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Xie M, Wang J, Wu S, Yan S, He Y. Microgels for bioprinting: recent advancements and challenges. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:1950-1964. [PMID: 38258987 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01733h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Microgels have become a popular and powerful structural unit in the bioprinting field due to their advanced properties, ranging from the tiny size and well-connected hydrogel (nutrient) network to special rheological properties. Different microgels can be fabricated by a variety of fabrication methods including bulk crushing, auxiliary dripping, multiphase emulsion, and lithography technology. Traditionally, microgels can encapsulate specific cells and are used for in vitro disease models and in vivo organ regeneration. Furthermore, microgels can serve as a drug carrier to realize controlled release of drug molecules. Apart from being used as an independent application unit, recently, these microgels are widely applied as a specific bioink component in 3D bioprinting for in situ tissue repair or building special 3D structures. In this review, we introduce different methods used to generate microgels and the microgel-based bioink for bioprinting. Besides, the further tendency of microgel development in future is introduced and predicted to provide guidance for related researchers in exploring more effective ways to fabricate microgels and more potential bioprinting application cases as multifunctional bioink components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Xie
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Center, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China, 310014.
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
- Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Ji Wang
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Center, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China, 310014.
| | - Sufan Wu
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Center, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China, 310014.
| | - Sheng Yan
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Center, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China, 310014.
| | - Yong He
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
- Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
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Das S, Atzin N, Tang X, Mozaffari A, de Pablo J, Abbott NL. Jetting and Droplet Formation Driven by Interfacial Electrohydrodynamic Effects Mediated by Solitons in Liquid Crystals. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:098101. [PMID: 37721844 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.098101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Solitons are highly confined, propagating waves that arise from nonlinear feedback in natural (e.g., shallow and confined waters) and engineered systems (e.g., optical wave propagation in fibers). Solitons have recently been observed in thin films of liquid crystals (LCs) in the presence of ac electric fields, where localized LC director distortions arise and propagate due to flexoelectric polarization. Here we report that collisions between LC solitons and interfaces to isotropic fluids can generate a range of interfacial hydrodynamic phenomena. We find that single solitons can either generate single droplets or, alternatively, form jets of LC that subsequently break up into organized assemblies of droplets. We show that the influence of key parameters, such as electric field strength, LC film thickness, and LC-oil interfacial tension, map onto a universal state diagram that characterizes the transduction of soliton flexoelectric energy into droplet interfacial energy. Overall, we reveal that solitons in LCs can be used to focus the energy of nonlocalized electric fields to generate a new class of nonlinear electrohydrodynamic effects at fluid interfaces, including jetting and emulsification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumik Das
- Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Noe Atzin
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Xingzhou Tang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Ali Mozaffari
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Juan de Pablo
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Nicholas L Abbott
- Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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Li H, Zhou R, Shu Q, Xie M, He Y. Precise Printing of Microfiber Scaffold with Gelatin Methacryloyl (GelMA)/Polyethylene Oxide (PEO) Bioink. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10020130. [PMID: 36829624 PMCID: PMC9952242 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10020130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Gelatin methacryloyl scaffolds with microscale fiber structures own great significance because they can effectively mimic the extracellular matrix environment. Compared with extruding bioprinting, electrospinning technology is more suitable for establishing accurate hydrogel microfibers. However, electrospinning accurate gelatin methacryloyl microfiber remains a big challenge restricted by its bad spinnability. In this paper, polyethylene oxide, which owns promising spinnability, is added into gelatin methacryloyl hydrogel precursor to improve the spinnability of gelatin methacryloyl bioink. A three-dimensional motion platform for electrospinning is designed and built and the spinning process of microfibers under far-electric-field and near-electric-field conditions is systematically studied, respectively. As a result, scaffolds consisted of unordered and ordered microfibers are successfully fabricated under far-electric-field and near-electric field, respectively. In vitro culture experiments of human umbilical vein endothelial cells are carried out using the prepared gelatin methacryloyl microfiber scaffolds. The results show that the cells can easily attach to the microfibers and grow well. Moreover, the gelatin methacryloyl/ polyethylene oxide microfiber scaffold was directly spun on the polycaprolactone mesh scaffold printed by fused modeling printing method. The results showed that the macroscopic ordered and microscopic disordered microfiber scaffold could be successfully established, which could lead to directed cell growth. We believe that this method can effectively solve the problem of hydrogel spinnability and be a powerful tool for various biomedical engineering methods in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibing Li
- Department of Paediatric Orthopaedics, The Children’s Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Ruijian Zhou
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qiang Shu
- Department of Paediatric Orthopaedics, The Children’s Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Mingjun Xie
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Correspondence: (M.X.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yong He
- Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Correspondence: (M.X.); (Y.H.)
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Gupta D, Nyande BW, Thomas KM, Li F, Mak AT, Lakerveld R. Induced-Charge Electroosmosis for Rapid Mixing of Reactive Precipitation Systems to Obtain Small and Uniform Particles. Chem Eng Res Des 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2022.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Modarres P, Tabrizian M. Phase-controlled field-effect micromixing using AC electroosmosis. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2020; 6:60. [PMID: 34567671 PMCID: PMC8433414 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-020-0166-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The exploration and application of electrokinetic techniques in micro total analysis systems have become ubiquitous in recent years, and scientists are expanding the use of such techniques in areas where comparable active or passive methods are not as successful. In this work, for the first time, we utilize the concept of AC electroosmosis to design a phase-controlled field-effect micromixer that benefits from a three-finger sinusoidally shaped electrodes. Analogous to field-effect transistor devices, the principle of operation for the proposed micromixer is governed by the source-gate and source-drain voltage potentials that are modulated by introducing a phase lag between the driving electrodes. At an optimized flow rate and biasing scheme, we demonstrate that the source, gate, and drain voltage phase relations can be configured such that the micromixer switches from an unmixed state (phase shift of 0°) to a mixed state (phase shift of 180°). High mixing efficiencies beyond 90% was achieved at a volumetric flow rate of 4 µL/min corresponding to ~13.9 mm/s at optimized voltage excitation conditions. Finally, we employed the proposed micromixer for the synthesis of nanoscale lipid-based drug delivery vesicles through the process of electrohydrodynamic-mediated nanoprecipitation. The phase-controlled electrohydrodynamic mixing utilized for the nanoprecipitation technique proved that nanoparticles of improved monodispersity and concentration can be produced when mixing efficiency is enhanced by tuning the phase shifts between electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paresa Modarres
- Biomedical Engineering Department, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Maryam Tabrizian
- Biomedical Engineering Department, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 2001 McGill College Ave, Montreal, QC Canada
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