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Karliati T, Lubis MAR, Dungani R, Maulani RR, Hadiyane A, Rumidatul A, Antov P, Savov V, Lee SH. Performance of Particleboard Made of Agroforestry Residues Bonded with Thermosetting Adhesive Derived from Waste Styrofoam. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:543. [PMID: 38399921 PMCID: PMC10893180 DOI: 10.3390/polym16040543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper investigated the upcycling process of thermoplastic waste polystyrene (WPS) into thermosetting particleboard adhesive using two cross-linkers, namely methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) and maleic anhydride (MA). The WPS was dissolved in an organic co-solvent. The weight ratio of WPS/co-solvent was 1:9, and 10% of cross-linkers based on the WPS solids content were added subsequently at 60 °C under continuous stirring for 30 min. The adhesive properties, cohesion strength, and thermo-mechanical properties of WPS-based adhesives were examined to investigate the change of thermoplastic WPS to thermosetting adhesives. The bonding strength of WPS-based adhesives was evaluated in particleboard made of sengon (Falcataria moluccana (Miq.) Barneby & J.W. Grimes) wood and rice straw particles at different weight ratios according to the Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) A 5908:2003. Rheology and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis revealed that modification with MDI and MA resulted in thermosetting properties in WPS-based adhesives by increasing the viscosity at a temperature above 72.7 °C and reaching the maximum storage modulus above 90.8 °C. WPS modified with MDI had a lower activation energy (Ea) value (83.4 kJ/mole) compared to the WPS modified with MA (150.8 kJ/mole), indicating the cross-linking with MDI was much faster compared with MA. Particleboard fabricated from 100% sengon wood particles bonded with WPS modified with MDI fulfilled the minimum requirement of JIS A 5908:2003 for interior applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tati Karliati
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung 40132, Indonesia; (R.D.); (R.R.M.); (A.H.); (A.R.)
| | - Muhammad Adly Rahandi Lubis
- Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia
| | - Rudi Dungani
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung 40132, Indonesia; (R.D.); (R.R.M.); (A.H.); (A.R.)
| | - Rijanti Rahaju Maulani
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung 40132, Indonesia; (R.D.); (R.R.M.); (A.H.); (A.R.)
| | - Anne Hadiyane
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung 40132, Indonesia; (R.D.); (R.R.M.); (A.H.); (A.R.)
| | - Alfi Rumidatul
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung 40132, Indonesia; (R.D.); (R.R.M.); (A.H.); (A.R.)
| | - Petar Antov
- Faculty of Forest Industry, University of Forestry, 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Viktor Savov
- Faculty of Forest Industry, University of Forestry, 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Seng Hua Lee
- Department of Wood Industry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pahang Kampus Jengka, Bandar Tun Razak 26400, Malaysia;
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2
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Lu X, Gu X. A review on lignin-based epoxy resins: Lignin effects on their synthesis and properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 229:778-790. [PMID: 36603715 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Lignin can be used as a sustainable alternative to bisphenol A (BPA) to prepared lignin-based epoxy resins. Lignin effects including molecular weight, phenolic content, G/S unit ratio and flexible/rigid linkage ratio on epoxy synthesis and performance were summarized comprehensively. The incorporation of lignin with a higher molecular weight would lead to the higher rigidity of epoxy crosslinking network. Higher contents of ether bonds in lignin would provide higher structural flexibility of lignin incorporated epoxy thermosets. Lignin with higher contents of phenolic hydroxyls was more beneficial for improving the reactivity of its epoxy products after glycidylation. Due to the excellent charring capacity of lignin, higher contents of residue char can be produced at higher additions of lignin at high temperatures, while the loss of crosslinking density caused by the increasing lignin addition (especially for the macromolecular lignin) would deteriorate the thermal stability of their thermosets. Several applications of lignin-based epoxy resins were also mentioned based on their mechanical, thermal and chemical properties, such as coatings (with anticorrosion and UV-blocking), adhesives (with highly crosslinking network, excellent mechanical, and thermal properties) and flame retardants (with high charring capability).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Lu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xiaoli Gu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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3
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Schirmeister CG, Mülhaupt R. Closing the Carbon Loop in the Circular Plastics Economy. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200247. [PMID: 35635841 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Today, plastics are ubiquitous in everyday life, problem solvers of modern technologies, and crucial for sustainable development. Yet the surge in global demand for plastics of the growing world population has triggered a tidal wave of plastic debris in the environment. Moving from a linear to a zero-waste and carbon-neutral circular plastic economy is vital for the future of the planet. Taming the plastic waste flood requires closing the carbon loop through plastic reuse, mechanical and molecular recycling, carbon capture, and use of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide. In the quest for eco-friendly products, plastics do not need to be reinvented but tuned for reuse and recycling. Their full potential must be exploited regarding energy, resource, and eco efficiency, waste prevention, circular economy, climate change mitigation, and lowering environmental pollution. Biodegradation holds promise for composting and bio-feedstock recovery, but it is neither the Holy Grail of circular plastics economy nor a panacea for plastic littering. As an alternative to mechanical downcycling, molecular recycling enables both closed-loop recovery of virgin plastics and open-loop valorization, producing hydrogen, fuels, refinery feeds, lubricants, chemicals, and carbonaceous materials. Closing the carbon loop does not create a Perpetuum Mobile and requires renewable energy to achieve sustainability. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl G Schirmeister
- Freiburg Materials Research Center and Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 31, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rolf Mülhaupt
- Sustainability Center, University of Freiburg, Ecker-Str. 4, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
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4
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Lu W, Jin Z. Synthesis of phosphorus/nitrogen containing intumescent flame retardants from p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, vanillin and syringaldehyde for rigid polyurethane foams. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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5
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Liu J, Wang S, Peng Y, Zhu J, Zhao W, Liu X. Advances in sustainable thermosetting resins: From renewable feedstock to high performance and recyclability. Prog Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2020.101353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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6
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Abstract
This review examines recent strategies, challenges, and future opportunities in preparing high-performance polymeric materials from lignin and its derivable compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett F. Bass
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Delaware
- Newark
- USA
| | - Thomas H. Epps
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Delaware
- Newark
- USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
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7
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Vendamme R, Behaghel de Bueren J, Gracia-Vitoria J, Isnard F, Mulunda MM, Ortiz P, Wadekar M, Vanbroekhoven K, Wegmann C, Buser R, Héroguel F, Luterbacher JS, Eevers W. Aldehyde-Assisted Lignocellulose Fractionation Provides Unique Lignin Oligomers for the Design of Tunable Polyurethane Bioresins. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:4135-4148. [PMID: 32845140 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Thanks to chemical stabilization, aldehyde-assisted fractionation (AAF) of lignocellulosic biomass has recently emerged as a powerful tool for the production of largely uncondensed lignin. Depolymerization of AAF lignin via ether cleavage provides aromatic monomers at near theoretical yields based on ether cleavage and an oligomeric fraction that remains largely unexploited despite its unique material properties. Here, we present an in-depth analytical characterization of AAF oligomers derived from hardwood and softwood in order to elucidate their molecular structures. These bioaromatic oligomers surpass technical Kraft lignin in terms of purity, solubility, and functionality and thus cannot even be compared to this common feedstock directly for material production. Instead, we performed comparative experiments with Kraft oligomers of similar molecular weight (Mn ∼ 1000) obtained through solvent extraction. These oligomers were then formulated into polyurethane materials. Substantial differences in material properties were observed depending on the amount of lignin, the botanical origin, and the biorefining process (AAF vs Kraft), suggesting new design principles for lignin-derived biopolymers with tailored properties. These results highlight the surprising versatility of AAF oligomers towards the design of new biomaterials and further demonstrate that AAF can enable the conversion of all biomass fractions into value-added products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Vendamme
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (Vito N.V.), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium.,Department of Materials and Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean Behaghel de Bueren
- Laboratory of Sustainable and Catalytic Processing, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jaime Gracia-Vitoria
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (Vito N.V.), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Florence Isnard
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (Vito N.V.), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Mikael Monga Mulunda
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (Vito N.V.), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium.,Department of Chemistry, University of Lubumbashi, 1825 Lubumbashi, D. R. Congo
| | - Pablo Ortiz
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (Vito N.V.), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Mohan Wadekar
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (Vito N.V.), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Karolien Vanbroekhoven
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (Vito N.V.), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Chloé Wegmann
- Laboratory of Sustainable and Catalytic Processing, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Raymond Buser
- Laboratory of Sustainable and Catalytic Processing, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Florent Héroguel
- Laboratory of Sustainable and Catalytic Processing, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jeremy S Luterbacher
- Laboratory of Sustainable and Catalytic Processing, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Walter Eevers
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (Vito N.V.), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium.,Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
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8
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Feghali E, van de Pas DJ, Parrott AJ, Torr KM. Biobased Epoxy Thermoset Polymers from Depolymerized Native Hardwood Lignin. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:1155-1160. [PMID: 35653206 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Biobased epoxy thermoset polymers were prepared from lignin hydrogenolysis oils produced from native hardwood lignin. Native lignin in Eucalyptus nitens and Eucalyptus saligna wood was reacted in situ under Pd-catalyzed mild hydrogenolysis conditions to give depolymerized lignin oils in yields up to 98 wt %. Reacting these lignin oils with epichlorohydrin produced biobased epoxy resins. Blending these resins with nonrenewable bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) in different proportions, and curing with diethylenetriamine, produced a series of epoxy thermoset polymers with varying biobased content. Up to 67% of the BADGE could be replaced with hardwood lignin-derived epoxy resins while achieving superior or equivalent mechanical properties to the BADGE control polymer. Comparing the performance of lignin-based epoxy polymers from eucalyptus and pine wood provided insights into the advantages and disadvantages of using hardwood versus softwood native lignins in the quest for high performance biobased thermoset polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Feghali
- Chemical Engineering Program, Notre Dame University−Louaize, P.O. Box 72 Zouk Mikael, 1211 Zouk Mosbeh, Lebanon
| | | | | | - Kirk M. Torr
- Scion, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand
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9
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Stabilization strategies in biomass depolymerization using chemical functionalization. Nat Rev Chem 2020; 4:311-330. [PMID: 37127959 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-020-0187-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A central feature of most lignocellulosic-biomass-valorization strategies is the depolymerization of all its three major constituents: cellulose and hemicellulose to simple sugars, and lignin to phenolic monomers. However, reactive intermediates, generally resulting from dehydration reactions, can participate in undesirable condensation pathways during biomass deconstruction, which have posed fundamental challenges to commercial biomass valorization. Thus, new strategies specifically aim to suppress condensations of reactive intermediates, either avoiding their formation by functionalizing the native structure or intermediates or selectively transforming these intermediates into stable derivatives. These strategies have provided unforeseen upgrading pathways, products and process solutions. In this Review, we outline the molecular driving forces that shape the deconstruction landscape and describe the strategies for chemical functionalization. We then offer an outlook on further developments and the potential of these strategies to sustainably produce renewable-platform chemicals.
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10
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Vanillin-derived epoxy monomer for synthesis of bio-based epoxy thermosets: effect of functionality on thermal, mechanical, chemical and structural properties. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-020-01164-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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11
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Feghali E, van de Pas DJ, Torr KM. Toward Bio-Based Epoxy Thermoset Polymers from Depolymerized Native Lignins Produced at the Pilot Scale. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:1548-1559. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elias Feghali
- Chemical Engineering Program, Notre Dame University—Louaize, P.O. Box 72, Zouk Mikael, 1211 Zouk Mosbeh, Lebanon
| | | | - Kirk M. Torr
- Scion, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand
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12
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Ortiz P, Vendamme R, Eevers W. Fully Biobased Epoxy Resins from Fatty Acids and Lignin. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25051158. [PMID: 32150811 PMCID: PMC7179237 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25051158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of renewable resources for plastic production is an imperious need for the reduction of the carbon footprint and the transition towards a circular economy. With that goal in mind, fully biobased epoxy resins have been designed and prepared by combining epoxidized linseed oil, lignin, and a biobased diamine derived from fatty acid dimers. The aromatic structures in lignin provide hardness and strength to an otherwise flexible and breakable epoxy resin. The curing of the system was investigated by infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The influence of the different components on the thermo-mechanical properties of the epoxy resins was analyzed by DSC, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and tensile tests. As the content of lignin in the resin increases, so does the glass transition, the Young’s modulus, and the onset of thermal degradation. This correlation is non-linear, and the higher the percentage of lignin, the more pronounced the effect. All the components of the epoxy resin being commodity chemicals, the present system provides a realistic opportunity for the preparation of fully biorenewable resins at an industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Ortiz
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research–VITO, Separation & Conversion Technology, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium; (R.V.); (W.E.)
- Biorizon, Auvergnedijk 2, 4612 PZ Bergen op Zoom, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
| | - Richard Vendamme
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research–VITO, Separation & Conversion Technology, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium; (R.V.); (W.E.)
- Biorizon, Auvergnedijk 2, 4612 PZ Bergen op Zoom, The Netherlands
| | - Walter Eevers
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research–VITO, Separation & Conversion Technology, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium; (R.V.); (W.E.)
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
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Skoczinski P, Espinoza Cangahuala MK, Maniar D, Loos K. Lipase-Catalyzed Transamidation of Urethane-Bond-Containing Ester. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:1488-1495. [PMID: 32010822 PMCID: PMC6990427 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Significant improvement in mechanical properties and shape recovery in polyurethanes can be obtained by cross-linking, usually performed in a traditional chemical fashion. Here, we report model studies of enzymatic transamidations of urethane-bond-containing esters to study the principles of an enzymatic build-up of covalent cross-linked polyurethane networks via amide bond formation. The Lipase-catalyzed transamidation reaction of a urethane-bond-containing model ester ethyl 2-(hexylcarbamoyloxy)propanoate with various amines is discussed. A side product was formed, that could be successfully identified, and its synthesis reduced to a minimum (<1%). Furthermore, a noncatalyzed transamidation that is performed without CalB as the catalyst could be observed. Both observations are due to the known high reactivity of amines with urethane bonds.
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14
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Fang Z, Weisenberger MC, Meier MS. Utilization of Lignin-Derived Small Molecules: Epoxy Polymers from Lignin Oxidation Products. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:881-890. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Fang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Matthew C. Weisenberger
- Center for Applied Energy Research (CAER), University of Kentucky, 2540 Research Park Drive, Lexington, Kentucky 40511, United States
| | - Mark S. Meier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
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15
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Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of Lignin Isolated by Hybrid Organosolv—Steam Explosion Pretreatment of Hardwood and Softwood Biomass for the Production of Phenolics and Aromatics. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9110935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin, one of the three main structural biopolymers of lignocellulosic biomass, is the most abundant natural source of aromatics with a great valorization potential towards the production of fuels, chemicals, and polymers. Although kraft lignin and lignosulphonates, as byproducts of the pulp/paper industry, are available in vast amounts, other types of lignins, such as the organosolv or the hydrolysis lignin, are becoming increasingly important, as they are side-streams of new biorefinery processes aiming at the (bio)catalytic valorization of biomass sugars. Within this context, in this work, we studied the thermal (non-catalytic) and catalytic fast pyrolysis of softwood (spruce) and hardwood (birch) lignins, isolated by a hybrid organosolv–steam explosion biomass pretreatment method in order to investigate the effect of lignin origin/composition on product yields and lignin bio-oil composition. The catalysts studied were conventional microporous ZSM-5 (Zeolite Socony Mobil–5) zeolites and hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolites with intracrystal mesopores (i.e., 9 and 45 nm) or nano-sized ZSM-5 with a high external surface. All ZSM-5 zeolites were active in converting the initially produced via thermal pyrolysis alkoxy-phenols (i.e., of guaiacyl and syringyl/guaiacyl type for spruce and birch lignin, respectively) towards BTX (benzene, toluene, xylene) aromatics, alkyl-phenols and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs, mainly naphthalenes), with the mesoporous ZSM-5 exhibiting higher dealkoxylation reactivity and being significantly more selective towards mono-aromatics compared to the conventional ZSM-5, for both spruce and birch lignin.
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16
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Gao W, Fatehi P. Lignin for polymer and nanoparticle production: Current status and challenges. CAN J CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.23620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weijue Gao
- Chemical Engineering DepartmentLakehead University Thunder Bay Ontario Canada
| | - Pedram Fatehi
- Chemical Engineering DepartmentLakehead University Thunder Bay Ontario Canada
- State Key Laboratory of Paper Science and Technology of Ministry of EducationQilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan China
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17
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Kowalczyk JE, Peng M, Pawlowski M, Lipzen A, Ng V, Singan V, Wang M, Grigoriev IV, Mäkelä MR. The White-Rot Basidiomycete Dichomitus squalens Shows Highly Specific Transcriptional Response to Lignocellulose-Related Aromatic Compounds. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:229. [PMID: 31616664 PMCID: PMC6763618 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulosic plant biomass is an important feedstock for bio-based economy. In particular, it is an abundant renewable source of aromatic compounds, which are present as part of lignin, as side-groups of xylan and pectin, and in other forms, such as tannins. As filamentous fungi are the main organisms that modify and degrade lignocellulose, they have developed a versatile metabolism to convert the aromatic compounds that are toxic at relatively low concentrations to less toxic ones. During this process, fungi form metabolites some of which represent high-value platform chemicals or important chemical building blocks, such as benzoic, vanillic, and protocatechuic acid. Especially basidiomycete white-rot fungi with unique ability to degrade the recalcitrant lignin polymer are expected to perform highly efficient enzymatic conversions of aromatic compounds, thus having huge potential for biotechnological exploitation. However, the aromatic metabolism of basidiomycete fungi is poorly studied and knowledge on them is based on the combined results of studies in variety of species, leaving the overall picture in each organism unclear. Dichomitus squalens is an efficiently wood-degrading white-rot basidiomycete that produces a diverse set of extracellular enzymes targeted for lignocellulose degradation, including oxidative enzymes that act on lignin. Our recent study showed that several intra- and extracellular aromatic compounds were produced when D. squalens was cultivated on spruce wood, indicating also versatile aromatic metabolic abilities for this species. In order to provide the first molecular level systematic insight into the conversion of plant biomass derived aromatic compounds by basidiomycete fungi, we analyzed the transcriptomes of D. squalens when grown with 10 different lignocellulose-related aromatic monomers. Significant differences for example with respect to the expression of lignocellulose degradation related genes, but also putative genes encoding transporters and catabolic pathway genes were observed between the cultivations supplemented with the different aromatic compounds. The results demonstrate that the transcriptional response of D. squalens is highly dependent on the specific aromatic compounds present suggesting that instead of a common regulatory system, fine-tuned regulation is needed for aromatic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mao Peng
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute and Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Megan Pawlowski
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, United States
| | - Anna Lipzen
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, United States
| | - Vivian Ng
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, United States
| | - Vasanth Singan
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, United States
| | - Mei Wang
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, United States
| | - Igor V Grigoriev
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, United States
| | - Miia R Mäkelä
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Hollande L, Do Marcolino I, Balaguer P, Domenek S, Gross RA, Allais F. Preparation of Renewable Epoxy-Amine Resins With Tunable Thermo-Mechanical Properties, Wettability and Degradation Abilities From Lignocellulose- and Plant Oils-Derived Components. Front Chem 2019; 7:159. [PMID: 30972325 PMCID: PMC6445855 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
One-hundred percent renewable triphenol—GTF—(glycerol trihydroferulate) and novel bisphenols—GDFx–(glycerol dihydroferulate) were prepared from lignocellulose-derived ferulic acid and vegetal oil components (fatty acids and glycerol) using highly selective lipase-catalyzed transesterifications. Estrogenic activity tests revealed no endocrine disruption for GDFx bisphenols. Triethyl-benzyl-ammonium chloride (TEBAC) mediated glycidylation of all bis/triphenols, afforded innocuous bio-based epoxy precursors GDFxEPO and GTF-EPO. GDFxEPO were then cured with conventional and renewable diamines, and some of them in presence of GTF-EPO. Thermo-mechanical analyses (TGA, DSC, and DMA) and degradation studies in acidic aqueous solutions of the resulting epoxy-amine resins showed excellent thermal stabilities (Td5% = 282–310°C), glass transition temperatures (Tg) ranging from 3 to 62°C, tunable tan α, and tunable degradability, respectively. It has been shown that the thermo-mechanical properties, wettability, and degradability of these epoxy-amine resins, can be finely tailored by judiciously selecting the diamine nature, the GTF-EPO content, and the fatty acid chain length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Hollande
- URD ABI, CEBB, AgroParisTech, Pomacle, France.,UMR GENIAL, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Massy, France
| | | | - Patrick Balaguer
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Val d'Aurelle, Montpellier, France
| | - Sandra Domenek
- UMR GENIAL, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Massy, France
| | - Richard A Gross
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
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19
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Deng KZ, Zhang LL, Chen YF, Xie HX, Xu XB, Xia CC, Ji YF. Copper-mediated direct thiolation of aryl C–H bonds with disulfides. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:7055-7065. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01255a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A directing group-assisted copper-mediated thiolation of aromatic amides with disulfides via direct C(sp2)–H activation has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Zuan Deng
- Engineering Research Centre of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry
- Ministry of Education; Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design; School of Pharmacy
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
| | - Li-Li Zhang
- Engineering Research Centre of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry
- Ministry of Education; Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design; School of Pharmacy
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
| | - Ye-Feng Chen
- Engineering Research Centre of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry
- Ministry of Education; Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design; School of Pharmacy
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
| | - He-Xin Xie
- Engineering Research Centre of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry
- Ministry of Education; Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design; School of Pharmacy
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Bo Xu
- Engineering Research Centre of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry
- Ministry of Education; Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design; School of Pharmacy
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
| | - Cheng-Cai Xia
- Pharmacy College
- Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences
- Taian 271016
- P. R. China
| | - Ya-Fei Ji
- Engineering Research Centre of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry
- Ministry of Education; Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design; School of Pharmacy
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
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20
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Nagy L, Vadkerti B, Batta G, Fehér PP, Zsuga M, Kéki S. Eight out of eight: a detailed kinetic study on the reactivities of the eight hydroxyl groups of sucrose with phenyl isocyanate. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj03569a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Three primary OH groups of sucrose were found to be the most reactive as confirmed by mass spectrometric and NMR methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lajos Nagy
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology
- University of Debrecen
- H-4032 Debrecen
- Hungary
| | - Bence Vadkerti
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology
- University of Debrecen
- H-4032 Debrecen
- Hungary
| | - Gyula Batta
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology
- University of Debrecen
- H-4032 Debrecen
- Hungary
| | - Péter Pál Fehér
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences
- H-1519 Budapest
- Hungary
| | - Miklós Zsuga
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology
- University of Debrecen
- H-4032 Debrecen
- Hungary
| | - Sándor Kéki
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology
- University of Debrecen
- H-4032 Debrecen
- Hungary
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