state of the deposited molecules by tuning the bias voltage of the STM tip. Finally, it should be noted that the use of a reduced size cluster to simulate the Au(100) surface proves to be a low-cost and reliable strategy, providing results in good agreement with those resulting from state-of-the-art periodic calculations for this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M Palomino
- Departamento de Química Física, c/Profesor García González, s/n 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Carmen J Calzado
- Departamento de Química Física, c/Profesor García González, s/n 41012 Sevilla, Spain
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8
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Tao CP, Jiang CC, Wang YH, Zheng JF, Shao Y, Zhou XS. Single-Molecule Sensing of Interfacial Acid-Base Chemistry. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:10023-10028. [PMID: 33179941 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bronsted acid and base interactions are a cornerstone of chemistry describing a wide range of chemical phenomena. However, probing such interaction at the solid-liquid interface to extract the elementary and intrinsic information at a single-molecule level remains a big challenge. Herein, we employ an STM break junction (STM-BJ) technique to investigate the acid-base chemistry of carboxylic acid-based molecules at a Au (111) model surface and propose a prototype of a single-molecule pH sensor for the first time. The single-molecule measurements in different environmental conditions verify that the formation probability of molecular junctions is determined by the populations of deprotonated -COO- form in a self-assembled monolayer. Furthermore, the variation of the intensity of the conductance peaks (i.e., junction-forming probability) with the pH of the bulk solution fits well to the Henderson-Hasselbalch type equation. From the equation, a good linear relation is found between the degree of dissociation of the immobilized -COOH group and the environmental pH, providing a feasible way to design chemicals and biosensors and a detector at the single-molecule scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Ping Tao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Chen-Chen Jiang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Ya-Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Ju-Fang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Yong Shao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Xiao-Shun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
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9
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Mezei G, Balogh Z, Magyarkuti A, Halbritter A. Voltage-Controlled Binary Conductance Switching in Gold-4,4'-Bipyridine-Gold Single-Molecule Nanowires. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:8053-8059. [PMID: 32893638 PMCID: PMC7528405 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigate gold-4,4'-bipyridine-gold single-molecule junctions with the mechanically controllable break junction technique at cryogenic temperature (T = 4.2 K). We observe bistable probabilistic conductance switching between the two molecular binding configurations, influenced both by the mechanical actuation and by the applied voltage. We demonstrate that the relative dominance of the two conductance states is tunable by the electrode displacement, whereas the voltage manipulation induces an exponential speedup of both switching times. The detailed investigation of the voltage-tunable switching rates provides an insight into the possible switching mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Mezei
- Department
of Physics, Budapest University of Technology
and Economics, 1111 Budapest, Budafoki ut 8., Hungary
- MTA-BME
Condensed Matter Research Group, Budafoki
ut 8, 1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Z. Balogh
- Department
of Physics, Budapest University of Technology
and Economics, 1111 Budapest, Budafoki ut 8., Hungary
- MTA-BME
Condensed Matter Research Group, Budafoki
ut 8, 1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - A. Magyarkuti
- Department
of Physics, Budapest University of Technology
and Economics, 1111 Budapest, Budafoki ut 8., Hungary
- MTA-BME
Condensed Matter Research Group, Budafoki
ut 8, 1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - A. Halbritter
- Department
of Physics, Budapest University of Technology
and Economics, 1111 Budapest, Budafoki ut 8., Hungary
- MTA-BME
Condensed Matter Research Group, Budafoki
ut 8, 1111 Budapest, Hungary
- E-mail:
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10
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Wani IH, Jafri SHM, Warna J, Hayat A, Li H, Shukla VA, Orthaber A, Grigoriev A, Ahuja R, Leifer K. A sub 20 nm metal-conjugated molecule junction acting as a nitrogen dioxide sensor. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:6571-6575. [PMID: 30916070 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr08417c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of a gas molecule with a sensing material causes the highest change in the electronic structure of the latter, when this material consists of only a few atoms. If the sensing material consists of a short, conductive molecule, the sensing action can be furthermore probed by connecting such molecules to nanoelectrodes. Here, we report that NO2 molecules that adhere to 4,4'-biphenyldithiol (BPDT) bound to Au surfaces lead to a change of the electrical transmission of the BPDT. The related device shows reproducible, stable measurements and is so far the smallest (<20 nm) gas sensor. It demonstrates modulation of charge transport through molecules upon exposure to nitrogen dioxide down to concentrations of 55 ppb. We have evaluated several devices and exposure conditions and obtained a close to linear dependence of the sensor response on the gas concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishtiaq H Wani
- Applied Materials Science, Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University, Box 534, Uppsala SE-75121, Sweden.
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11
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Kumar S, Merelli M, Danowski W, Rudolf P, Feringa BL, Chiechi RC. Chemical Locking in Molecular Tunneling Junctions Enables Nonvolatile Memory with Large On-Off Ratios. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1807831. [PMID: 30721551 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201807831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the reversible chemical locking of sypiropyran switches bound to metallic surfaces to enable the encoding of nonvolatile information. Data are encoded spatially by selectively locking the spiropyran moieties in their merocyanine form using a combination of exposure to acid and UV light. Without exposure to acid, the merocyanine form spontaneously converts back to the spiropyran form. Bits are resolved by defining the regions of the monolayer that are exposed to acid, using a "soft punchcard" fabricated from a silicone elastomer. Information is read by measuring the tunneling charge-transport through the monolayer using eutectic Ga-In top-contacts. The merocyanine form is more than three orders of magnitude more conductive than the spiropyran form, allowing the differentiation of bits. Photoelectron spectroscopy shows that the monolayers are undamaged by exposure to light, acid, base, and applied bias, enabling proof-of-concept devices in which an 8-bit ASCII encoded six-character string is written, erased, and rewritten.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Kumar
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michele Merelli
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wojciech Danowski
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Petra Rudolf
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ryan C Chiechi
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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12
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Side-group chemical gating via reversible optical and electric control in a single molecule transistor. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1450. [PMID: 30926785 PMCID: PMC6440973 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09120-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
By taking advantage of large changes in geometric and electronic structure during the reversible trans–cis isomerisation, azobenzene derivatives have been widely studied for potential applications in information processing and digital storage devices. Here we report an unusual discovery of unambiguous conductance switching upon light and electric field-induced isomerisation of azobenzene in a robust single-molecule electronic device for the first time. Both experimental and theoretical data consistently demonstrate that the azobenzene sidegroup serves as a viable chemical gate controlled by electric field, which efficiently modulates the energy difference of trans and cis forms as well as the energy barrier of isomerisation. In conjunction with photoinduced switching at low biases, these results afford a chemically-gateable, fully-reversible, two-mode, single-molecule transistor, offering a fresh perspective for creating future multifunctional single-molecule optoelectronic devices in a practical way. It remains a challenge to fully control molecular electronics. Here, Meng et al. show a reversible two-mode single-molecule switch, where the conductance through the molecular backbone is controlled by an in situ chemical gating via bias-dependent trans–cis isomerisation on an azobenzene sidegroup.
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13
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Carlotti M, Soni S, Kumar S, Ai Y, Sauter E, Zharnikov M, Chiechi RC. Two-Terminal Molecular Memory through Reversible Switching of Quantum Interference Features in Tunneling Junctions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:15681-15685. [PMID: 30260083 PMCID: PMC6283355 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201807879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Large-area molecular tunneling junctions comprising self-assembled monolayers of redox-active molecules are described that exhibit two-terminal bias switching. The as-prepared monolayers undergo partial charge transfer to the underlying metal substrate (Au, Pt, or Ag), which converts their cores from a quinoid to a hydroquinoid form. The resulting rearomatization converts the bond topology from a cross-conjugated to a linearly conjugated π system. The cross-conjugated form correlates to the appearance of an interference feature in the transmission spectrum that vanishes for the linearly conjugated form. Owing to the presence of electron-withdrawing nitrile groups, the reduction potential and the interference feature lie close to the work function and Fermi level of the metallic substrate. We exploited the relationship between conjugation patterns and quantum interference to create nonvolatile memory in proto-devices using eutectic Ga-In as the top contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Carlotti
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Saurabh Soni
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Sumit Kumar
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Yong Ai
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Eric Sauter
- Applied Physical ChemistryHeidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 253Heidelberg69120Germany
| | - Michael Zharnikov
- Applied Physical ChemistryHeidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 253Heidelberg69120Germany
| | - Ryan C. Chiechi
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
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14
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Carlotti M, Soni S, Kumar S, Ai Y, Sauter E, Zharnikov M, Chiechi RC. Two-Terminal Molecular Memory through Reversible Switching of Quantum Interference Features in Tunneling Junctions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201807879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Carlotti
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Saurabh Soni
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Sumit Kumar
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Yong Ai
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Eric Sauter
- Applied Physical Chemistry; Heidelberg University; Im Neuenheimer Feld 253 Heidelberg 69120 Germany
| | - Michael Zharnikov
- Applied Physical Chemistry; Heidelberg University; Im Neuenheimer Feld 253 Heidelberg 69120 Germany
| | - Ryan C. Chiechi
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
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15
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16
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Durbeej B, Wang J, Oruganti B. Molecular Photoswitching Aided by Excited-State Aromaticity. Chempluschem 2018; 83:958-967. [PMID: 31950720 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201800307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Central to the development of optoelectronic devices is the availability of efficient synthetic molecular photoswitches, the design of which is an arena where the evolving concept of excited-state aromaticity (ESA) is yet to make a big impact. The aim of this minireview is to illustrate the potential of this concept to become a key tool for the future design of photoswitches. The paper starts with a discussion of challenges facing the use of photoswitches for applications and continues with an account of how the ESA concept has progressed since its inception. Then, following some brief remarks on computational modeling of photoswitches and ESA, the paper describes two different approaches to improve the quantum yields and response times of switches driven by E/Z photoisomerization or photoinduced H-atom/proton transfer reactions through simple ESA considerations. It is our hope that these approaches, verified by quantum chemical calculations and molecular dynamics simulations, will help stimulate the application of the ESA concept as a general tool for designing more efficient photoswitches and other functional molecules used in optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Durbeej
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry, IFM, Linköping University, SE-581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jun Wang
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry, IFM, Linköping University, SE-581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Baswanth Oruganti
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry, IFM, Linköping University, SE-581 83, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Chemistry, GITAM Institute of Science (GIS), GITAM University, Visakhapatnam-, 530045, Andhra Pradesh, India
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17
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Bu D, Xiong Y, Tan YN, Meng M, Low PJ, Kuang DB, Liu CY. Understanding the charge transport properties of redox active metal-organic conjugated wires. Chem Sci 2018; 9:3438-3450. [PMID: 29780473 PMCID: PMC5934749 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc04727d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
For Rh2-organic molecular wires, we found that weaker coupling systems built using longer bridging ligands exhibit better electrical conductance.
Layer-by-layer assembly of the dirhodium complex [Rh2(O2CCH3)4] (Rh2) with linear N,N′-bidentate ligands pyrazine (LS) or 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethene (LL) on a gold substrate has developed two series of redox active molecular wires, (Rh2LS)n@Au and (Rh2LL)n@Au (n = 1–6). By controlling the number of assembling cycles, the molecular wires in the two series vary systematically in length, as characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry and atomic force microscopy. The current–voltage characteristics recorded by conductive probe atomic force microscopy indicate a mechanistic transition for charge transport from voltage-driven to electrical field-driven in wires with n = 4, irrespective of the nature and length of the wires. Whilst weak length dependence of electrical resistance is observed for both series, (Rh2LL)n@Au wires exhibit smaller distance attenuation factors (β) in both the tunneling (β = 0.044 Å–1) and hopping (β = 0.003 Å–1) regimes, although in (Rh2LS)n@Au the electronic coupling between the adjacent Rh2 centers is stronger. DFT calculations reveal that these wires have a π-conjugated molecular backbone established through π(Rh2)–π(L) orbital interactions, and (Rh2LL)n@Au has a smaller energy gap between the filled π*(Rh2) and the empty π*(L) orbitals. Thus, for (Rh2LL)n@Au, electron hopping across the bridge is facilitated by the decreased metal to ligand charge transfer gap, while in (Rh2LS)n@Au the hopping pathway is disfavored likely due to the increased Coulomb repulsion. On this basis, we propose that the super-exchange tunneling and the underlying incoherent hopping are the dominant charge transport mechanisms for shorter (n ≤ 4) and longer (n > 4) wires, respectively, and the Rh2L subunits in mixed-valence states alternately arranged along the wire serve as the hopping sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donglei Bu
- Department of Chemistry , Jinan University , 601 Huang-Pu Avenue West , Guangzhou 510632 , China .
| | - Yingqi Xiong
- Department of Chemistry , Jinan University , 601 Huang-Pu Avenue West , Guangzhou 510632 , China .
| | - Ying Ning Tan
- Department of Chemistry , Jinan University , 601 Huang-Pu Avenue West , Guangzhou 510632 , China .
| | - Miao Meng
- Department of Chemistry , Jinan University , 601 Huang-Pu Avenue West , Guangzhou 510632 , China .
| | - Paul J Low
- School of Molecular Sciences , University of Western Australia , 35 Stirling Highway , Crawley , 6009 , WA , Australia
| | - Dai-Bin Kuang
- School of Chemistry , SunYat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , P. R. China
| | - Chun Y Liu
- Department of Chemistry , Jinan University , 601 Huang-Pu Avenue West , Guangzhou 510632 , China .
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18
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Coman AG, Paun A, Popescu CC, Hădade ND, Anghel CC, Mădălan AM, Ioniţă P, Matache M. Conformation-induced light emission switching of N-acylhydrazone systems. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj01880d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bis-N-acylhydrazones bearing different substituents were found to display different colour emissions, through ESIPT or AIE, as a result of conformation switching, triggered by physical stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca G. Coman
- University of Bucharest
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Biochemistry and Catalysis
- Research Centre of Applied Organic Chemistry
| | - Anca Paun
- University of Bucharest
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Biochemistry and Catalysis
- Research Centre of Applied Organic Chemistry
| | - Codruţa C. Popescu
- University of Bucharest
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Biochemistry and Catalysis
- Research Centre of Applied Organic Chemistry
| | - Niculina D. Hădade
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- “Babeş-Bolyai” University
- RO-400028-Cluj-Napoca
- Romania
| | - Cătălin C. Anghel
- University of Bucharest
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Biochemistry and Catalysis
- Research Centre of Applied Organic Chemistry
| | - Augustin M. Mădălan
- University of Bucharest
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Inorganic Chemistry Department
- 020464 – Bucharest
- Romania
| | - Petre Ioniţă
- University of Bucharest
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Biochemistry and Catalysis
- Research Centre of Applied Organic Chemistry
| | - Mihaela Matache
- University of Bucharest
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Biochemistry and Catalysis
- Research Centre of Applied Organic Chemistry
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19
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Zhou J, Wang K, Xu B, Dubi Y. Photoconductance from Exciton Binding in Molecular Junctions. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 140:70-73. [PMID: 29249160 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b10479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We report on a theoretical analysis and experimental verification of a mechanism for photoconductance, the change in conductance upon illumination, in symmetric single-molecule junctions. We demonstrate that photoconductance at resonant illumination arises due to the Coulomb interaction between the electrons and holes in the molecular bridge, so-called exciton-binding. Using a scanning tunneling microscopy break junction technique, we measure the conductance histograms of perylene tetracarboxylic diimide (PTCDI) molecules attached to Au-electrodes, in the dark and under illumination, and show a significant and reversible change in conductance, as expected from the theory. Finally, we show how our description of the photoconductance leads to a simple design principle for enhancing the performance of molecular switches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Zhou
- Single Molecule Study Laboratory, College of Engineering, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Kun Wang
- Single Molecule Study Laboratory, College of Engineering, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Bingqian Xu
- Single Molecule Study Laboratory, College of Engineering, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Yonatan Dubi
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.,Ilse-Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
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20
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Rostami L, Golchoubian H. Copper(II) complexes containing hemilabile tridentate ligand as chromotropic probes. J COORD CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2017.1404996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leila Rostami
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babol-sar, Iran
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21
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Gui B, Meng Y, Xie Y, Du K, Sue ACH, Wang C. Immobilizing Organic-Based Molecular Switches into Metal-Organic Frameworks: A Promising Strategy for Switching in Solid State. Macromol Rapid Commun 2017; 39. [PMID: 28910508 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201700388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Organic-based molecular switches (OMS) are essential components for the ultimate miniaturization of nanoscale electronics and devices. For practical applications, it is often necessary for OMS to be incorporated into functional solid-state materials. However, the switching characteristics of OMS in solution are usually not transferrable to the solid state, presumably because of spatial confinement or inefficient conversion in densely packed solid phase. A promising way to circumvent this issue is harboring the functional OMS within the robust and porous environment of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as their organic components. In this feature article, recent research progress of OMS-based MOFs is briefly summarized. The switching behaviors of OMS under different stimuli (e.g., light, redox, pH, etc.) in the MOF state are first introduced. After that, the technological applications of these OMS-based MOFs in different areas, including CO2 adsorption, gas separation, drug delivery, photodynamic therapy, and sensing, are outlined. Finally, perspectives and future challenges are discussed in the conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Gui
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yi Meng
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Ke Du
- Institute for Molecular Design and Synthesis, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Health Science Platform, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Andrew C-H Sue
- Institute for Molecular Design and Synthesis, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Health Science Platform, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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